Continuing Education Programs Research Articles

Industry Payments and Implicit Bias in Cardiothoracic Surgery: Difference in Industry Payments to Cardiothoracic Surgeons by Gender

Industry payments, as sources of revenue and prestige, may contribute to gender implicit bias. We examined industry payments to cardiothoracic (CT) surgeons to determine differences with respect to gender while accounting for practice focus and experience. Payments to CT surgeons from 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022 were abstracted from the CMS Open Payment database. Data was restricted to individual payments over $1000 and the following payment criteria: consulting fees; compensation for services other than consulting; honoraria; education; compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a non-accredited and noncertified continuing education program; and grant. Physician profiles were queried for gender, practice type, and year of last fellowship completion. Descriptive statistics were reported based on these factors. In 2014, 509 CT surgeons (497 male and 12 female) received meaningful industry payments. Male surgeons received $10,471,192 (99.3%) with median payment of $6,500 and mean of $21,069 while females received $70,310 (0.7%) with median of $3,500 and mean of $5,859. In 2022, 674 CT surgeons (613 male and 61 female) received industry payments, with men receiving $10,967,855 (92.4%) with a median payment of $6,611 and mean of $17,892 and women receiving $905,431(7.6%) with a median payment of $6,000 and mean of $14,843. Industry payments to women increased from 2014 to 2022 as the proportion of women in practice rose. Industry support of women, with increases in compensation and roles as speakers, consultants, and educators, offers a potential strategy to combat implicit bias within CT surgery.

Evaluation of the level of information of pediatricians about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism

ObjectiveEvaluate the level of information of pediatricians about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism. MethodA cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a form via the "Google Forms" platform. The study population included pediatricians and pediatric residents associated with the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. Seven hundred twenty-eight responses were recorded and analyzed using IBM SPSS v21. Results728 valid responses were obtained. Of these answers, only 20.5 % answered that the physical examination was sufficient for the diagnosis, and 79.4 % responded that they requested ultrasound as the best test to aid in diagnosing cryptorchidism. When questioned about the ideal age for referring a patient with cryptorchidism, the survey recorded 56.3 % of the responses defending the correct age as six months old, 30.2 % shortly after birth, and 13.2 % at two years old. Other topics were addressed in the form, such as the frequency of evaluation of testicular position and investigation for DDS, among others. Still, the answers to these questions were compatible with current manuals and guidelines on cryptorchidism. ConclusionIt is evident that the understanding of the professionals consulted about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism needs to be updated with the current practices adopted and that pediatricians, in general, must maintain periodic programs on this subject. Therefore, this topic should be part of a continuing education program with pediatric surgery.

National survey on perioperative cognitive dysfunction

BackgroundPerioperative cognitive dysfunction (PCD) is a very prevalent clinical syndrome due to the progressive aging of the surgical population.The aim of our study is to evaluate the clinical practice of Spanish anesthesiologists surveyed regarding this entity. Material and methodsProspective online survey conducted by the Neurosciences Section and distributed by SEDAR. Results544 responses were obtained, with a participation rate of 17%. 54.4% of respondents never make a preoperative assessment of cognitive impairment, only 7.5% always do it. 79.6% lack an intraoperative management protocol for the patient at risk of PCD. In the anesthetic planning, only 23.3% of the patients was kept in mind. Eighty-nine percent considered regional anesthesia with or without sedation preferable to general anesthesia for the prevention of PCD. 88.8% considered benzodiazepines to present a high risk of PCD. 71.7% considered that anesthetic depth monitoring could prevent postoperative cognitive deficit. Routine evaluation of postoperative delirium is low, only 14%. More than 80% recognize that PCD is underdiagnosed. ConclusionsAmong Spanish anesthesiologists surveyed, PCD is still a little known and underappreciated entity. It is necessary to raise awareness of the need to detect risk factors for PCD, as well as postoperative assessment and diagnosis. Therefore, the development of guidelines and protocols and the implementation of continuing education programs in which anesthesiologists should be key members of multidisciplinary teams in charge of perioperative care are suggested.

Continuing education in sport psychology: a survey of where we are and where we need to go

ABSTRACT A fundamental competence for psychology practitioners is to practice according to ethical standards and principles. One way to achieve these standards includes continuing education (CE). Sport psychology practitioners (SPPs) have frequently noted the importance of engaging in CE to improve professional practice, yet more research is needed on the effectiveness of the CE available to SPPs and what SPPs think they desire in terms of CE. In this exploratory study, a multinational sample of 291 (female = 158; male = 128) SPPs at different levels of professional development participated in an online survey to gather information about their CE opportunities and their perceived effectiveness. Most SPPs (n = 223) reported that CE was mandated by their professional organizations, believed in its importance, and had experienced eight CE events on average in the previous 12 months, which were generally focused more on service delivery-related issues. Participants also offered their views on the effectiveness of the CE programmes they attended and their hopes for future topics offered by CE programmes (e.g., ethics, EDI, effective service delivery). Based on the results from this study, we share some reflections on the current status quo of CE within the sport psychology profession and offer recommendations to support professional organizations to provide effective CE opportunities to their members.

Continuing education in sport psychology: a survey of where we are and where we need to go

ABSTRACT A fundamental competence for psychology practitioners is to practice according to ethical standards and principles. One way to achieve these standards includes continuing education (CE). Sport psychology practitioners (SPPs) have frequently noted the importance of engaging in CE to improve professional practice, yet more research is needed on the effectiveness of the CE available to SPPs and what SPPs think they desire in terms of CE. In this exploratory study, a multinational sample of 291 (female = 158; male = 128) SPPs at different levels of professional development participated in an online survey to gather information about their CE opportunities and their perceived effectiveness. Most SPPs (n = 223) reported that CE was mandated by their professional organizations, believed in its importance, and had experienced eight CE events on average in the previous 12 months, which were generally focused more on service delivery-related issues. Participants also offered their views on the effectiveness of the CE programmes they attended and their hopes for future topics offered by CE programmes (e.g., ethics, EDI, effective service delivery). Based on the results from this study, we share some reflections on the current status quo of CE within the sport psychology profession and offer recommendations to support professional organizations to provide effective CE opportunities to their members.

A combined diabetes and continuous glucose monitoring education program for adults with type 2 diabetes

ObjectiveThe lack of descriptions for education programs in studies evaluating the efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) compared to blood glucose monitoring (BGM) for individuals with T2DM makes it difficult to compare results across trials. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a new education program for adults with insulin-treated T2DM and HbA1c ≥58 mmol/mol (7.5 %) initiating CGM. MethodsA 3-h education program was created to provide information on diabetes self-management and CGM or BGM based on international guidelines and a pre-evaluation based on user needs assessment. Questionnaires were used to post-evaluate participant-rated benefits from the program. ResultsSeven individuals attended a user needs assessment of the program and 96 participated in the final education program (61.5 % men, mean age 61 (59.5;63) years, mean diabetes duration 18.2 (16.9;19.5) years, and median HbA1c 69 (63–78)mmol/mol (8.5 (7.9–9.3)%). Benefit from this program was rated good/very good by 95.5 % with no statistically significant difference between glucose monitoring groups. ConclusionsThis study presents a new well-received education program for T2DM for both the CGM and BGM group. InnovationThe description of the development process and the education provided for both glucose monitoring groups may be useful for CGM initiation in clinics and trials.

Enhancing Port Security and Predictive Maintenance with IoT: Cadets' Perspectives

This research explores the perspectives of 100 cadets studying multimodal transportation on integrating Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance port security and predictive maintenance. Using qualitative methods, including interviews and document analysis, the study investigates the effectiveness of IoT in real-time monitoring, data security, and predictive maintenance. The findings highlight cadets' recognition of IoT's potential to transform port operations, particularly in improving security measures and maintenance strategies. Cadets also emphasize the importance of professionalism and adherence to standards in IoT integration, valuing compliance with standards, understanding of IoT, training and education, and ethical considerations. The research underscores the need for continuous education and training programmes to prepare future industry professionals for the challenges and opportunities presented by IoT technologies. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of knowledge in transportation management and education, offering insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and educators on the integration of IoT in port operations.

ROLE OF THE NURSE IN MANAGING INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING

Abstract Introduction Arterial blood pressure (BP) monitoring is an invasive system for directly tracking and measuring BP and finds its use in critically ill patients who require continuous hemodynamic monitoring and frequent arterial blood test. [1] Invasive monitoring requires the use of sophisticated equipment and specific skills for its management, which influence the quality of care, including the introduction of a catheter inside the arterial vessel. [2] Intra–arterial catheterization is considered the Gold Standard for a direct measurement of BP. [3] Therefore, the objective of this work is to outline the role of the nurse in the management of invasive BP monitoring, with particular attention to the possibility of independently managing the positioning of the arterial cannula itself. Materials and Methods A review was performed on the management of invasive BP monitoring, with a particular focus on the role of the nurse in arterial cannula positioning. The Pubmed database was consulted. The search strategy involved the use of Mesh terms and free terms, including "Hemodynamic Monitoring" “Vascular Access Devices” “Critical Care Nursing” “Arterial cannulation”. The terms used were combined together using the Boolean operator “AND”. The Code of Conduct for the Nursing ProfessionsMand the National Collective Labor Agreement were also examinatedand, along with everyday practice of professionals in this field of action. Results There are no studies in literature that clearly outline the role of the different professional figures in the management of invasive BP monitoring and there are no clear references regarding who is responsible for positioning the arterial cannula. The development of continuing education programs in the area of clinical reasoning skills for hemodynamic monitoring should be more emphasized. Furthermore, we should focus more on improving practical skills for hemodynamic monitoring. [4] Conclusions Advanced skills need to be officially acknowledge to the expert professional by the institutions they belong to, which should contribute to training by creating accredited company courses. Not only to protect assisted people and the professional, but also in order to enhance their work and give it the right recognition. Subsequently, studies could be carried out to evaluate the effective reduction in latency times between non–invasive monitoring and invasive monitoring on critically ill patients, if managed by the nurse.

Analysis of The Feasibility of Hydrogen Injection in Pipeline Gas Challenges in The Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Associated Comorbidities: A Review of The Literature

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the challenges in the management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in patients with associated comorbidities, with the aim of identifying gaps in treatment and proposing strategies to improve care. Theoretical Framework: Modifiable risk factors play a significant role in the incidence of myocardial infarction, as evidenced by a relevant international study. Understanding the epidemiology of heart attack, including its prevalence, incidence and geographic distribution, is essential to develop effective prevention and control strategies. Identifying and managing traditional risk factors, such as smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity, is crucial in the preventive approach to this condition. Method: Through an integrative literature review, recent studies are explored that cover everything from epidemiology and risk factors to prevention and treatment strategies. An initial selection of 153 articles was refined to 10 studies that met all criteria. Results and Discussion: The results highlight an increasing trend in the prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), with a stabilization in the age-standardized prevalence rate, suggesting advances in prevention and treatment. The analysis emphasizes the importance of robust and inclusive public health strategies, focused on educating the population about the risks, ensuring rapid access to treatment, and reducing inequalities in access to healthcare. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how results can influence healthcare management, public policy formation, and clinical practice in cardiology. These implications may include the need for continuing education programs for healthcare professionals, the implementation of integrated care models, and the adaptation of healthcare systems to meet the specific needs of patients with comorbidities associated with AMI. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the specific challenges faced in the management of AMI in patients with comorbidities, providing valuable insights to improve the quality of AMI care and reduce disparities in treatment. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its contribution to a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence the prognosis and quality of life of these patients.

Abstract PO5-17-05: Recommendations of a panel of experts from the Brazilian Society of Mastology on breast and axilla clipping: when, how and for whom?

Abstract Background: The precise location of the tumor site is essential for obtaining free margins and success of surgical treatment, reducing the rates of reoperation and local recurrences. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a challenge for preoperative tumor localization, due to the different patterns of locoregional response, limitations related to imaging methods, and the possibility of a pathological complete response (pCR). In addition, there are several divergent approaches regarding preoperative axillary evaluation, lymph node marking methods and approaches when facing cN1. Thus, the knowledge and attitudes of the affiliated members of the Brazilian Society of Mastology (SBM) regarding breast and axilla marking were evaluated and a consensus regarding management and treatment was reached. Methods: This is an online survey conducted between June and December 2022. All 1.742 active mastologists affiliated to SBM were anonymously invited to participate in the study. The online form contained 28 objective questions, of which 22 were formulated on a Likert scale. These questions addressed several relevant aspects related to breast and axilla marking in the neoadjuvant setting. Responses that reached 70% agreement were considered consensual. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. Post hoc analysis was performed when appropriate and, in all analyses, the significance level of p < 0.05 was adopted. Results: A total of 468 mastologists answered the questionnaire (26.8%), with a predominance of professionals aged between 40-49 years (32.1%), male (50.4%), and residents of state capitals (63.9%). Most professionals were board-certified (84,8%), 87.7% for more than five years. The indication of tumor marking in the breast prior to NAC was consensual (96.4%) and the metal clip was the preferred method (69.7%). If available, the US-visible clip is preferred (86.5%). With respect to the marking of the breast and axilla prior to NAC, 93.3% of the mastologists considered relevant issues related to the techniques and materials. There was no consensus regarding the indication of pre-NAC histologically positive lymph node marking (49.8% disagree and 42.8% agree), however there was consensus that the clinical and imaging evaluation is insufficient for staging the axilla as N1 (71.6 %). The contraindication of breast and node marking in T4b tumors (71.2%) was consensual. There was consensus on the indication of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for initially cN1 (92.3%) or cN2 (72.7%) tumors that became cN0 after NAC, with 67.5% opting for dual staining with technetium and patent blue. There was also consensus on the indication of axillary lymphadenectomy (89%) after NAC when double marking with technetium and patent blue for SLNB is not available. In addition, 41.0% of mastologists perform axillary lymphadenectomy when less than three lymph nodes are found in the SLNB. Among the 28 questions, consensus was reached on only 11 (39.3%); with some consensus variations according to age group, sex, geographic location of residence, place of professional activity (public or private), and professional experience. Conclusion: The indication of pre-NAC breast marking is consensual among Brazilian mastologists, although axillary nodal marking is not. There is a great divergence of attitudes among Brazilian surgeons in relation to the many issues related to pre-NAC breast and axilla marking, indicating the need to establish continuing education programs on the subject. Citation Format: Henrique Couto, Augusto Hassan, Dalton Steinmacher, Eduardo Pessoa, Eduardo Millen, Felipe Zerwes, Francisco Pimentel Cavalcante, Giuliano Tosello, Gustavo Badan, José Francisco, Leonardo Soares, Lucas Budel, Luciano Chala, Raquel Fernandes, Ruffo Freitas-Junior, Vilmar Oliveira, Vinicius Budel, Andre Mattar. Recommendations of a panel of experts from the Brazilian Society of Mastology on breast and axilla clipping: when, how and for whom? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-17-05.

Importance of Professional Values in Nursing Practice: Nurses Perspective

Topic: Descriptive cross-sectional study on the Importance of professional values in Nursing Practice: Nurses PerspectiveObjectives of the study: To investigate the importance of professional values in nursing practice from nurses’ perspectives.Background: Professional values are vital components in nursing practice and nursing professionals need to be aware of these values as code of ethics to provide high-quality patient care. Nurses, as the largest health care group, have well-known and important professional values. The use of these values in nursing practice increased the quality of patients care, nurses’ occupational satisfaction, their retention in nursing and commitment to the organization.Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2023.The study was conducted among the nursing officers working in All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.Result: Results showed that the mean total attitude score was 121.35±11.80 which denotes high importance of professional values among nurses. Protect health and safety of the patient was given the highest importance and participate in peer review was given the least importance.Conclusion: The nurse educators and administrator needs to develop continuous educational programs to improve nurses’ awareness and understanding of the importance of professional values and improve the quality of care.

Results of a Competency-Based Approach to Prepare General Educators to Effectively Include Students with Disabilities

Research has shown that general educators may lack the competencies to effectively include students with disabilities, thus widening the gaps in outcomes between students with disabilities and their peers. In this study, we outline the development and implementation of a competency-based continuing education program, designed to equip general educators to effectively include students with disabilities (SWDs) and earn special education certification. This paper presents the results of a program evaluation conducted using both validated measures and author-developed instruments. Participants included general education teachers, instructional coaches, and those in similar roles. Results indicated that participants significantly increased their knowledge of professional standards, demonstrated knowledge in high-leverage practices, and showed high levels of self-efficacy to implement inclusive practices. We discuss these results, emphasizing the timeliness of this nontraditional approach and its implications for teacher preparation, research, and policy amid the troubling national special education teacher shortage. Namely, this approach epitomizes a model that allows leaders to strategically utilize their existing workforce to address vacancies in special education and emphasizes that the responsibility to support SWDs rests squarely upon all educators.

A Brief Review on Good Clinical Practice and its Training Methods

Abstract The field of clinical research continues to advance, and for ethical conduct of research, researchers need to have a strong foundation in good clinical practice (GCP). GCP guidelines are internationally recognized standards that govern the conduct of clinical trials, ensuring the protection of human subjects and the generation of reliable data. However, novice researchers or postgraduate medical students who would delve into research activities may face difficulty getting avenues for GCP training. Hence, in this brief review article, we discuss the significance of GCP in the field of clinical research with a glimpse of its history, development, and key principles. We provide a list of online courses, benefits, and disadvantages of those courses, and a list of organizations that conduct GCP workshops or continued medical education programs in India.

Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Gene Regulation in Brazil

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the role of non-coding RNAs in gene regulation in Brazil Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play diverse and pivotal roles in gene regulation across various biological processes. From microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to circular RNAs (circRNAs) and transfer RNA-derived fragments (tRFs), ncRNAs participate in fine-tuning gene expression at multiple levels, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. These molecules act as crucial regulators of cellular homeostasis, development and disease pathogenesis. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Central dogma of molecular biology & competitive endogenous rna (cerna) hypothesis may be used to anchor future studies on role of non-coding RNAs in gene regulation in Brazil. Leveraging the dysregulated expression of non-coding RNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers will facilitate the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. By targeting specific non-coding RNAs associated with disease states, clinicians can tailor treatment regimens to individual patients, improving efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. Policymakers should prioritize funding for non-coding RNA research, recognizing its significance in advancing biomedical knowledge and improving healthcare outcomes. Educational institutions and professional organizations should incorporate non-coding RNA biology into undergraduate and graduate curricula, as well as continuing education programs for healthcare professionals.

The Role of Continuing Education in Lifelong Learning: A Quantitative Study in Two Universities in China

This quantitative study explores the role of continuing education (CE) in fostering lifelong learning among students in two universities in China: Hunan University of Science and Technology and Changsha University of Science and Technology. The research investigates students' attitudes, perceptions, and engagement levels towards continuing education, aiming to provide insights into the effectiveness of existing CE programs and identify areas for improvement. A structured questionnaire was administered to 300 undergraduate and graduate students, utilizing Likert scale responses. Results indicate a balanced representation across gender identities, with varying levels of engagement across academic years and fields of study. The majority of respondents report prior experience with CE, indicating proactive engagement in lifelong learning activities. Findings also reveal a generally positive outlook towards lifelong learning, with high levels of agreement on the importance of self-directed learning, adaptability, and openness to new ideas. Engagement with CE activities is predominantly positive, with strong participation in industry conferences, online courses, and additional certifications. Participants perceive CE as positively influencing academic performance, career prospects, and personal growth. The study underscores the significance of integrating CE initiatives into educational frameworks to support holistic student development and promote lifelong learning. It emphasizes the importance of addressing barriers to access and enhancing skills development within CE programs to empower students for success in today's dynamic job market.

The Continuing Training of Nurses and their Impact on their Organizational Commitment

Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect exerted by nurses' participation in lifelong nursing education programs on their levels of organizational commitment. Theoretical Framework: Discusses the importance of lifelong learning in the nursing profession, highlighting how continuous development of knowledge and skills is essential due to rapid advances in medicine and healthcare. It stresses that continuing education is a critical part of lifelong learning, necessary for the improvement of patient care and adaptation to socio-economic, technological and demographic changes. Method: This is primary quantitative research. The sample consists of 121 Greek nurses, employed in Attica. The response rate was 48%. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire sent via e-mails. SPSS version 23 was used for statistical analysis. In descriptive statistics, means and standard deviations were presented, and in inductive statistics, Pearson's correlation test and regression analysis were performed. Results and Discussion: The results showed a positive and statistically significant correlation between four of the five categories of nurses' participation motivations: "Professional Service", "Collegial Learning and Interaction", "Personal Benefits and Job Security" and "Personal Commitment and Reflection". Well-targeted programmes can strengthen organisational loyalty, suggesting that continuing education is fundamental to personal and professional development, as well as benefiting the quality of patient care and job satisfaction. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of nursing and continuing education programmes. These implications could encompass the professional performance and post-graduate training and work attitudes of staff working in the public health sector. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by exploring how nurses' continuing education impacts their organisational commitment in Greece. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced because it shows how continuing nursing education improves the quality of patient care and the overall functioning of health care organisations.

Understanding antibiotic knowledge, attitudes, and practices: a cross-sectional study in physicians from a Colombian region, 2023.

Antibiotic resistance has been identified as a global health threat. Knowledge, attitudes, and inappropriate prescription practices of antibiotics by physicians play a crucial role in this problem. In Colombia, research addressing this issue is scarce. A cross-sectional study involving 258 physicians was conducted. A scale with questions on sociodemographic aspects, level of education, satisfaction with antibiotic education received, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices was administered. The scale was designed for each item to be analyzed individually or as a total score ranging from 0 to 100 (0 being the lowest and 100 the highest). 31.5% of physicians rated the education received on antibiotics as fair to poor. The knowledge score was 80.1 (IQR 70.5-87.5); however, 25.2% agreed to some extent that amoxicillin is useful in treating most respiratory infections, and 15% agreed that antibiotics are effective in treating upper respiratory infections. Attitudes scored 80.2 (IQR 75.0-86.5), with 99% stating that bacterial resistance is a public health problem in Colombia, but only 56.9% considering it a problem affecting their daily practice. Practices scored 75.5 (IQR 68.8-81.2), and 71.7% affirmed that if they refuse to prescribe antibiotics to a patient who does not need them, the patient can easily obtain them from another physician. General practitioners were found to have lower scores in all three indices evaluated. The study reveals enduring misconceptions and concerning practices in antibiotic prescription, particularly among general practitioners. Enhancing knowledge necessitates the implementation of continuous medical education programs that focus on updated antibiotic guidelines, and resistance patterns. Fostering positive attitudes requires a culture of trust and collaboration among healthcare professionals. Practical enhancements can be realized through the establishment of evidence-based prescribing guidelines and the integration of regular feedback mechanisms. Moreover, advocating for the inclusion of antimicrobial stewardship principles in medical curricula is crucial, emphasizing the significance of responsible antibiotic use early in medical education.

Science-informed Policy Making for Protecting People and the Environment from Radiation.

The process to arrive at the radiation protection practices of today to protect workers, patients, and the public, including sensitive populations, has been a long and deliberative one. This paper presents an overview of the US Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) responsibility in protecting human health and the environment from unnecessary exposure to radiation. The origins of this responsibility can be traced back to early efforts, a century ago, to protect workers from x rays and radium. The system of radiation protection we employ today is robust and informed by the latest scientific consensus. It has helped reduce or eliminate unnecessary exposures to workers, patients, and the public while enabling the safe and beneficial uses of radiation and radioactive material in diverse areas such as energy, medicine, research, and space exploration. Periodic reviews and analyses of research on health effects of radiation by scientific bodies such as the National Academy of Sciences, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, and the International Commission on Radiological Protection continue to inform radiation protection practices while new scientific information is gathered. As a public health agency, US EPA is keenly interested in research findings that can better elucidate the effects of exposure to low doses and low dose rates of radiation as applicable to protection of diverse populations from various sources of exposure. Professional organizations such as the Health Physics Society can provide radiation protection practitioners with continuing education programs on the state of the science and describe the key underpinnings of the system of radiological protection. Such efforts will help equip and prepare radiation protection professionals to more effectively communicate radiation health information with their stakeholders.

Preschool children's asthma medication: parental knowledge, attitudes, practices, and adherence.

Introduction: As parents or legal guardians primarily care for children with asthma, understanding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) barriers to treatment and medication adherence is of essential importance. This study aimed to analyze the KAP toward asthma medication and adherence among preschool-aged asthmatic children's parents and explore the factors influencing adherence. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2023 and April 2023. Parents of preschool children with asthma were asked to complete the questionnaire containing knowledge, attitude, practice dimensions, and demographic characteristics. The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) was used to investigate adherence. Results: A total of 632 valid questionnaires (154 male and 478 female) were included. Parents showed moderate knowledge (9.49 ± 2.86, 63.27%, possible range: 0-15) and moderate attitudes (26.18 ± 2.51, 74.80%, possible range: 7-35) towards asthma medication, while their practices (27.46 ± 5.26, 91.53%, possible range: 6-30) were proactive; however, medication adherence was low (4.84 ± 1.78, total score: 8). The attitude scores (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.19, P=0.020), practice scores (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.12-1.21, p < 0.001), and smoking (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.14-2.37, p = 0.008) were associated with medication adherence. Discussion: Preschool-aged asthmatic children's parents showed moderate knowledge, attitudes, and proactive practice toward asthma medication. Continuous training and education programs should be provided for parents to improve asthma medication management in preschool children.

125 Insights from a Process Improvement Co-op in the Development of an Informed Consent Professional Certificate (ICPC) Course

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objectives of the ICPC Course were 1) to define elements needed to 'build' a solid framework for the creation of an effective informed consent document; 2) to examine various regulatory references and their importance in the context of the informed consent process; and 3) to review helpful tips and best practices of the informed consent process. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This 7-week course was a multi-disciplinary effort by the Miami CTSI, the Regulatory and Monitoring Support Office and the Human Subjects Research Office (HSRO), as part of their co-op partnership. The CTSI’s Network of Clinical Research Professionals (NCRP) (over 1995 members and established to offer and enhance education, training, and overall career development and networking for the U’s diverse research workforce) served as the target audience. The lead HSRO official was the course content developer and served as instructor. The Director of the HSRO served as the certificate &amp; program coordinator. Additionally, this course indirectly fulfilled part of the requirements of the Institution’s AAHRPP re-accreditation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 70 persons attended all sessions and received their certificate. A post-course survey was deployed (n=70). 69 respondents were extremely satisfied with course content; 67 were likely to recommend the course to a colleague. Feedback highlights include: appreciation for time taken to organize/offer the course; presenter knowledge and preparation; and that case studies/examples were up-to-date and applicable. As an added incentive to participate in the course, both the School of Nursing and the Medical School provided CEU credits and the Society of Clinical Research Associates (SOCRA) accepted documentation of candidate participation in continuing education programs for recertification. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Based on a need identified through a multi-disciplinary process, a successful Informed Consent Professional Certificate Course was created and implemented. Respondents indicate extremely high satisfaction with the course and felt it was very relevant and applicable to their practice.