Continuation Of War Research Articles

Debating Slavery After the Southampton Insurrection: A Crisis among North Carolina Slave Owners, 1831–1832

ABSTRACT This article examines the varied and unexpected responses among slave owners in North Carolina after Nat Turner's Insurrection in Virginia in 1831. It argues that their response was not political and economic as was the case in the famous debates carried out in the Virginia legislature at the same time. Instead, North Carolina slave owners engaged in a wide-ranging public and private debate over the morality of slavery that had its roots in a statewide discussion of abolition that began in 1829. The 1831–1832 debate in North Carolina debate focused on how slavery had failed in the recent slave conspiracies turned up in North Carolina, and how slavery could be made to function and survive by creating a stable and just society rooted in both inequality and morality. That, North Carolina slave owners hoped, would bring an end to the continuous war between white enslavers and enslaved African Americans that had been publicly exposed by Turner's revolt and subsequent conspiracies discovered in North Carolina.

Holistic Pragmatism: the Chinese Approach on International Relations

Different geographical environments produce different histories, cultures, civilizations, philosophies, and mentalities, all of which have an enormous impact on their decision-making and foreign policy-making. Thousands of years of social norms and tradition have shaped Chinese people's holistic and pragmatic thinking and approach, determining China's policymakers' objective and overall approach to state governance and international relations. Above all, China, as a civilizational state that has been unified for thousands of years, distinguishes itself from the Western nation-states formed in modern times through continuous wars and peace treaties. Consequently, China has formed different perceptions and interpretations of national and international affairs, and distinct approaches and decision-making processes in terms of inter-state and international interactions and conflict management. By studying various dimensions of Chinese history, culture and philosophy, as well as analyzing its foreign policy-making and active participation in global affairs, this study argues that holistic pragmatism has pervaded China's domestic and foreign policy-making, influencing Chinese policymakers’ decision-making and people's thinking habits. This highlights the necessity to broaden the academic scope of international relations to encompass diverse geographical, cultural and historical perspectives, thereby providing a more comprehensive and profound understanding of international relations in our interconnected world.

THE POLYPHONIC NATURE OF THE NARRATIVE IN THE SHORT-STORY ‘A GIFT ON THE POSITION’ RYHOR BAKHTA (1928)

The article is devoted to a complex analysis of the short-story ‘Gift on the Position’ by R. Bakhta. The work is defined by a non-linear narrative structure characterized by the presence of several polyphonic plot lines. They branch out thanks to the narrator’s reflections on the essence of the First World War, the inclusion of correspondence between characters or retrospective episodes. Much attention is paid to the lexical component of the work, where R. Bakhta experiments with the word in order to highlight the most effective speech practices that preserve the thinking of an individual character and, at the same time, allow us to consider the phenomenon of war from a suprapersonal philosophical standpoint. The question of preserving the memory of the 1914 – 1918 events is raised. It worried the writer, whose observations of contemporaries indicated the possibility of losing the memory of the experience, because that experience was canceled by new manifestations of the continuous war.

The Process of Becoming a War Refugee: The Case of a Finnish Boy

The article observes the different stages of the gradual process by which Olev Mikiver became a refugee, following the formation and interweaving of his professional (artist’s) identity, his identity as a soldier and as a refugee, based on his private letters. The study mainly focuses on four letters written by Mikiver during the Finnish Continuation War, in which he participated as a volunteer in 1943–1944; these volunteers later became known as the Finnish Boys. The analysis of the letters focuses on the topics discussed in the letters and on Mikiver’s word usage. In addition to verbal means of expression, visual means have also been observed to gain additional information about the changes in identity, attitudes, and mood of the letter-writer. The analysis showed that despite Mikiver remaining a devoted artist, he adopted the soldier identity in a relatively short time and no conflict arose between the two identities. In 1944, Mikiver fled to Sweden. Based on the letters he sent to his friend Ilmar Laaban between 1948 and 1993, some observations have also been made about how he coped with refugee life in Sweden. In the post-war period, the opportunity to continue as an artist in exile, on the one hand, and the sense of solidarity with other Finnish Continuation War veterans on the other hand, helped Mikiver overcome his depression as a refugee.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Challenges of Poverty Reduction in Nigeria

Global continuous war against poverty facilitated the UN decision to rebrand the MDGs to SDGs. The major objective of the Sustainable Development Goals, is to combat poverty in its entirety all over the world while preserving the environment for future generations. Nigeria is one of such countries that poverty remains a major problem. Though, programmes and measures have been taken to curb it, both internationally and locally, poverty still exists. This study hopes to investigate the problems surrounding the inability for the UN’s SDG goals to be met in Nigeria. It hopes to examine those challenges the program has encountered on its journey to eradicating poverty and possibly suggest ways in which such hiccups can be delt with. The study adopted the Structural theory on poverty, which describes poverty as emanating from the opportunities given be various aspects of the society; economic, political or social to its people which limits there capabilities. Secondary qualitative sources of data were used for the study and the analytical method of data analysis was adopted in presenting the findings. The study recommends that the Nigerian government at levels need to create measures, monitor these measure that will ensure poverty is reduced to the barest minimum

THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN W. FAULKNER’S CREATIVE WORKS

The article examines W. Faulkner’s prose, notes and essays devoted to the First World War. It is pointed out that the military theme became pervasive in the creative works of the writer who had no combat experience. The experience of a non-combatant affected the artistic legacy of the author, who to a lesser extent sought to recreate the front-line entourage and armed struggle on the battlefield, but focused on the figures of the civilian character and the soldier who returned home to the US South, where references to the Civil War were still relevant. The author reinterpreted the motif of loss, drew attention to the continuous war and war as profitable business motifs.

Eesti mobilisatsioonipõgenike kirjasuhtlusest Soome Jätkusõja ajal

The article deals with the letters of young men who escaped from Estonia to Finland during the German occupation in order to avoid the mobilization announced in 1943. Almost immediately after arriving in Finland, some of the refugees illegally emigrated to Sweden, but the majority started looking for temporary accommodation and work in Helsinki and its surroundings. The Continuation War (1941–1944) was going on, and thus a large number of Estonian male refugees were recruited into the Finnish army as volunteers; they started fighting on the Karelian front against the Soviet Union. The letters analysed in the article come from the years 1943–1944 and were sent by the men who remained in Finland to their friends who escaped to Sweden. The letters show that both civilians and soldiers faced problems caused by the political situation resulting from the Second World War and the complicated allied relations between Finland and Germany. The refugees did not have enough knowledge of life in wartime Finland and their language skills were also poor. In the course of escaping from Estonia to Finland, friends had lost sight of each other. After arriving in Finland, they started to restore their contacts in order to share experiences and find some support. The main aim of the article is to demonstrate the role of epistolary communication in finding solutions to the problems of Estonian refugees. The article gives an insight into the main topics of the letters, in which the authors of the letters tell stories about their escape from Estonia to Finland, share information about the destiny of their schoolmates and friends, but also discuss fine arts, and dream about life in peacetime. The letters show that they wish to get away from the war and continue their unfinished university studies in some war-neutral country. In their letters, they came to understanding that in order to implement their future plans, they had to get to Sweden and thus, already in the late autumn of 1943, the topic of fleeing from Finland to Sweden became dominant. At that time, the legal emigration of Estonians to another western country was limited by Finnish legislation, and, as field post letters were censored, writing about this topic was risky. The letters contain interesting examples of what verbal and visual means of expression were used to hide the true content of the messages from the censor. Compared to ordinary private letters, war letters also have another peculiarity: they contain some features of collective communication. For instance, an envelope addressed by one person to another may contain a letter consisting of messages written by several people and these messages can be intended to be distributed to several persons. Thus, wartime correspondence has similarities with the principles of information transmission in modern social media networks.

What Does Your Heart Tell You? A Reconceptualization of Functional Cardiac Symptoms in Finland (1940s–1980s)

Abstract During the Continuation War of 1941–1944, Finnish medical experts began to encounter military patients suffering from chest pains, breathlessness, palpitations, fatigue, and many other symptoms which could not be explained by somatic findings. In the history of medicine, these symptoms and a plethora of associated diagnoses (such as ‘Da Costa syndrome’, ‘soldier’s heart’, ‘effort syndrome’, ‘nca’, ‘neurocirculatory dystonia’, and so on) have been studied for the most part in the contexts of war, especially in connection with World War I. Most of medical and psychiatric discussion of the syndrome in Finland, however, took place after World War ii. Importantly, this included the emergence of an informal public education campaign which sought to promote an understanding of the harmlessness of ‘functional cardiac symptoms’. In this article, I examine the development and transformations of the discourse of functional cardiac symptoms in Finland through an analysis of the medical discussions. The post-war introduction of medical theories of stress and psychosomatic medicine had a significant impact on how the complaints related to functional cardiac symptoms were addressed. I aim to show that the rethinking of the connection between mind and body, as well as the increasing understanding of hormonal functions of the body, adjusted the demarcation between somatic medicine and psychiatry following the dissemination of psychosomatic medicine and the concept of stress.

Security Predicament of Syrian Refugees Through Gender Lens in Line with EU–Turkey Joint Action Plan 2015

War has numerous repercussions for each gender. In the instances of war-induced displacement, both genders are usually subject to intensive risks in their journey as refugees, from reaching destined countries through dangerous routes to gender differences and inequalities they face in the host countries. The tales of agony and calamity shed light on the fact that the refugee crisis is very much a crisis for both genders not limited to one gender. Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been regarded as the world’s most conflict-prone region. Continuous Wars and civil wars have always raised questions about human threats and Syria is not exceptional. As a consequence of the Syrian civil war which was started in 2011, 13.5 million Syrians substituting for more than half of Syria’s population are deracinated, destitute or confined in difficult to access areas. Tens of thousands of Syrians have fled their nation in search of safety and access to essential amenities. Many Syrians choose to reach Europe other than Middle East countries as their destination to get asylum where they risk their lives by making the dangerous journey through the Mediterranean Sea route and both men and women face different refugee predicaments throughout their journey. At the same time, the European Union (EU) is playing a significant role in managing the Syrian Crisis, although it has been facing a remarkable advent of refugees and migrants. In 2015, the EU and Turkey officially followed a joint ‘Action Plan’, which mainly aimed to deter the gargantuan influx of outcasts and transients into the EU. However, the plan has faced a lot of criticism which argued that although the EU presented as a humanitarian actor in dealing refugee crisis, it is trying to push its responsibilities towards Turkey. Against this backdrop, this article has examined the crisis faced by the Syrian refugees after the adoption of the joint action plan. Further, it has analysed, if the said joint action plan has made their refugee journey more complicated in the EU by adding new challenges for both Syrian men and women differently.

Assessment of the United Nations Good Offices for Conflict Resolution in Yemen

Abstract The current study examines the United Nations Good Offices and their ability to enhance stability and peace in Yemen where political and socioeconomic strife is existing. It highlights the constant efforts done by the United Nations for achieving peace since the outbreak of the Youth Revolution (Arabic spring) in 2011 and how these efforts attempt to stop the war and fulfill peace in the context of the Yemeni conflict. This study adopts both exploratory and empirical methods to shed light on the roles of the good offices of the UN for conflict resolution in Yemen, testing the multiple regressions between the good offices and resolving conflict in Yemen, as well as, analyzing why these efforts have failed to overcome this chaos. The study shows the positive impact of the good offices on stopping war and controlling conflict in Yemen through the UNSC resolutions which have a high influence among other efforts. Therefore, it is discovered in this article that the UN Good Offices have failed to accomplish their primary objectives of attaining peace and ending the continuous war because of some obstruction within the UN itself.

«Покажется совершенно невероятной та тишина…»: к оценке военно-политической ситуации на Северном Кавказе после завершения борьбы с мюридизмом

Introduction. The article examines the situation in the North Caucasus that had developed by the beginning of the 1960s following the end of the armed confrontation. Russia proved its invincibility, and the highlanders, tired of the continuous war, were ready to compromise with the Russian government. This opened up new opportunities for the peaceful settlement of the region. Materials and methods. The author notes that despite the cessation of active clashes, it was not possible to achieve complete calm in the region for a long time. There were people who did not reconcile with the defeat, did not want or were not able to give up their traditional existence, which they were accustomed to, attacked the civilian population and the military personnel of the Caucasian army. The study is based on the analysis of the texts of domestic Caucasian scholars and a set of documentary materials, both published and received from the archival funds of the GAKK. Retrospective, illustrative and comparative methods were used as methods of historical and political research. Analysis. The author of the article draws attention to the fact that the preserved criminal offenses caused widespread discontent and concern both among the Slavic settlers and among many highlanders, as they prevented them from building a constructive dialogue. In order to eradicate crime, they were ready to join the ranks of the militia, recruited from among volunteers involved in the punishment of «irreconcilable» enemies of the Russian statehood and the establishment of a peaceful life. Results. The authorities promised an amnesty to supporters of a militaristic existence who failed to find themselves in conditions of peace and creative activity. All those who persisted in resisting the new order were expelled from the Caucasus when caught, in order to weaken their influence on local societies. On the other hand, they saw compatriots in these people and did not seek to resort to extreme measures, hoping to demonstrate the justice of the rule of law that spread in the North Caucasus after the victory of Russian weapons.

An Ecofeminist Analysis of Fartuma Kusow’s Tale of A Boon’s Wife

<p>This article examines the exploitation of women, nature, and certain other oppressed groups in Fartumo Kusow’s novel, Tale of a Boon’s Wifeusing an ecofeminist literary approach.The novel tackles a number of contemporary Somalia-related concerns. It addresses topics including sociocultural factors, the strongly ingrained patriarchal system, the effects of war and violence, the issues associated with environmental disasters, etc. Thus, exploring this novel from an ecofeminism perspective will show how the writer addressed gender injustice, environmental crises, and various types of dominance and exploitation rooted in their societies. To extract relevant data from the novel, a close reading was done. Then, a textual analysis was employed to analyze the extracted texts. Therefore, based on the analysis made, the novel significantly portrays the deep-rooted patriarchal system in Somalia. Women and girls are especially vulnerable to both domestic and public abuse. The novel also demonstrates that continued war and conflict, and drought have a direct and indirect impact on women, children, farmers, animals, and the natural environment. It also shows that war and instability create a good situation for those military officials and members to subjugate women and control vast amounts of fertile land for their own personal gain by displacing poor farmers. Furthermore, the novel has portrayed discrimination based on clan and class differences in its impact on women and other subordinate groups. On the other hand, it portrays Idil, the main character, resisting all these differences and giving value to all humans, animals, and the natural environment, including the land. Finally, the author has put all these unprivileged groups together: women, children, animals, farmers, and the natural environment, including the land, in one category to show how they are mistreated and exploited simultaneously by powerful men. <strong></strong></p>

GOVERNMENT RESHUFFLE BY CHANGING THE POLITICAL COMPOSITION OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE GOVERNING PROGRAM

The concept of government has emerged since ancient times in history, even though it has been regarded by some as an absolute necessity and by others as indispensable for the defense of the rights and freedom of mankind. Thomas Hobbes, reported in his work, that men in their natural state were in a continual war, and therefore argued that it was necessary for men to conclude a social contract, by which they invested all power in a third party, called the sovereign, which in turn, he gave them the security and rule of law. At odds with Hobbes, John Locke described the state of nature as a state in which people coexist in relative harmony, without the existence of a political power to protect and judge each other. Nowadays, when we talk about government, we think of that political institution, designed to lead and coordinate the entire administrative activity of the country. In other words, we are referring to the Government in a strict sense, namely to a political institution, which, we will see in the following, can be an emanation of the Parliament and the President, as is the case with Romania.

Cultivating Peace: The Virgilian Georgic in English, 1650–1750

Cultivating Peace: The Virgilian Georgic in English, 1650–1750

신라 황룡사구층탑의 건립과 국제정세

This paper is the result of a review of the construction process of the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa in the early 640s of Silla's domestic and foreign situations and changes. In 643, Silla promoted diplomacy to ask the Tang Dynasty for troops to prevent a joint attack between Baekje and Goguryeo. In the process, the question of whether the queen's rule was justified was raised again in the Silla. And at this time, Jajang asked Queen Seondeok to build a nine-story pagoda at Hwangnyong-sa Temple. Queen Seondeok and her supporters promoted the construction of the pagoda to emphasize the sacredness and authority of Queen Seondeok and to dispel dissatisfaction with the queen's rule. Meanwhile, in the summer of 644, when preparations for the construction of the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple were underway, a request from the Emperor of the Tang to participate in the Goguryeo expedition was delivered to Silla. After careful discussion, Silla eventually decided to dispatch troops, and resumed the battle with Baekje in September 644 to prepare for the possible counterattack of Baekje. Finally, the Tang Dynasty's expedition to Goguryeo began, and Silla also fought with 30,000 soldiers in May 645. However, the war ended with little success due to the retreat of Tang Taizong, and Queen Seondeok and her supporters, who insisted on participating in the war, had to take responsibility and divide power. The continued war with Goguryeo and Baekje disturbed the minds of the Silla people at the time, and Silla stepped up the construction of the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa to stabilize and rally the public sentiment shaken by the war. As a result, despite the failure of the Goguryeo War and the division of power with the Queen's opponents, the project to build the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa was carried out without delay and was finally completed in 646. Now, through the construction process, the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa has become a symbol of the Silla people's desperate desire to overcome the crisis of war and reach a peaceful era, beyond a device that proves the queen's sacredness and authority.

Batticaloa, Tamil People and Music

The Batticaloa district is home to many folk music traditions. They were seen interwoven with all aspects of life, like worldliness, worship, entertainment, and business. Due to migration, urbanization, development of modern technology, continuous war, colonial rule, etc., the rich traditions of folk music such as kombumuri songs, dance drama songs, and midwifery songs have disappeared from the learning level and become obsolete. Some of these musical traditions, like dance drama songs, are being revived through universities. Also, due to the change of time, Western music, melodies (film songs), and Carnatic music gradually entered Batticaloa, Tamil Nadu. As a result, many of the main classical folk music traditions have become obsolete. The purpose of writing this research paper is that there are many musical traditions found in Batticaloa, Tamil Nadu, and its current status is to inform the youth and the world about the old musical traditions.

Prevalence, Distribution, and Histopathological Features of Malignant Tumors Reported at Tertiary Level in Afghanistan: A 3-Year Study.

PurposeCancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, and therefore, tremendous research work is continuously being done around the world with consideration of etiopathogenesis as well as identification of therapeutic targets. Decades of continuous war in Afghanistan has left the medical infrastructure of the country in a miserable situation. There is a serious deficiency in research work in the fields of pathology and oncology at the moment with minimal data available to elaborate about the demographic characteristics of various malignant disorders in the country, which would be indispensable to pave the way for further research and development.Patients and MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the prevalence, distribution, and important histopathological features of malignant tumors reported at tertiary level in Afghanistan.ResultsOut of 2328 consecutive cases of solid malignant tumors included in our study, 93.8% were primary and 6.2% were metastatic. Breast was the most common site of origin for primary malignancy (29.5%) in females; however, in males, esophagus was the leading site for primary malignant tumors (16.3%). Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common histologic type of malignancy in females (87.9%). However, in both genders, squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus and skin, osteosarcoma of bone and soft tissue, and glioblastoma of central nervous system were the most common histologic types of malignancies diagnosed. Small intestine was a frequently involved site affected by extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Overall, the majority of the cancers were diagnosed in stage-II.ConclusionFindings in our study were somewhat similar to data presented elsewhere in the world, with some significant differences that could be related to the local factors. Our study revealed that most of the malignant tumors were diagnosed in later stages of the disease, attributable to scarcity of specialized oncology institutions and public awareness.

Nordic War Stories: World War II as History, Fiction, Media, and Memory

Nordic War Stories: World War II as History, Fiction, Media, and Memory

«Политическая теология» императора Александра I: идеи, репрезентации, практика

In 1815, the Russian Emperor Alexander I formulated the principles of a new world order, which was supposed to ensure long-term and stable peace after two decades of continuous wars in Europe. This project, called the Holy Alliance, was based not so much on foreign policy as on religious grounds. This article examines in detail the set of ideas put forward by Alexander I from the point of view of political theology. The religious motives that moved the Russian emperor are shown, determined by the peculiarities of his spiritual life. The rhetoric of the Holy Union, its basic concepts related to the Christian doctrine are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the representations of the Holy Union in the public sphere, namely, the solemn God services designed to prove the unity and "brotherhood in Christ" of the monarchs of Europe and their peoples. At the same time, the study demonstrated how significant the image of the enemy, embodied as “revolution”, played in the justification of the Holy Alliance within the framework of political theology. The concept of revolution was extremely generalized by Alexander I and interpreted as a manifestation of universal evil. This lead to the doctrine of interventions under the auspices of the Holy Alliance in the country affected by the revolution, which in turn provoked new bloodshed. An analysis of the accumulated contradictions made it possible to draw a conclusion about the reasons for the fading of Alexander’s interest in the constructions of political theology in the last years of his reign.

The Need for Reform of Financial Markets in Times of Crisis in Emerging Economies: The Case of Lebanon

While many countries were confronting immense financial crises, Lebanon was one of the few countries that were able to withstand the dramatic consequences of the crises despite suffering from decades of geopolitical and financial instability. However, the burdened capital structure of Lebanon was overstrained by the incrementing cost of borrowing. The actual beneficiary from the latter financial model was the domestic banking sector. This sponsored the process of attracting customer deposits to be reinvested in the government debt issued by different Lebanese governments for securing the funds needed in financing the process of the development and reconstruction following decades of continuous war and destruction. The Lebanese financial system was abridged by redirecting the investors in the financial sector towards placing their capitals in customer deposit schemes with the domestic banks rather than channeling the capitals towards other economic sectors. In fact, the incentive for the investors was designated in the high yields secured by the reinvestment opportunity in the government debt that has been rising every day to reach historic records while the incentive for the domestic banks remained the conventional scheme of premiums charged for intermediation between the lender and the borrower. The latter process led to increase the concentration risk of customer deposits as liabilities on the balance sheets of the local banks. This research study aims at demonstrating the feasibility of the implementation of a scientific reform by interpreting the recognition of modern investment alternatives for the investors in the Lebanese financial sector while securing the same funding level for the Lebanese government and governing the roles of the sponsoring banks. The study will adopt referenced fundamental and technical interpretation and arguments to emphasize the necessity of launching a new era of investment derived from stimulating the domestic financial market by activating and incentivizing the role of country’s stock exchange.