Continuous Omission Research Articles

Effect of Long-Term Application of Inorganic Fertilizers, Organic Manure, and Lime on Different Forms of Potassium in Soil under Maize-Wheat Cropping System

The field study was undertaken with the major emphasis on potassium fractionation and its contribution in acid alfisol soils as affected by adoption of continuous cropping, fertilization, and manuring under maize-wheat cropping system in same field over 62 years of crop cycles. The experiment consisted of fourteen treatments, replicated thrice times in a randomized block design, out of which nine treatments were selected for the present study. The selected treatments were as follows - control, T2-100% N, T3- FYM, T4-100% NP, T5-100% NPK, T6- 1/2(N+FYM) + P(A-X/2) + K(B-Y/2) (INM), T7-100% NPK + Lime where the lime application in LR once in 4 years, T8-Lime+ FYM+ P(A-X) + K(B-Y), T9-Lime+N. Surface soil (0-15cm) and subsurface soil (16-30 cm) samples were collected after the harvest of wheat in 2017-18 to observe the initial Physico-chemical properties. Different fractions of potassium, viz., water-soluble K, exchangeable K, available K, 1NHNO3K, non-exchangeable K, Lattice K, and Total K were analyzed for the study. There was a significant difference among the different treatments with respect to potassium fractions in 0-15 cm, and 16-30 cm layers. Moreover, K fractions were significantly decreased with increasing depth of soil. Results showed that the percentage contribution of different forms of K with regard to the total K in surface soil and subsurface soil followed as: Lattice K (68.75-78.11%) > Non – Exchangeable K (19.15-25.49%) > Exchangeable K (1.65-2.45%) >Water soluble K (0.18-0.62%). Application of N and P without K caused depletion of soil, water-soluble K, available K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K, and lattice K because of continuous omission of potassium content during the all crop growing stages or the simultaneous leaching nature of residual potassium under same field of the experiment. Therefore, the present investigation stresses the vital importance of the inclusion of organic manure and lime in the fertilizer schedule to maintain soil K dynamics over the long run under the maize-wheat cropping system.

Social Determinants Matter For Hospital Readmission Policy: Insights From New York City.

This study assessed the impact of individual social risk factor variables and social determinants of health (SDOH) measures on hospital readmission rates and penalties used in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP). Using 2012-16 hospital discharge data from New York City, we projected HRRP penalties by augmenting CMS's readmission model for heart attack, heart failure, and pneumonia with SDOH scores constructed at each of four geographic levels and a measure of individual-level social risk. Including additional SDOH scores in the model, especially those constructed with the most granular geographic data, along with social risk factor variables substantially affects projected penalties for hospitals treating the highest proportion of patients with high SDOH scores. Improved performance occurred even after we included peer-group stratification in the HRRP model pursuant to the 21st Century Cures Act. Small improvements in model accuracy were associated with substantial shifts in projected performance. Our results suggest that CMS's continued omission of relevant patient and geographic data from the HRRP readmission model misallocates penalties attributable to SDOH and social risk factor effects to hospitals with the largest share of high-risk patients.

Macro- and micro-nutrient uptake pattern and their use efficiencies for maize (Zea mays) in maize-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system under nutrient omissions

A 2-year (2012 and 2013) field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effect of omitted nutrients on nutrient concentration and uptake and (nutrient use efficiency) NUE for maize (Zea mays L.) in maize–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The STCR-based application of nutrients was more rewarding in terms of improved concentrations, uptakes and better NUE of macro (N, P, K) and micro-nutrients (Zn) in maize. This treatment increased the total uptake of N, P and K by 14.9, 12.5 and 9.3 %, respectively, over recommended rates of NPKZn application. The continuous omission of P resulted in 13.7, 11.5 and 4.7 % reduction in total uptake of N, P and K, respectively. Similar to P, omitting K to both crops continuously also resulted in reduction of total uptake of N, P, K, Zn by 22.1, 13.6, 23.4, 1.9, respectively. Omitting Zn to both maize and wheat crop during 2012 and 2013 did not influence total nutrient uptake significantly. Omitting P and K also exhibited reduced agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery. Balanced application of NPK to preceding wheat crop resulted in higher uptake of N, P and K by maize compared to absolute control and imbalanced application of N, NP or NKZn directly to maize crop during experimentation. Omitting N, P or K to maize resulted in reduction in NUE and uptake in maize during second study year.

O Tribunal de Contas da União e a Responsabilidade dos Conselheiros de Administração de Empresas Estatais

Este trabalho pretende responder à pergunta: em quais hipóteses e sob quais condições pode o conselheiro de administração de uma empresa estatal ser responsabilizado pelo Tribunal de Contas da União? Para respondê-la, procedemos à exposição da natureza de regime jurídico híbrido a que se encontram submetidas as empresas estatais, à caracterização do conselheiro de administração destas empresas como agente público, bem como à análise de julgamentos emanados pelo TCU. Concluímos que o conselheiro de administração pode ser responsabilizado somente caso participe efetivamente de deliberação de ato considerado irregular, ou tenha atuado em omissão continuada.

Effect of three decade long application of chemical fertilizer and amendments on crop yield under maize - wheat cropping system in an acid alfisol

The results on the effect of three decade long term application of chemical fertilizers and amendments on the yield of continuous maize-wheat crop rotation in an acid alfisol at Palampur revealed that continuous omission of essential nutrients in a maize-wheat sequence resulted in an appreciable decline in the grain yield of maize and wheat crops. A remarkable reduction in crop yield was noticed in plots where nitrogen was applied alone. Use of recommended level of N alone through urea had deleterious effect on crop productivity. The continuous exhaustionof native pools of K in 100% NP treated plots appreciably reduced percent grain yield. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) and lime along with NPK fertilizers increased the crop yield. The integrated use of optimal dose of NPK and FYM give better and more sustainable yields.

Hydroelectricity and ecological considerations. Falsification of the environmental reality by the opponents of hydropower

Opponents of hydroelectricity claim falsely that hydrotechnical development of the Lower Vistula River constitutes implementation of Edward Gierek’s concept of bringing only environmental damage1. Statements on the negative environmental impact of constructing small hydroelectric power stations (SHPS) are equally groundless. Permanent protests against the construction of dams and river damming, regardless of the motivations and will of protesters, increase energy dependence on Russia, and preserves the poor, post-Bierut hydrological situation2. The main fallacy made by hydropower opponents is the alternative treatment of power and environmental purposes. Environmental errors consist in continuous omission of even the most obvious positive ecological effects of constructing river dams and – what is especially reprehensible – inventing non-existent threats, e.g. lethal concentration of toxic heavy metals in deposits of the Wloclawek Reservoir or the detrimental impact of warming up water in stage of falls on the fish population below the dam. DOI: 10.12736/issn.2300-3022.2013302

Time-resolved spectrometry of i n v i v o firefly bioluminescence emissions

The optical emissions of in vivo bioluminescence pulses have been evaluated by time-resolved spectrometry for the first time. The firefly Photinus pyralis (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) was used as the test specimen. The time-resolved spectrometry has allowed evaluation of the intrapulse characteristics as well as those of the overall envelope. The light pulses were found to last 0.3–0.4 sec, have a nonsymmetrical wavelength envelope, have an emission peak near 585 nm, have apparently continuous omission over the interval 500–720 nm, emit a power of the order of 1×10−6 W/pulse, and have an intrapulse peak wavelength shift to shorter wavelengths during the pulse period. Time-resolved spectrometry is recommended for intrapulse evaluation of other bioluminescence systems.

A re-examination of the Wangaloan problem

Abstract The attempts of earlier workers to correlate the Wangaloan with Cretaceous-Tertiary successions present at more northerly localities are reviewed. In the Wangaloan-Dunedin area, sediments containing Wangaloan mollusca are unconformably underlain by either Haumurian marine sediments, or late Cretaceous terrestrial sediments; and conformably overlain by Teurian marine sediments. Relationships to sub and supra adjacent strata and the results of recent microfaunal studies suggest that the Wangaloan is post-Cretaceous and almost certainly Teurian in age. The possibility is also noted that all or part of the Wangaloan may represent pre-Teurian Paleocene time. A more accurate interpretation of this and other problems of early Paleocene correlation depends on a closer study of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and the location of more complete Paleocene marine successions in eastern Otago at more northerly localities. Pending these more detailed investigations the writer favours the continued omission of ...

When Spelling has been Mastered in the Elementary School

In the teaching of spelling, efficient learning is based upon (1) the acquisition of a method of mastering words; (2) the development of an ability to be aware of spelling errors and correct forms; and (3) the develop ment of a pride in spelling words correctly. The present investigation deals with elementary school pupils who had seemingly developed considerably in these three respects. This study is one aspect of an experiment conducted in the University Elementary School to investigate the effects of maintained homogeniety by frequent grouping and regrouping of pupils, standardized spelling tests being applied at short intervals.1 The results reported in the present study were made possible by the inclusion in the program of homogeneous grouping, provisions for two special types of pupils; (1) the exceptionally strong pupil with high spelling achievement, and (2) the very weak pupil with low spelling achievement. The children with very high achievement scores were excused from spelling instruction following each application of a spelling test.2 When all other pupils were studying spelling, the exempted children were helped in other subjects or activities in which they were known to need assistance. During the year and a half of experimentation, 35 pupils were excused from instruction in spelling. Of this number, 11 were returned to spelling groups because standard test scores did not remain above grade or age levels sufficiently to warrant continued omission from spelling instruction. Health factors and prolonged absences were typical causes influencing these cases.