Contextual Explanation Research Articles

Teaching Without Thinking: Negative Evaluations of Rote Pedagogy.

When people make decisions, they act in a way that is either automatic ("rote"), or more thoughtful ("reflective"). But do people notice when others are behaving in a rote way, and do they care? We examine the detection of rote behavior and its consequences in U.S. adults, focusing specifically on pedagogy and learning. We establish repetitiveness as a cue for rote behavior (Experiment 1), and find that rote people are seen as worse teachers (Experiment 2). We also find that the more a person's feedback seems similar across groups (indicating greater rote-ness), the more negatively their teaching is evaluated (Experiment 3). A word-embedding analysis of an open-response task shows people naturally cluster rote and reflective teachers into different semantic categories (Experiment 4). We also show that repetitiveness can be decoupled from perceptions of rote-ness given contextual explanation (Experiment 5). Finally, we establish two additional cues to rote behavior that can be tied to quality of teaching (Experiment 6). These results empirically show that people detect and care about scripted behaviors in pedagogy, and suggest an important extension to formal frameworks of socialreasoning.

Optimism bias in susceptibility to phishing attacks: an empirical study

Purpose Researchers looking for ways to change the insecure behaviour that results in phishing have considered multiple possible reasons for such behaviour. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to understand the role of optimism bias (OB – defined as a cognitive bias), which characterises overly optimistic or unrealistic individuals, to ensure secure behaviour. Research that focused on issues such as personality traits, trust, attitude and Security, Education, Training and Awareness (SETA) was considered. Design/methodology/approach This study built on a recontextualized version of the theory of planned behaviour to evaluate the influence that optimism bias has on phishing susceptibility. To model the data, an analysis was performed on 226 survey responses from a South African financial services organisation using partial least squares (PLS) path modelling. Findings This study found that overly optimistic employees were inclined to behave insecurely, while factors such as attitude and trust significantly influenced the intention to behave securely. Practical implications Our contribution to practice seeks to enhance the effectiveness of SETA by identifying and addressing the optimism bias weakness to deliver a more successful training outcome. Originality/value Our study enriches the Information Systems literature by evaluating the effect of a cognitive bias on phishing susceptibility and offers a contextual explanation of the resultant behaviour.

Translating the Untranslatable: On the Transfer Processes into French of Romanian Culturally-Bound Words

The article represents an analysis of the difficulties and procedures of translating Romanian words with cultural connotations into French. At the heart of this problem is the concept of "untranslatability", where certain words cannot be directly translated because they carry meanings specific to a culture. The difficulties in translating these words are determined by both linguistic untranslatability (differences between the source language and the target language) and cultural untranslatability (differences between the source culture and the target culture). Examples of linguistic untranslatability would be the cultural terms that denote Moldovan holidays and customs. The corpus under inquiry consists of culturemes extracted from articles available on tourist websites: "virtualtur.md", "moldovenii.md", "moldavie.fr". The study examines different transfer processes used in translating these words, highlighting how translators face challenges related to cultural sensitivities. They resort to various procedures such as transliteration, borrowing, calque, contextual explanation or the use of a cultural equivalent in the target language to reproduce the original connotations as faithfully as possible. The research also looks at how these transfer processes can affect the quality and authenticity of the translation, highlighting the difficulties encountered in finding a balance between semantic fidelity and adaptation to the cultural context of the target language. Words with cultural connotations can be conveyed through a process of creative adaptation rather than a literal translation.

Exploring bimodal multi‐level networks: Network structure and dynamics driving herding effects and growth in livestreaming

AbstractThe majority of social network research in the IS field relies on assumptions that social networks are single‐level unified entities, disregarding the potential bimodal network structure with the coexistence of centralized and decentralized networks and overlooking the essential role of adjacent nodes as decision‐makers. By challenging these assumptions, we propose that both centralized and decentralized networks can coexist within multi‐level bimodal platforms via various role‐based subgroups with different types of decision‐makers. Livestreaming platforms, exemplifying the coexistence of multi‐level networks within a single digital ecosystem, have become increasingly popular in various industries. Drawing on social impact theory (SIT), we examine the role of information from host‐audience centralized and host–host decentralized networks in shaping subscription increment and herding effects. Using a panel dataset in livestreaming, we find that bidirectional ties in host–host networks strengthen fan acquisition and herding effect in the host‐audience decentralized network, with hosts of lower social status gaining more fans than those with higher status in bidirectional ties. Our study contributes to the understanding of social network structure, herding effect, SIT and livestreaming by problematizing assumptions and offering a contextual explanation of livestreaming. Moreover, our work provides practitioners with valuable insights into leveraging network effects for hosts' success in livestreaming.

Modern Alchemical Free Energy Methods for Drug Discovery Explained.

This Perspective provides a contextual explanation of the current state-of-the-art alchemical free energy methods and their role in drug discovery as well as highlights select emerging technologies. The narrative attempts to answer basic questions about what goes on "under the hood" in free energy simulations and provide general guidelines for how to run simulations and analyze the results. It is the hope that this work will provide a valuable introduction to students and scientists in the field.

Local Government Capacity in the Fulfillment of Basic Needs Program for Border Area Communities in Nunukan Regency

The capacity of the local government in Nunukan Regency is believed to be capable of increasing capacity building by implementing programs that address the basic needs of the community, especially in the border areas. The objective of this study is to analyze the local government’s capacity to fulfill the basic needs of the people in these border areas. The research approach used in this study is qualitative, which allows for a contextual explanation of the study phenomenon. Scott’s concept (2008) is employed as a framework to understand the various dimensions of capacity building. The results of the study reveal that the local government fulfills the basic needs in border areas by adhering to central and provincial government regulations, which fall under the regulative dimension. The normative element is evident in the mechanisms established for running the program, based on agreements and commitments made by the regional government. The cognitive dimension emphasizes that the local government’s fulfillment of basic needs in the border region is guided by shared beliefs and logics of action. These findings highlight the alignment between the local government’s actions and the prevailing beliefs and practices in the community.
 Keywords: local government capacity, border area management, basic needs fulfillment program

Open government, civic tech and digital platforms in Latin America: A governance study of Montevideo's urban app ‘Por Mi Barrio’

AbstractDigital technologies have a recognised potential to build more efficient, credible, and innovative public institutions in Latin America. Despite progress, digital transformation in Latin American governments remains limited. In this work, we explore a peculiar yet largely understudied opportunity in the region: pursuing digital government transformation as a collaborative process between the government and civil society organisations. To do so, we draw from information systems research on digital government and platforms for development, complemented with governance theory from political science and conduct an interpretive in‐depth case study of an urban reporting platform in Montevideo called ‘Por Mi Barrio’. The study reveals three mutually reinforced orders of governance in the trajectory of the project and explain how the collaboration unfolded over time: (i) a technical decision to use open platform architectures; (ii) the negotiation of formal and informal rules to make the project thrive and (iii) a shared, long‐term ideology around the value of open technologies and technical sovereignty grounded in years of political history. Using a contextual explanation approach, our study helps to improve our understanding on the governance of collaborative digital government platforms in Latin America, with specific contributions to practice.

Gender and Generation Differences in Finnish Defence Policy Opinions 2000–2020

Outside Finland, gender differences in opinions on defence and security policy have been the subject of analysis in Western states of all sizes. This study investigates whether political opinions on key issues of defence policy in Finland are affected by differences in gender and age, and how such differences can be understood in the context of a small-state where there is conscription for men. Gender differences are suggested in relation to both the Finnish social and political context and the gendered division of labour in a society long characterised by a high willingness to defend the country, male conscription, and military non-alignment. Generational differences are proposed to be related to the directions of potential social change in the population. We analyse survey data from the Finnish Advisory Board for Defence Information collected between 2000 and 2020 on four survey items and test whether opinions on (a) willingness to defend Finland, (b) mandatory male conscription, (c) defence spending, and (d) military alignment vary as a function of sex or age. What emerges as statistically significant is that Finnish men will support the military defence of the country if it is attacked, while older cohorts tend to support mandatory male conscription. Defence spending and military non-alignment in the years 2000 to 2020 were mostly inconclusive on gender and generational differences. With illustrative findings from qualitative interview data from women’s preparedness training in voluntary defence, we suggest a contextual explanation of situated socialisation, where self-perceived proximity to defence issues leads to men being more convinced and women being more ambivalent in their views on defence policy.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN KOMIK DIGITAL BERBASIS KONTEKSTUAL PADA MATA PELAJARAN PAI KELAS VII

Contextual learning media is not much developed by PAI teachers. In addition, there are limitations of teacher competencies to develop creative learning media for students. Therefore, this study aims to describe the design specifications of digital comic learning media with a contextual approach in improving student learning outcomes in class VII PAI subjects. After that, the second goal is to find out the feasibility of digital comic learning media with a contextual approach from material experts and media experts. This research method uses a research and development approach. The research model used is Analyze, Design, Develop, Implementation and Evaluation. Data collection was obtained through observation, documentation, interviews, and validation instruments. The results of this study indicate that the design specifications for digital comic learning media discuss religious material that requires contextual explanation, in this case, honest, trustworthy, and consistent material. The output of learning media can be used via a smart phone based on the Android system. The feasibility of comics from the material aspect obtains a very feasible category with a mode of 84.7%. While the feasibility of comics in the media aspect is smaller than the feasibility of the material, arround 80%, but it is still a proper level using in learning. Through a sufficiently mature initial study and recommendations for the feasibility of comic media from experts, it is strongly predicted that this learning media can improve learning outcomes for class VII junior high school students with contextual-based learning

Masa Lalu Masalah Lu: A Semiotic Study in the Myths Hidden within Cigarette Billboard Ads in Indonesia

The Indonesian government has brought in strict regulations to stop cigarette advertisements, so cigarette companies have become very creative at creating subliminal messaging to promote their products. Our descriptive study discusses a semiotic analysis of billboard advertisements for brands of cigarettes in Indonesia. In particular, we focus on the signs’ function, how they deliver a message, and the implications or assurance for relieving daily societal problems. We also highlight the myths that these billboards deliver and their promises. Accordingly, 4 out of 52 large cigarette billboard ads on the streets around Banda Aceh, Indonesia, were selected based on specific considerations, namely brand popularity and frequency. The analysis of the ads draws on Chandler’s model of semiotic analysis covering the ads’ contextual background, description, interpretation, and explanation. The analysis shows that each ad uses various communicative functions to create a sense of motivation, pleasure, agitation, or conservatism. The ads also aim at rejecting Indonesians’ unawareness of problems, the boringness of routines, fantasy, and economic struggles. Each ad uses similar delivery ways in the colors, situation, and potential market target. As for the implication, the meanings represented by particular symbols in the ads are a way of life challenge and breaking boundaries despite the cigarette companies’ intention to persuade potential consumers to try their products. Keywords: Cigarette advertisements, myths, semiotic analysis, semiotic resources, signs.

Correlating contexts and NFR conflicts from event logs

In the design of autonomous systems, it is important to consider the preferences of the interested parties to improve the user experience. These preferences are often associated with the contexts in which each system is likely to operate. The operational behavior of a system must also meet various non-functional requirements (NFRs), which can present different levels of conflict depending on the operational context. This work aims to model correlations between the individual contexts and the consequent conflicts between NFRs. The proposed approach is based on analyzing the system event logs, tracing them back to the leaf elements at the specification level and providing a contextual explanation of the system’s behavior. The traced contexts and NFR conflicts are then mined to produce Context-Context and Context-NFR conflict sequential rules. The proposed Contextual Explainability (ConE) framework uses BERT-based pre-trained language models and sequential rule mining libraries for deriving the above correlations. Extensive evaluations are performed to compare the existing state-of-the-art approaches. The best-fit solutions are chosen to integrate within the ConE framework. Based on experiments, an accuracy of 80%, a precision of 90%, a recall of 97%, and an F1-score of 88% are recorded for the ConE framework on the sequential rules that were mined.

Parenting, Environment, and Its Role in Adolescent Transition into Adulthood

Adolescence is the most important stage in every man’s life because it is the bridge that clearly defines the childhood dream and the imagination to actual reality in adulthood. It is a period of storm and stress that comes with multiple complexities, as a result of trauma from, biological, environmental, and social factors. It is not an easy time for adolescents and parents. There are lots of parents- adolescent conflicts that create insecure and unstable feelings which could lead to impulsive and harmful behavior due to both bad parenting and parental dysfunctions. Dealing with these conflicts positively will help the adolescent transform into a more responsible adult which brings about a more responsible society. We discussed the outcome of improper transition due to poor parenting and environmental factors with its complexities and limitation in research on parenting and environment. The importance and problem of home management and environmental influence, understanding the adolescent’s needs, wants, cravings, and the effect of hormones on them. We also provide a contextual explanation of the balance of their role as caregivers and their style of parenting and the negative consequences when relegated and the danger it poses to the adolescent. Also identifying the key factor in parenting by describing the task of a parent and how the society at large influences the process of parenting. We also describe how parental style and environment and resources can affect the adolescent complete transition to adulthood which influence the overall outcome of the individual in terms of understanding, perception, and behavior; suggesting a possible way to abate the crisis by educating parents on when to be what the child needs.

Social Inclusion Challenges and the Future of Relational Wellbeing: The Case of Indonesia and South-Korea

This research focuses on enriching the dynamics and contextual explanation of relational well-being as a representation of sustainable quality of life. Previous studies rely on economic explanations and have not shown an adequate synergy model with social factors in explaining social well-being conditions. This research intends to fill and enrich this gap by examining how vertical and horizontal forms of social inclusion have impacted on the well-being in its relational forms: the capacity to trust others, the degree of interaction, and proactivity in communal participation. By comparing the differing socio-economic conditions of Indonesian and South Korean society through correlation and multiple regression analysis, we found that a sustainable and balanced form of relational well-being does not only consist in economic attributes vertically, but also social-horizontal dimension, which is manifested through social capital and cohesion facilitated by cultural, religious and gender groups in local communities. Economic (material) factors are more dominant in explaining relational well-being at the individual level, while social (non-material) factors are dominant as explanations at the community level. This research presents a novelty related to the Easterlin Paradox thesis that the improvement of well-being in the context of societal development, does not only rely on economic attributes alone, however it is complemented and balanced by social dimension such as horizontal forms of social inclusion. The policy implications of this research show that inclusive government policies at the personal, relational, and societal level, is very fundamental to create sustainable well-being.

Psychological Indicators of Attitudes in University Students

The article introduces a theoretical and empirical analysis of the phenomenon of life stance. It reviews domestic and foreign theories on essence, structure, and genesis of attitudes, as well as systematizes the objective and subjective determinants of the life stance vector. The author revealed a correlation between the structural components of life position (harmony, awareness, activity) in university students: indicators of harmony decreased as activity and awareness of life processes increased. The empirical study also established statistically significant connections between the parameters of the life position and psychological boundaries, Selfconcept, cognitive personal constructs, and metacognitive processes. Self-efficacy, uncertainty tolerance, and analyticity-holism in the perception and comprehension of reality proved especially important, as did the intersubjective aspects of Self-constructs. The vector of personal and life transformations appeared to be determined by tolerance to uncertainty, interpersonal tolerance, a sense of low self-efficacy, dependence on family and friends, priority of interactionism and contextual explanation of ongoing processes, imbalance and suboptimality of psychological boundaries, limited contacts, etc.

The origin of industrial workers and rural in situ urbanization in Temanggung Regency, Indonesia

ABSTRACT As part of the urbanization process, the origin of industrial workers can characterize the type and distribution of rural in situ urbanization. The case of Temanggung Regency, Indonesia, demonstrates the industrial growth of the rural population initially from that agricultural to industrial and urban activities. This study contributes to a contextual explanation of the roles of local workers and resources in the rural in situ urbanization process. The research found that push and pull factors of urban growth exist in the same location of rural areas, promoting reclassification of urban areas. These factors transform the rural hinterland area into a nascent centre of urban activities, which has a lower rate of regional migration due to the lower level of rural wages. Therefore, local workers and resources are essential for rural industrialization and in situ urbanization.

A Literature Review on Additional Semantic Information Conveyed from Driving Automation Systems to Drivers through Advanced In-Vehicle HMI Just Before, During, and Right After Takeover Request

In-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI) plays a significant role in accomplishing effective interactions between driving automation systems and drivers, especially during the transition of control. For this reason, different in-vehicle HMIs have been designed to convey additional semantic information from the driving automation systems to the drivers to realize safer, smoother, and better control transitions. This review summarizes and analyses 86 previously published studies that researched the effects of additional semantic information delivered through in-vehicle HMIs just before, during and right after takeover request (TOR). The additional semantic information mentioned in this review refer to the information beyond simple alerts to not only gain drivers’ attention but also additionally communicate contextual content and explanation to the drivers regarding its own purpose. In this review, the additional semantic information are categorized according to their purposes and effects into three aspects: mode awareness enhancement, situation awareness enhancement, and takeover maneuver assistance. The specificities and the corresponding concerns when applying additional semantic information to in-vehicle HMIs have been detailed analyzed throughout the entire article. Further suggestions are proposed for what should be carefully considered when adding additional information for better takeover. Prospects into future in-vehicle HMI possibilities are also raised that could be applied in both academic research and industry.

A Traitor to His Species: Henry Bergh and the Birth of the Animal Rights Movement

A Traitor to His Species: Henry Bergh and the Birth of the Animal Rights Movement

From bidirectionality to victimization: A theoretical approach to offline and online violence in adolescent relationships

In the early stages of adolescence, the type of violence that is detected most often in couple relationships are bidirectional. Violence is used as a way to resolve conflicts in the relationship or as a result of controlling and jealous behaviors that occur regardless of the adolescents' sex. However, as this vital stage progresses, violent behaviors change, and significant differences are found between boys and girls, with girls being more likely to be the victims. The main objective of this study was to carry out a theoretical approach to dating violence in offline and online contexts, summarizing the main conceptual considerations that revolve around the investigation of this type of violence and deepening its description, characteristics, and typology to offer a contextual and comprehensive explanation of the evolution of this problem.

Frege’s View of the Context Principle After 1890

Abstract The aim of this article is to examine Frege’s view of the context principle in his mature philosophical doctrine. Here, the author argues that the context principle is embodied in the contextual explanation of value-ranges presented in Basic Laws of Arithmetic. The contextual explanation of value-ranges plays essentially the same role as the context principle in The Foundations of Arithmetic. It is supposed to show how a reference to natural numbers is possible. Moreover, the author argues against the view that the context principle should be separated from the recarving thesis. This aspect of Frege’s view leads the author to the rejection of the purely referential view of the context principle, which is fairly widely accepted in the current literature.

YouTube vlogging as access to possibilities: A phenomenological study of an OG Filipino vlogger

This qualitative phenomenological study aims to understand and provide contextual explanation on the meaning behind the communicative action of YouTube vlogging as located in the essence of experience of the OG Filipino vlogger voice. The bracketing used is an in-depth interview, and the participant is Lincoln Velasquez, more popularly known as Cong TV, one of the top 10 individual vloggers in the Philippines (his channel having >7 million subscribers), and also one of the earliest to start in 2008, several years before vlogging became commercially lucrative in 2016. The analysis is conducted by coding, categorizing, and interpreting the interview transcript, from which 13 sub-themes emerge. By conceptually connecting the sub-themes, the grand theme of vlogging as access to possibilities is surfaced. Through an initial linkage to Sen’s capability approach, a further theoretical abstraction of the grand theme to vlogging as expansion of capabilities is tentatively proposed.