Context Of Vietnam Research Articles

The reception of feminist ideas about gender and gender equality in Simone de Beauvoir’s “The second sex” in Vietnam

In recent decades, as the world strives toward a democratic, just, equal, and progressive society for all, significant progress has been made in global gender equality. However, gender-based discrimination regarding fundamental human rights still persists in many places, particularly in poorer countries. These gaps or discriminations stem from gender prejudices that value men over women, and from a lack of profound and comprehensive understanding of women's roles and positions in society, often disregarding the principle of gender equality. Notably, gender equality is one of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals, to which Vietnam has committed, aiming to achieve gender equality in key areas of social life. Currently, feminist theories and gender equality concepts are diverse and abundant, encompassing various perspectives. Nevertheless, in practice, women still do not enjoy true equality. In Vietnam, the feminist movement is not a protest against unjust laws or gender-discriminatory institutions, but rather against deeply rooted prejudices and norms that have disadvantaged women for centuries. In the feudal society, the image of women was incredibly diminutive, wholly dependent on men: “Preference for males over females.” These sayings caused women to forget their intrinsic value. Achieving the aforementioned goal requires the realization of freedom for women, progressing toward women's liberation and achieving gender equality. Based on these considerations, this article analyzes the reception of feminist ideas about gender and gender equality in Simone de Beauvoir's "The Second Sex" in Vietnam. By examining the historical and social context of Vietnam, the author aims to demonstrate how feminist ideas on gender equality in Beauvoir's work have influenced the perception of women's roles in contemporary Vietnamese society. The reception of these feminist ideas in Vietnam, whether positive or negative, contributes to a clearer understanding of the development of gender equality thought in the history of humanity in general and in Vietnam in particular.

The Crime of Accepting Bribes in the Hong Duc Code and Their Significance as a Model for Contemporary Criminal Law in Vietnam

The Hong Duc Code, promulgated during the reign of King Le Thanh Tong, is regarded as a progressive and comprehensive legal code within the context of feudal Vietnam. It reflects the principles of the rule of law and demonstrates a deep commitment to humanity. The Hong Duc Code contains detailed provisions covering various forms of bribery, including accepting money or gifts, exploiting positions for personal gain, harassing individuals, making wrongful convictions, concealing crimes, and weakening the military. The law applies to incumbent officials, relatives, and other connected individuals. Penalties are clearly outlined and vary depending on the nature and severity of the offense, ranging from fines and demotion to exile and the death penalty. Although resembling a feudal society, the Hong Duc Code remains relevant in Vietnamese criminal law, particularly in corruption prevention and control, especially the clauses on bribery. The article is dedicated to analyzing the crime of bribery in the Hong Duc code, to provide valuable insights for the current Vietnamese criminal law system. The article highlights three main points: (1) The legal form is clear, easy to understand, and easy to apply; (2) Treating bribery as a separate crime rather than just an aggravating circumstance as in current law; (3) Providing rewards to those who report bribery. As a result, the article aims to improve the law, enhance the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts, and contribute to establishing a fair and civilized society.

A Study on Retailers’ Behavior Intention to Accept and Use the Omni channel Commerce Platforms

Research on retailers’ behavioral intention to accept and use the omnichannel commerce platforms (OCPs) in the Vietnam context used the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) model and supplemented the other factors such as omnichannel capability, omnichannel integration. The results of this study show Effort Expectation, Social Influence, Hedonic Motive, Professional Capacity, Seamlessly Linking have a positive impact on retailers' behavior intention to accept and use OCPs. Behavioral Intention and Favorable Conditions have a positive impact on use behavior. Meanwhile, Habits and Omnichannel Integration have a negative impact on the use behavior of OCPs in Vietnam. The findings of this model help managers and OCPs providers identify factors that influence OCPs' behavioral intention and use behavior of retailers in Vietnam.

Western-trained Vietnamese teachers’ EFL writing instruction: A collaborative autoethnography of tensions, emotion, and agency from an activity theoretical perspective

In response to the need for more attention to teachers of writing (Lee, 2024), this collaborative autoethnography (CAE) aims to explore the lived experiences of Western-trained teachers teaching EFL writing in the tertiary-level educational context of Vietnam. Drawing upon the concepts of systemic tensions, emotion, and agency from an activity theoretical perspective, we report on tensions we encountered between our Western-based TESOL education and our local activity of teaching EFL writing as well as on how we emotionally and agentively responded to these tensions to allow for practices compatible with the local context. Our CAE unveiled a host of intricate tensions between multiple components of our activity systems. These tensions triggered our emotional responses, which in turn spurred us to exercise our pedagogical and relational agency to reconstruct our pedagogical cognition and implement adaptive pedagogies. Notably, the dynamic interplay between our tensions, emotion, agency constituted critical experiences which fostered the emergence of participatory pedagogical content knowledge of writing, and in turn, of situated possibilities for learning and teaching EFL writing. The study provides implications for Western-based TESOL teacher education and relevant stakeholders regarding how to better support teachers like us in our transition from learning in the West to teaching in the East.

What drives responsible consumption in collectivistic developing countries? An analysis of Vietnamese consumers' motivations with value–belief–norm theory

AbstractThis study explores the motivations driving responsible consumption in Vietnam, a collectivistic and populous Asian developing country. Specifically, on the basis of value‐belief‐norm (VBN) theory, it focuses on the direct effects of personal values (biospheric, altruistic, and egoistic values) on green product purchase intent. The empirical collectivistic cultural context of Vietnam was utilized, with data collected from 806 consumers across 35 cities. The study reveals that biospheric values predominantly drive purchase intent for green products; however, the magnitude of egoistic values, particularly health concerns, varies significantly across product categories. Regarding altruistic values, they do not appear to be salient among Vietnamese consumers. Additionally, the environmental motive can act as a mediator between health motive and purchase intent. This indirect effect is particularly strong in the case of organic food. Based on these findings, the authors derive managerial and academic implications.

The validation of aphasia united best practice recommendations with people with aphasia and their caregivers in Vietnam: a nominal group technique study

ABSTRACT Background Speech and language therapy is a relatively new profession in Vietnam and to date, 79 individuals have graduated from Master and Bachelor programs. For the few therapists working with adult populations, clinical guidance tailored to the Vietnamese context is limited. The Aphasia United Best Practice Recommendations were developed to provide multi-national guidance for the management of post-stroke aphasia and have been translated into 29 languages, including Vietnamese. To date however, their applicability to low-middle income countries with emerging speech and language services such as Vietnam has not been explored. Aims To determine the relevance, comprehensibility, and comprehensiveness of the Aphasia United Best Practice Recommendations to people with aphasia and caregivers in Vietnam. Methods and Procedures People with aphasia and their caregivers participated in focus groups, utilising the nominal group technique. Participants were recruited from four hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City. Participants with aphasia were sampled for severity of aphasia, age, sex, time-post onset, geographic location, employment status, and relationship. Participants reviewed the recommendations, rated relevance and comprehensibility (clarity), and made suggestions for improvement. Participants assessed the comprehensiveness of the recommendations and additional items were generated and prioritised. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis. Outcomes and Results People with aphasia (n = 11) and caregivers (n = 17) participated in one of nine focus groups. People with aphasia rated all recommendations as relevant. Levels of agreement varied for caregivers and fell < 85% for one recommendation only (Recommendation 4 – relating to the need for all people with aphasia to have some means of communication prior to discharge). Both participant groups suggested changes to content and wording to reflect the context and culture of Vietnam. Three common themes within the newly proposed recommendations were identified across both participants with aphasia and caregiver groups: (1) easier access to speech and language therapy services and information about aphasia, (2) the need for psychological and social support for people with aphasia and (3) the need for increased community awareness and supports for people with aphasia and their caregivers. Conclusions and Implications The Aphasia United Best Practice Recommendations were perceived to be relevant, however new recommendations reflecting the unique cultural, economic and healthcare environment of Vietnam were identified. Recommendations relating to access to services and community-based rehabilitation were prioritised, supporting the need for continued growth and advocacy for the speech and language therapy profession in Vietnam.

Mainstreaming gender in Korean development assistance: A review of Vietnam's “selective ownership” and the local gender network

Korea, once a recipient turned donor, faces deficit in addressing gender mainstreaming within its Official Development Assistance (ODA). This paper asserts that it is imperative to close gender gaps, as it seeks to consolidate its standing as a reliable donor. The article starts by examining efforts to establish a Korean development model rooted in the historical Saemaul Undong (SMU). Recognizing that SMU lacks a substantial legacy in terms of gender projects and acknowledging the dissenting points of debate regarding the model's contribution to the partner country's local ownership, this research dissects the meaning and practical application of local ownership. Shifting to the specific context of Vietnam, a major partner country of Korea where the preference for ODA loans has been increasing, the article draws from field research to expose the selective ownership of the government. The research emphasizes the crucial role of the local gender network in such selective ownership, where the government shows interest solely in the lending terms of loans, with no attention to gender mainstreaming. Alongside the active involvement of national women's machinery and civil society activists, the significance of national gender consultants in loan projects is stressed, who play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between global donors' gender mainstreaming policies and on-the-ground local implementation.

Enhancing Reflective Teaching in Vietnamese Tertiary Education: Exploring the Role of Organizational Support in EFL Teachers’ Professional Development

This qualitative study explores the organizational supports necessary for effective reflective teaching practices among Vietnamese tertiary English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers and how these supports contribute to their professional development. Conducted within the specific context of Vietnam’s rapidly evolving educational landscape, the study involved semi-structured interviews with nine tertiary EFL teachers from two institutions, representing a range of career stages: novice, mid-career, and near-end career. The thematic analysis revealed a significant need for structured professional development programs focused on reflective teaching methodologies. Teachers across all career stages emphasized the importance of such programs, highlighting their role in enhancing teaching efficacy and pedagogical skills. The findings were interpreted through the lenses of Reflective Practice Theory and Organizational Support Theory, underscoring the importance of institutional support in the professional growth and reflective practices of teachers. The study contributes to the field by highlighting the specific needs and perceptions of Vietnamese tertiary EFL teachers regarding organizational support, offering insights for educational administrators and policymakers. It emphasizes the necessity for tailored professional development initiatives and institutional cultures that foster reflective teaching. These findings have implications for the enhancement of teaching practices and the professional development of EFL teachers, not only in Vietnam but in similar contexts globally.

Exploring the Impact of Scholarly Writing on Professional Development and Reflective Practices Among Vietnamese Tertiary EFL Teachers: A Qualitative Inquiry

This qualitative study investigates the perceptions of Vietnamese tertiary English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers on the role of writing scientific journal articles in their professional development and its contribution to their reflective teaching practices. Nine EFL teachers from two Vietnamese tertiary institutions, representing novice, mid-career, and near-end career stages, participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the data, grounded in reflective practice theory and situated learning theory. The findings reveal that teachers across all career stages perceive scholarly writing as a crucial component of their professional growth. Novice teachers viewed it as a reflective tool for self-discovery and skill enhancement, mid-career teachers as a means for consolidating experiences and contributing to the field, and near-end teachers as an avenue for mentorship and legacy building. Additionally, the study found that scholarly writing significantly fosters reflective teaching practices, enhancing self-reflection, pedagogical innovation, and mentoring across different career stages. The study highlights the multifaceted role of scholarly writing in professional development and reflective practices of EFL teachers. It underscores the need for tailored support for scholarly writing at various stages of a teaching career, emphasizing its value not only in academic contribution but also in enhancing teaching quality. The findings suggest that engagement in scholarly writing is a powerful catalyst for professional and pedagogical growth among EFL teachers, particularly in the evolving educational context of Vietnam.

Exploring the cultural portrayal of Vietnamese teachers: an analytical study of professional identity in Vietnamese teaching-themed songs

Background This study delves into the cultural portrayal of teachers in Vietnam, a subject critical to understanding the broader role of educators in shaping societal and educational values. Through an analysis of song lyrics, the research aims to uncover how the professional identity of teachers is reflected and shaped within the unique cultural context of Vietnam. Methods A qualitative approach underpins this study, utilizing theoretical frameworks such as Constructivist Grounded Theory, Sociocultural Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, and Hermeneutic Phenomenology. Twelve Vietnamese songs specifically about teachers were selected for analysis. These songs were carefully chosen to provide a diverse and representative sample of the cultural portrayal of teachers in Vietnam. The project spanned from January 1st until February 21st, 2024. Results The analysis revealed several key themes that collectively characterize the professional identity of Vietnamese teachers. These include ‘Sacrifice and Dedication,’ highlighting the commitment and perseverance of teachers; ‘Respect and Reverence,’ reflecting the deep societal respect for the teaching profession; ‘Nurturing and Inspiration,’ depicting teachers as cultivators of dreams and moral values; ‘Enduring Impact and Memory,’ emphasizing the long-lasting influence of teachers on their students; ‘Teacher as a Guiding Figure,’ portraying the role of teachers as key moral and cultural guides; and ‘Emotional Connection and Affection,’ underlining the deep emotional bonds between teachers and students. Conclusions The study’s findings underscore the significant role of cultural and emotional factors in shaping the professional identity of teachers in Vietnam. These themes highlight the multifaceted role of teachers that transcends academic teaching, involving personal development, cultural transmission, and emotional nurturing. The implications of these findings are far-reaching, suggesting that educational policies and teacher education programs need to consider these cultural and emotional dimensions. Additionally, the study highlights the power of cultural artifacts, like music, in reflecting and shaping societal values and professional identities.

The effect of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy in Vietnam

Purpose Pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is an evidence-based treatment that has a long history of demonstrating efficacy for children with hemiparesis. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a culturally responsive CIMT program for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) developed for the Vietnam healthcare system. Methods Thirty children with hemiplegic CP (mean age = 2.88 years, age range: 1 to 8 yrs, 60% male) were recruited to a CIMT program (7.5 h/week, 4 weeks) developed for the cultural context of Vietnam. Motor abilities of the affected arm and participation in daily activities were evaluated at 3 time points (one-week prior to CIMT (baseline), one-week before (pre) and after (post) CIMT) using the Quality of Upper Extremity Skill Test (QUEST) and Pediatric Motor Activity Log-Revised (PMAL-R). Individual goals were measured using the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). Results There were significant increases in the “How often scale” and “How Well” scales of the PMAL-R (0.75 and 0.75, p < 0.00)). Score of Grasp and Dissociated Movement items on the QUEST increased significantly (6.47 and 7.63, p < 0.001). Group GAS T-Scores were 52.19 indicating that children met individual goals. Conclusions A model of CIMT was successfully developed and delivered within the Vietnamese healthcare system. Future studies should explore the optimal model for CIMT in various regions of world where the delivery of rehabilitation services may vary.

Human Resource Management Process Applied in Conditions for Autonomy at Universities in Vietnam

Human resource management in general, and human resource management at universities in particular, has been the subject of numerous studies both domestically and internationally, with various approaches. Building on the affirmed research outcomes, this paper constructs a theoretical model of the human resource management process at universities. Based on analysis of influencing factors such as strategy, policy, institutional development planning, political institutions, legal frameworks concerning university autonomy, and the influence of the social community within the specific context of Vietnam; the paper proposes a human resource management process to be applied to public universities in Vietnam.

Examining economic incentives and youth engagement in cultural heritage conservation for tourism and sustainable development: A case study of cultural provinces in Vietnam

This study examines the relationship between economic incentives and young people's involvement in conserving cultural heritage within Vietnam's cultural provinces. Using multivariable linear regression analysis on data from 200 randomly chosen participants, the main goal is to find out how different types of economic incentives can get more young people involved in preserving cultural heritage, which will help reach goals for sustainable development. The findings indicate a significant positive impact of job creation initiatives on youth engagement, underscoring the pivotal role of employment opportunities in aligning conservation efforts with sustainable development goals. Additionally, entrepreneurial support emerges as a critical factor, suggesting the necessity of nuanced strategies to optimize its efficacy. Furthermore, we identify skill development and educational support as vital for sustaining youth involvement in cultural heritage conservation, noting positive associations with grant opportunities, recognition, and awards. These results underscore the intricate interplay of various incentives in nurturing youth engagement. The study's implications are far-reaching for policymakers, accentuating the importance of a comprehensive approach integrating economic incentives with educational support to foster youth participation in cultural heritage conservation. By providing insights into effective incentivization mechanisms, this research facilitates the formulation of targeted interventions and policy measures tailored to the distinctive context of Vietnam's cultural provinces. Despite inherent limitations, this study significantly enhances our understanding of mobilizing youth for cultural heritage conservation in a manner that advances sustainable development objectives.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Earnings Management: Evidence from Vietnam

Managers might use corporate social responsibility (CSR) to conceal their misbehaviours. One of these is the implementation of earnings management (EM), which could have serious effects vis-à-vis information disclosed to stakeholders. This study examined the relationship between CSR and EM in Vietnam using the Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini (KLD) scale on five aspects: community, diversity, employees, environment, and products. The results show that in the economic context of Vietnam, for the enterprises in the consumer goods and consumer services industries, those firms with higher CSR scores are more likely to engage in EM. This finding provides additional evidence on the relation between CSR and EM and contributes to streams of studies on earnings and CSR.

The Media and Sexual Violence Among Adolescents: Findings from a Qualitative Study of Educators Across Vietnam

Growing access to technology and media has presented new avenues of influence on youth attitudes and norms regarding sexuality and sexual violence, as well as new technological pathways through which to perpetrate sexual violence. The aim of this research was to understand contextual influences on and needs for scale-up of sexual violence prevention programming in the media-violence context of Vietnam. We conducted 45 interviews with high school teachers (n = 15), university lecturers (n = 15), and affiliates from youth-focused community service organizations (n = 15) from across Vietnam. Additionally, we conducted four sector-specific focus groups with a sub-sample of interview participants (k = 4, n = 22). Media and technology were brought up consistently in relation to sexual violence prevention and sexual health information. Key informants noted that, in Vietnam, generational differences in acceptability of sex and lack of comprehensive sexuality education intersect with new technological opportunities for exposure to sexual information and media. This creates a complex landscape that can promote sexual violence through priming processes, instigate mimicry of violent media, and presents new opportunities for the perpetration of sexual violence though technology. Development of comprehensive sexual education, including violence prevention education, is imperative, with consideration of age-specific needs for Vietnamese youth.

Developing Blended Learning Frameworks for High Schools: A Case Study in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam

This study utilized a combination of reality surveying and pedagogical experimentation to explore the application of blended learning (BL) in the educational sector of Nam Dinh province, Vietnam. The objective was to develop a BL framework tailored for the tenth-grade curriculum in Literature, Chemistry, and Mathematics. This framework was then operationalized through experimental lesson plans, which were implemented in five high schools across Nam Dinh. Results from this study confirm the effectiveness of the BL framework, suggesting its potential for wider adoption within the province. The findings contribute significantly to the enhancement of research and teaching methodologies in high schools, aligning with the 2018 national curriculum for high school students in Nam Dinh. Furthermore, this research provides valuable insights into the broader educational context of Vietnam.

Who is more likely to upgrade to e-cars? Comparing the intentions of electric and conventional motorcycle riders in Vietnam

The shift from motorcycles to cars is rapidly accelerating in Vietnam – traditionally, a motorcycle-oriented country. Given high levels of pollution, a switch to e-cars as opposed to conventional cars is seen as a lesser evil. This study examines the intention to switch to e-cars among riders of conventional and electric motorcycles. The empirical data consist of nearly 1,000 original surveys collected in Hanoi in 2023, which are analysed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Theoretically, the study adapts the Push-Pull-Mooring (PPM) model. We find that younger motorcycle riders from higher-income households are more interested in e-cars. The pull effects of e-cars are the strongest drivers of the intention to switch from motorcycles, whereas the push effects of motorcycles (whether conventional or electric) are much weaker. The mooring effects are similarly small but have moderating effects on pull factors. Electric motorcyclists have a stronger intention to upgrade to e-cars, partly due to their pro-environment values. The experience (and perhaps habit) of using an e-vehicle type appears to have a positive influence on the intention to adopt other green modes. In the status-conscious context of Vietnam, the concept of “saving face” through vehicle purchases is important too.

Exploring Brand Loyalty in Online Shopping: The Context of Vietnam's Household Appliances Market

In the dynamic e-commerce landscape, where online shopping has become a fundamental aspect of consumer behavior, a profound comprehension of the factors influencing brand loyalty is imperative for businesses striving to excel in the digital marketplace.This study aims to investigate the factors influencing brand loyalty of consumers in Viet Nam, with a specific focus on household appliance brands. Additionally, it seeks to elucidate the mediating role of customer satisfaction and brand trust in influencing brand loyalty. The study provides valuable information for developing effective brand strategies, helping strengthen customer loyalty, and increasing market share for home appliance brands. The research will employ a qualitative and quantitative approach, gather primary data through a structured questionnaire survey. The data analysis will be conducted using Smart PLS 4 and SPSS 26. The results of the study indicate that there are several factors influencing brand loyalty, including brand image, brand indentification, brand awareness, brand trust, and customer satisfaction. This underscores the importance of applying the research findings to optimize brand management and marketing strategies. Paper type Research paper

The Future of Energy Storage in Vietnam: A Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach to Metal-Ion Battery Assessments

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, despite their prevalence, face issues of resource scarcity and environmental concerns, prompting the search for alternative technologies. This study addresses the need to assess and identify viable metal-ion battery alternatives to Li-ion batteries, focusing on the rapidly industrializing context of Vietnam. It acknowledges the criticality of developing a sustainable, cost-effective, and resource-efficient energy storage solution that aligns with the country’s growth trajectory. The primary objective is to evaluate the suitability of emerging metal-ion batteries—specifically sodium-ion (SIB), sodium-ion saltwater (SIB-S), magnesium-ion (MIB), and zinc-ion (ZIB)—for Vietnam’s energy storage needs, guiding future investment and policy decisions. A Fuzzy Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach is employed, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative criteria. This study utilizes the Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (BWM) to determine the relative importance of various performance indicators and then applies the Bonferroni Fuzzy Combined Compromise Solution (Bonferroni FCoCoSo) method to rank the battery alternatives. The SIBs emerged as the most promising alternative, scoring the highest in the overall evaluation. The MIBs and SIB-saltwater batteries displayed competitive potential, while the ZIBs ranked the lowest among the considered options. This research provides a strategic framework for energy policy formulation and investment prioritization. It contributes to the field by applying a fuzzy-based MCDM approach in a novel context and offers a structured comparative analysis of metal-ion batteries, enhancing the body of knowledge on sustainable energy storage technologies.

Use of antimicrobials and other medical products in an ethnic minority context of South-Central Vietnam: A qualitative study of vulnerability.

Despite the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), evidence on the use and quality of medicines at community level is limited, particularly in impoverished, rural areas where prevalence of (bacterial) infections is high. To better understand the processes that drive vulnerability to AMR' effects, this study aimed to assess social factors underpinning access to-and use of-medical products and healthcare, among people from the Raglai ethnic minority in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam. We conducted ethnographic research in eight villages in 2018-2019, using interviewing and participant observation methods for data collection. Different types of informants (including community members and healthcare providers) were selected using purposive sampling strategies and analysis was retroductive. Our findings show that, despite the existence of a government-funded health insurance scheme, Raglai people's flexible therapeutic itineraries did not systematically start with formal healthcare. Different types of care (private/informal, public, shamanic) were combined in parallel or in alternation, determined by distance to the provider, cost, workload, perceived diagnostic capacity, perceived severity and aetiology of the illness, and trust in the provider. Available medicines were often tablets dispensed in plastic bags containing labelled tablets, unlabelled tablets (in bulk) or tablets ground to powder. Treatment was often considered effective when it relieved symptoms, which led to abandonment of the treatment course. When symptoms did not speedily abate, the illness aetiology would be reinterpreted, and "stronger" medicines would be sought. The precarious socio-economic status of some Raglai drove them in cycles of severe poverty when additional unforeseen factors such as illness, animal disease or loss of crops arose, hampering access to (in)formal healthcare providers and/or appropriate diagnosis and treatment. We conclude that Raglai communities are structurally unable to buffer themselves against the threat and consequences of AMR. Despite this vulnerability, they are among the least targeted by efforts to optimize antibiotic use, which are concentrated in secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities targeted at urban populations.