Context Of Origin Research Articles

Physical Health Among Black Immigrants by Region of Birth: A Test of the Racial Context Hypothesis.

We test the Racial Context Hypothesis by examining the association between racial context of origin and five physical health outcomes (self-rated health, activity limitation, functional activity limitation, lifetime hypertension, and lifetime cancer) among U.S.-born Black Americans and Black immigrants in the United States. This cross-sectional study used 2000 through 2018 waves of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Our subsample was limited to adults 18years of age or older who self-identified as Black and selected a distinct global region of birth if not U.S. born (N = 212,269). We employed zero-order logistic regression models to estimate the relationships between each measure of health and racial context by region of birth. Supporting the Racial Context Hypothesis, we found Black immigrants from racially mixed (Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South America) and majority-Black contexts (Africa) had lower odds of being in fair or poor self-rated health [aOR 0.786; 0.616; 0.611], reporting any activity limitation [aOR = 0.537; 0.369; 0.678], reporting functional activity limitation [aOR 0.619; 0.425; 0.678], reporting lifetime hypertension diagnosis [aOR 0.596; 0.543; 0.618], and reporting lifetime cancer diagnosis [aOR 0.771; 0.326; 0.641] compared to U.S.-born Black Americans. After controlling for sociodemographic and socioeconomic covariates, Black immigrants from majority-White contexts (Europe) did not significantly differ from U.S.-born Black Americans on these five physical health measures. This study expands our understanding of the "Black immigrant advantage" by showing that Black immigrants from predominantly Black and racially mixed regions rated their health status as poor or fair less often, experienced less activity or functional activity limitations, and had a lower risk of lifetime hypertension and cancer compared to U.S.-born Black Americans. The significant associations persisted even after controlling for sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Black immigrant health is not homogenous, and the racial context of origin Black immigrants come from has an association with their health outcomes.

Taking sides in conflict and the question of antisemitism in Scottish football

ABSTRACT This study considers the flying of Palestinian flags by Celtic Football Club supporters in Scotland as an illustration of political activism in sport. Despite being over 4000 kilometres away and holding no ethnic, national or religious connections with any community involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle-East, fans wave these flags to demonstrate backing for Palestinian people. With reference to an historical context of the ethno-religious origins of Celtic FC and its supporting fanbase being significantly composed of members of a multi-generational Irish-Catholic diasporic minority community in Scotland, through utilizing fan writings, self-representations, and the results of a small survey of supporters, this research provides for deeper understanding of the intermittent use of sport as a space for ‘taking sides’ in conflicts that have ethnic, national, religious, and political resonances. Critically, this insight also offers important reflections regarding narratives of antisemitism in football and beyond.

Gamson going global? Cabinet proportionality in comparative perspective

Abstract We conduct a global, large-N analysis of proportionality in the partisan distribution of cabinet portfolios. Formulated in the context of postwar Western European parliamentary democracy, Gamson’s Law predicts that parties joining a coalition government will receive cabinet ministries in direct proportion to the seats they are contributing to the coalition on the floor of the legislature. Using a sample of 1551 country-years of coalitional government in 97 countries from 1966 to 2019, and comparing all main constitutional formats (parliamentary, presidential, and semi-presidential), we find that Gamson’s Law does not travel well outside its context of origin. Among the constitutional predictors of cabinet proportionality, we find that pure presidentialism is a major outlier, with an exaggerated form of formateur advantage. Introducing party-system and assembly-level predictors to the debate, we find that party institutionalization tends to increase fairness in portfolio allocation within parliamentary systems only.

Rematriering som museal praksis

This article discusses repatriation and rematriation linked to museum practice. A number of return projects are taking place both nationally and internationally. Former colonial powers and nation-states thereby take responsibility for oppressed colonial objects, and indigenous peoples are gaining access to their own cultural heritage. In a decolonization perspective, ownership of one’s own cultural heritage is important. But what does that mean in practice? The board game sáhkku is used as an example of how cultural heritage can be activated when the community of origin has access to an object and the intangible knowledge linked to the use of the object. By being actively used, objects are rematriated in their context of origin in a new age. In this way, the object and the knowledge about it take on a new meaning. Theoretically, the philosopher Ricoeur’s perspectives on narrative identity are used, which implies that identity is the result of an interpretation process and that access to cultural expressions is crucial for the individual’s opportunity to shape their identity.

Иностранная часть рукописного собрания академика М. Н. Тихомирова: источники формирования

The article deals with solving actual issues of identifying the sources of formation the collections of manuscripts, old printed book and acts of academician M. N. Tikhomirov, donated by the owner’s will to the State Public Scientific Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences (SPSTL SB RAS) of USSR. The purpose of the study is to clarify the attribution and dating of materials in foreign languages and to establish their provenances. For this purpose, the methods of palaeography and codicology were applied and the possibilities of searching and analyzing data from digital libraries and Internet resources. Attention is paid to such an important aspect of source criticism as the reconstruction of the social context and conditions of origin and existence of a certain document (manuscript, printed edition, acts, etc.). The article identifies the acts – records on parchment, purchased by M. N. Tikhomirov from Leningrad collector and military doctor V. F. Gruzdev. The article gives correct dates of the act sources in the chronological range from the middle of 13th to the last quarter of 15th centuries, presents their brief paleographic description, and identifies some sphragistic data. Three of them refer to Bremen by their origin, the fourth with Lower Silesia. The original storage of at least two of them is identified – Tresekammer (Trese) – the oldest fund of Bremen Staatsarchiv. An archaeographic description of album de luxe of the 17th century, attributed during the admission of Tikhomirov’s collection to the SPSTL SB RAS as an Album of Coats of Arms. Valuable information about it was found in in the publication of 1887 "Zacharias Allerts Tagebuch aus dem Jahre 1627" (The Diary of Zacharias Allert of 1627). According to the brief description of the Album given in it, which was at that time in the city archive of Breslau (Wroc?aw), its identity with the manuscript of the Tikhomirov’s collection was established. The article characterizes the Album, reveals the circle of persons involved in its creation and the circumstances of their biographies, determines its genre and compositional specifics due to the German baroque aesthetics. Especially valuable results were obtained by the discovery of information about manuscripts and documents that had disappeared from the field of view of researchers almost a century ago.

New information on the neurocranium of Archeria crassidisca and the relationships of the Embolomeri

Abstract Embolomeres have been considered candidate stem-amniotes by many authors, but recent work has shown that anatomical and phylogenetic support for this hypothesis may be ambiguous. Newer phylogenetic approaches focus on the anatomy of the endochondral bones surrounding the brain (neurocranium) and associated dermal investing bones, so accurate description of the neurocranium of tetrapods, and particularly embolomeres, is critical to assess the phylogenetic context of amniote origins. I here amend prior descriptions of the neurocranium of the abundant Early Permian embolomere, Archeria crassidisca, with a description of a previously unreported partial braincase. This specimen reveals features broadly associated with stem-tetrapods of the fin-to-limb transition and recently described in aïstopod stem-tetrapods, including a cranial notochordal remnant, a possible buccohypophyseal canal, and anteroventrally projecting saccular fossae that extend deep into the basioccipital. I present an amended description and reconstruction of the neurocranium and a phylogenetic analysis integrating these codings, which recovers embolomeres more robustly within the tetrapod stem. I review characters previously used to assign embolomeres to the amniote stem and find this evidence is ambiguous or incorrect. I then outline strong character support for a stem-tetrapod position of embolomeres, and implications for the ancestral body plan of crown-group tetrapods.

Constitutional dialogue and judicial activism

The dialogic model of jurisdiction cannot be seen as a simple defense against judicial activism, given that it can be added to it by opening the details of a decision to the cooperation of other actors, but without redeeming the political decision based on the decision. In extreme cases, dialogic theories and techniques can be seized for perverse use in the context of a major escalation of political conflicts. The problematization of this topic is far from canceling the dialogical model, it challenges its deepening, demanding institutional mechanisms, incentives, sanctions, designs, procedures that structure the dialogue. And it also calls for a step back, a retreat to the most essential part of the debate about judicial activism, especially on the question of interpretation. Over time, dialogues have been associated with various other decision-making techniques. In their context of origin, they have already presented their limits and possibilities.Procedures and dialogues only make sense when a minimal interpretive basis can be shared, if we can recognize as authentic the application to specific cases of the principles that make up society. This article aims to depict the role of judicial dialogues by enumerating its three main constitutional functions: coherence, cohesion and conformation. Using doctrinal bibliographic research, it was analyzed that modern constitutionalism, marked by the consequences of globalization, suffers from strong instability. The protection of human rights in the current global scenario of legal fragmentation depends on the interaction between different orders, which occurs through the establishment of judicial dialogues. Taking into account the relevance of the study of judicial dialogue for the effective protection of the individual in the human rights protection system, with the help of the deductive method and search-bibliographic, documentary and qualitative research, it seeks to identify the factors that require its promotion among the constitutional courts.

Kuduro, Digital Music and Lifestyle in Diaspora

Abstract Kuduro is a style of dance and electronic music that emerged in Angola in the nineties, in a peculiar social context. Initially consumed and produced by young people from the periphery of the city of Luanda, it became a means of expression, entertainment, socialization and subsistence, through which they became autonomous and symbolically transformed their realities of scarcity. With access to communication technologies and movements of global dispersion of people and information, kuduro also spread to other countries and gained other meanings. Here, I analyze the characteristics of its context of origin, the conditions and implications of such dispersal, and disputes over the meanings of style.

De Tractatus lezen. En waarderen

Reading the Tractatus. And appreciating it The reception history of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus displays an impressive and persistent diversity. This paper explores possible sources of that diversity and locates them in different takes on the text and its context of origin, and in different perspectives of the readers. This hermeneutics is illustrated by a comparison of two views on the importance of ethics for an understanding of the Tractatus: that of Cora Diamond and the one developed by the authors in previous work.

The evolution of hominoid locomotor versatility: Evidence from Moroto, a 21 Ma site in Uganda

Living hominoids are distinguished by upright torsos and versatile locomotion. It is hypothesized that these features evolved for feeding on fruit from terminal branches in forests. To investigate the evolutionary context of hominoid adaptive origins, we analyzed multiple paleoenvironmental proxies in conjunction with hominoid fossils from the Moroto II site in Uganda. The data indicate seasonally dry woodlands with the earliest evidence of abundant C4 grasses in Africa based on a confirmed age of 21 million years ago (Ma). We demonstrate that the leaf-eating hominoid Morotopithecus consumed water-stressed vegetation, and postcrania from the site indicate ape-like locomotor adaptations. These findings suggest that the origin of hominoid locomotor versatility is associated with foraging on leaves in heterogeneous, open woodlands rather than forests.

Heterogeneity in mode choice behavior: A spatial latent class approach based on accessibility measures

We propose a method to estimate mode choice models, where preference parameters are sensitive to the spatial context of the trip origin, challenging traditional assumptions of spatial homogeneity in the relationship between travel modes and the built environment. The framework, called Spatial Latent Classes (SLC), is based on the integrated choice and latent class approach, although instead of defining classes for the decision maker, it estimates the probability of a location belonging to a class, as a function of spatial attributes. For each Spatial Latent Class, a different mode choice model is specified, and the resulting behavioral model for each location is a weighted average of all class-specific models, which is estimated to maximize the likelihood of reproducing observed travel behavior. We test our models with data from Portland, Oregon, specifying spatial class membership models as a function of local and regional accessibility measures. Results show the SLC increases model fit when compared with traditional methods and, more importantly, allows segmenting urban space into meaningful zones, where predominant travel behavior patterns can be easily identified. We believe this is a very intuitive way to spatially analyze travel behavior trends, allowing policymakers to identify target areas of the city and the accessibility levels required to attain desired modal splits.

Meanings and functions of different types of heart images in the communication of doctors and patients

Images in medical communication are appreciated by both professionals and patients, but we know little about how they are actually used in clinical practice and in the learning processes of patients. This qualitative study investigates the use and the meaning potential of two different types of heart images: the hand-drawn doctor’s sketch and the digital illustration from the web. The analysis starts with how these are recontextualised in social media, tracks them back to their original contexts and finally explores their material resources. The analytical perspective is that of social semiotics and multimodal discourse and interaction analysis. While the hand-drawn sketch is recontextualised as a witness of the specific consultation, the digital illustration is used to focus on the heart defect as such. It is also shown how the act of drawing works as a means for framing and structuring the consultation, slowing down the pace and reducing context and detail and thus focussing on what is uniquely relevant. While the digital and more realistic illustration is technically neutral and objective and is free from unique context, the drawing on paper is physically tied to its context of origin, which is also its main resource.

The Lived Religion of Two Daimista Women in the Context of the Transnationalization of Santo Daime: Notes about a Feminized Religion

In this article, I discuss the experience of two daimista female leaders located in The Netherlands and in Japan. The reason why their stories are here is because of the prominence of Santo Daime in these countries per world region (Europe and Asia), where the leadership of these women have great projection in the daimista transnational field. The data discussed here were collected through in-depth interviews by using the life history technique. The objective was to analyze how these women experience this religion outside its context of origin. Their religious background appeared as something very important to their lived religion, showing cultural elements with which Santo Daime ends up having to negotiate in the religious global flows. Also, it seems that the feminization of Santo Daime is not only about women’s entrance in this religion, more than that, it is about a feminized way to live and experience religion. Over all, there is a reflexive relationship between Santo Daime and these women because their lives are changed by this religion just as their agency contributes to changes in the core of it and its transnationalization process.

Ein Handbuch zur deutschen Parteiengeschichte 1861 bis 1933. Überlegungen zu einem jahrzehntealten Forschungsdesiderat

The two handbooks of the history of political parties in Germany between 1789 and 1945 that Dieter Fricke published in Jena in the 1960s through to the 1980s continue to be con- sidered the gold standard for research on this subject . Yet, though Fricke’s handbooks offer a solid basis of facts, they are still characterized by socialist rhetoric and, in addition, are now outdated with respect to methodology . This essay examines the following: Which issues are pertinent today with respect to the political parties of the German Empire and the Weimar Republic? Similar to Fricke’s approach, we continue to ask questions regarding the context of origin, the objectives, the organization, and the short-term political activity of political parties . Yet, above and beyond that, the cultural-historical aspects such as ques- tioning the relationship of the political party to the populace in general as well as the self- staging of the respective political parties are to be discussed . In the same way, a look will be taken at the international interconnectedness of the political parties, just as handbooks today should focus more strongly on the political parties in the member states of the Ger- man Empire . Finally, in addition, the essay discusses how a contribution to political educa- tion can likewise be achieved in connection with the handbook on the history of political parties in Germany .

Two Repousse Icons Preserved in the Golden Fund of Shalva Amiranashvili Museum of Fine Arts – Eustace Placida with a Hunting Scene and the Image of Infantry Placida (Dating and Iconographic Features)

Hunting scene of St. Eustace and related storylines hold an important place in the Christian art of the middle centuries. We find this theme, in various forms and interpretations, in almost every century from V to XVIII. It is found in monumental paintings, as well as in stone carving and metalwork. The article presents a study on two repousse icons kept in the Golden Fund of Shalva Amiranashvili Museum of Fine Arts: Plate of Saint Eustace with doors, with a hunting scene of Eustace Placida (Q. 747) and plate with Infantry Placida (Tf. 60). The aim of the work is the dating of unexplored repousse icons, artistic-stylistic analysis of the iconographic scheme, and Clarifying the issue of the origin of Tf. 60. On both icons, the inscription identifies the Saint: “წა ე (ვ)სტატი”. It provides important information for dating the icon. From a paleographic point of view, the icon’s inscription should belong to the late Middle Ages, approximately XVI-XVII centuries. It is worth noting that both inscriptions are made with one hand. The overall content context, stylistic solution, and paleographic analysis speak of a single origin. Based on the paleographic analysis, the study of the iconographic scheme and artisticstylistic features, according to our assumption, the plate of Saint Eustace with doors, with a hunting scene of Eustace Placida (Q. 747) and plate with Infantry Placida (Tf. 60) date back to the XVI–XVII centuries.

КУЛЬТ ЧЕТЫРНАДЦАТИ СВЯТЫХ ПОМОЩНИКОВ И ЕГО РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ГЕРМАНИИ И АВСТРИИ В XIV-XVI ВВ.

The Fourteen Holy Helpers (Vierzehn Nothelfer) are a group of fourteen holy martyrs revered in Western tradition as protectors from disease and death. The article focuses on questions of appearance and popularization of cult of Fourteen Holy Helpers in Germany and Austria from 14 to 16 centuries. The author examines a historical context of origins and spreading of this group of saints and iconographic tradition of representing the image of Fourteen Holy Helpers. Hypotheses are put forward that consider the dependence of the image of the Fourteen Holy Helpers on historical events, social issues and territorial features.

Sweeping criticism: Rem Koolhaas’ Kunsthal in Rotterdam and the new Europe

Previous research on the Kunsthal Rotterdam - designed by OMA/Rem Koolhaas from 1987 to 1992 - has been limited in scope and depth, taking into account only a fraction of the available archival sources. The few scholarly articles to be published in the past twenty years have focused on the relation between interior and exterior (2003), the role of montage (2015), the concept of the ‘pliable’ floor (2018), and a first project for the Kunsthal that never materialised (2016).1 The subject of this article, namely the relation between the project and its context of origin, has not yet been addressed. My argument is based on a research project that reconstructs the genesis of the arts centre in minute detail, drawing on extensive archival research and interviews with several OMA staff members and municipal representatives involved in the project.2 The account dovetails with the discussion of three distinct phases in the Kunsthal's design - the first project, the inception of the second scheme, and the development of the project between 1989 and 1992 - with ‘digressions’ on the respective historical backdrop, concluding with the particularly intricate relation between the project and the prospect of European unification at the turn of the 1990s.

Quantitative similarities between the banjo and a diverse collection of West African lutes

The banjo entered world musical culture through the ingenuity of communities of enslaved Africans in the Caribbean. The banjo is rooted within the lute-playing traditions of West Africa, where several remarkably banjo-like instruments and playing styles exist today. The banjo is a creation of the Black diaspora, however, and has no obvious single ancestor among extant West African lutes. Understanding the relative similarities between extant West African lutes and the gourd banjo may shed light on the cultural context of banjo origins. This study examines structural similarities between the gourd banjo and 61 West African lutes using two quantitative approaches for measuring and representing similarity among entities (UGPMA and NeighborNet). The banjo groups with a cluster of lutes from peoples in the Senegambia region speaking Bakic languages, which includes the Jola ekonting, an instrument that has garnered considerable recent attention as a banjo relative, but also shows similarities to lutes from the Niger Basin. This suggests that the relatively egalitarian social context of lute playing seen in Bakic language-speaking cultures may have been especially influential on the development of the banjo among enslaved populations in the Caribbean, but that the banjo draws on heterogeneous cultural influences and that more attention should be paid to the influence of eastern Sahel musical cultures on the evolution of the instrument.

Racial Context and Health Behaviors Among Black Immigrants.

Testing the Racial Context Hypothesis (Read and Emerson 2005), we examine the relationship between racial context of origin and three health behaviors (smoking, drinking, and physical activity) among Black immigrants in the USA. We conduct multinomial logistic regression analyses using data from the 2000-2018 National Health Interview Survey (N = 248,401) to determine if racial context of origin is a mechanism of health differential between Black immigrants and US-born Black Americans. Supporting the Racial Context Hypothesis, we find that Black immigrants from racially mixed (Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South America) and majority-Black contexts (Africa) are significantly less likely to be current or former smokers and drinkers than US-born Black Americans. Black immigrants from majority-white (Europe) contexts, on the other hand, look more similar to US-born Black Americans - again supporting the premise that racial context of origin is consequential for health. After controlling for a host of covariates, Black immigrants do not significantly differ from US-born Black Americans in exercise status. Together, these findings suggest that the impacts of racism and white supremacy have lasting effects on people of color, where Black immigrants from majority-white contexts exhibit worse health behaviors than their counterparts from majority-Black and racially mixed regions.

Socialist Realism in the Language of Ḍād: A Literary Identity for Syria, a Test-Case for World Literature

Socialist Realism in the Language of Ḍād:A Literary Identity for Syria, a Test-Case for World Literature Daniel Behar (bio) As of late, two studies by Yoav Di Capua and Alexa Firat have thrown light on the reception of Socialist Realism in the Arab world with an emphasis on Syrian literature. Both use literary and intellectual history to place Socialist Realist thinking in a varied landscape of Arab meta-literary discourse in the 20th century. Building on their work, this article takes a comparative literary approach by setting the theoretical positions against Arabic literary texts classified as Socialist Realist and providing an overview of the dilemmas arising from reading Socialist Realism as World Literature. By World Literature, I heuristically mean texts that circulate outside their context of origin and that may gain or lose in translation (Damrosch). For this panoramic perspective, I rely on the work of Katerina Clark who has limned the outlines of a Kremlin-centered idea of internationalist World literature. The article is divided in three parts. The overview discusses the emergence of Arab Socialist Realism in the framework of a Second-World universal of literature. It elaborates on the interaction between meta-literary discourse and actual compositional models employed in Socialist Realism's cross-national transit. The first part investigates the first stage of development as manifested in the Syrian literary field. This period of literary history is defined by the Syrian critic Ḥannā ʿAbbūd as "the golden age of [End Page 379] socialist realism" (Firat, "Cultural Battles" 158). In this stage I posit a fruitful tension between the theoretical level where a desire for identity with the Soviet model is expressed and the grounds of writing where an urgency is felt to lend aesthetic dignity to local realities and enhance the professional role of the Syrian creative writer as autonomous. The second part addresses a second iteration of Socialist Realism characterized by a more seasoned ability to duplicate the Soviet model. This ability is explained by changing political circumstances and specific cultural institutions that introduced isomorphic resemblances between Syria and the Soviet state. On the cultural side, it is ascribed to a sharpened global awareness of Leninism, Maoism, and Marxist aesthetics, but also to a gained sense of territorial identity within Syria. Under these conditions, a unique corpus of Euphrates literature emerged that included the first genuine production novel in Arabic: Fāris Zarzūr's Āna lahu an yanṣāʿa (Time for Him to Yield, 1980). I set this novel against rival fictional accounts of the Euphrates Dam construction and suggest why the mutual imbrication of socialism and the Baʿthist state heightened the stakes of the genre. The tracks of Socialist Realism in Syria are partially covered because prominent features associated with its poetics have blended indistinguishably with the discourse of iltizām, a polyvalent literary idea laden with a wide range of meanings. Essentially a transculturation of Jean Paul Sartre's notion of engagement, it is an ethos of writerly commitment to the national liberation cause as envisioned by a group of prominent Arab writers.1 It gained currency in the decolonizing period for blending the ascendant Pan-Arab nationalism with existentialist individualism inspired by Sartre's post-war writings. The most powerful utopian strain in the Arab twentieth century was, as Robyn Creswell has suggested, that of political unification of the Arabs under one rule (75–6). Various Arab polities were engaged in fervent contest to become the standard bearer of Arabism; and the utopian tendencies of Socialist Realism got caught up in the mix of the dominant nationalist utopias. This produced some unintended consequences for both Socialist Realism and triumphalist discourses of Arabness, which persisted all throughout the second half of the twentieth century. The difficulty of tracking the vagaries of iltizām is that while the term continued to circulate well into the 1980s and 1990s, its meanings have [End Page 380] shifted over time. In the 1950s, it boosted cultural authenticity under threat of assimilation into internationalist socialist literature, on the one hand, and pure artistic autonomy on the other. In these beginnings, the colossal scale of literary ideas originating in Moscow appeared daunting and enhanced...