Context Of Donation Research Articles

Brief cycling intervals incrementally increase the number of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in human peripheral blood.

Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donation is the primary procedure used to collect hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Single bouts of exercise transiently enrich peripheral blood with HSPCs and cytolytic natural killer cells (CD56dim), which are important in preventing post-transplant complications. To provide a rationale to investigate the utility of exercise in a PBSC donation setting (≈3h), this study aimed to establish whether interval cycling increased peripheral blood HSPC and CD56dim concentrations to a greater degree than continuous cycling. In a randomised crossover study design, eleven males (mean ± SD: age 25 ± 7years) undertook bouts of moderate intensity continuous exercise [MICE, 30min, 65%-70% maximum heart rate (HRmax)], high-volume high intensity interval exercise (HV-HIIE, 4 × 4min, 80%-85% HRmax) and low-volume HIIE (LV-HIIE, 4 × 2min, 90%-95% HRmax). The cumulative impact of each interval on circulating HSPC (CD34+CD45dimSSClow) and CD56dim concentrations (cells/µL), and the bone marrow homing potential of HSPCs (expression of CXCR-4 and VLA-4) were determined. There was an increase in HSPC concentration after two intervals of LV-HIIE (Rest: 1.84 ± 1.55 vs. Interval 2: 2.94 ± 1.34, P = 0.01) and three intervals of HV-HIIE only (Rest: 2.05 ± 0.86 vs. Interval 3: 2.51 ± 1.05, P = 0.04). The concentration of all leukocyte subsets increased after each trial, with this greatest for CD56dim NK cells, and in HIIE vs. MICE (LV-HIIE: 4.77 ± 2.82, HV-HIIE: 4.65 ± 2.06, MICE: 2.44 ± 0.77, P < 0.0001). These patterns were observed for concentration, not frequency of CXCR-4+ and VLA-4+ HSPCs, which was unaltered. There was a marginal decrease in VLA-4, but not CXCR-4 expression on exercise-mobilised HSPCs after all trials (P < 0.0001). The results of the present study indicate that HIIE caused a more marked increase in HSPC and CD56dim NK cell concentrations than MICE, with mobilised HSPCs maintaining their bone marrow homing phenotype. LV-HIIE evoked an increase in HSPC concentration after just 2 × 2-minute intervals. The feasibility and clinical utility of interval cycling in a PBSC donation context should therefore be evaluated.

A qualitative study of blood donation perceptions and beliefs among rural Bangladeshi adults

In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the blood donation behavior of rural people in Bangladesh. The main objective of this research is to explore the beliefs and perceptions of rural people regarding blood donation. For this purpose, the study was conducted in Nuruddinpur village at Sujanogor Upazilla in the Pabna district, which is situated in the west central Bangladesh. A combination of in-depth interviews, key informant interviews (KIIs) and storytelling was used in the study. Moreover, few focused group discussions (FGDs) and yard meetings were also used as data collection methods in this study. The results show that there are cultural components involved in providing and receiving blood. Blood and blood donation have different and versatile meanings that change according to the individual’s role in donation. People relate blood to several cultural elements and issues while talking about blood donation, which shows that the choice and context of blood donation are influenced by personal beliefs, social and religious ties and experiences, and, of course, gender. In addition, some blood-related stigmas were also revealed in the study area. This study recommends that these sociocultural beliefs and lay perceptions should be considered and that pathways be taken to improve blood donation activities.

O-224 “There might be two hundreds of us” - a qualitative study on the experience of meeting large numbers of same donor offspring

Abstract Study question What are the experiences of donor-conceived people who discover large numbers (over 20) of same donor offspring, from a personal and relational point of view? Summary answer Participants reported feeling shocked by the number of donor-siblings. It led them to redefine their identity and their relations with their donor-siblings and the donor. What is known already The experience of discovering and meeting donor-siblings has been recently well documented. Yet, very little is known about how the size of the donor sibling group impacts this experience. A few studies have addressed the need to limit the number of offspring per donor. There is no consensus on what this limit should be and the regulations in that regard vary across countries. Although fears of incestuous relationships are still prevalent, policy discussions tend to focus mainly on the negative psychosocial impacts of discovering a large donor sibling group, however, no empirical evidence has allowed to support this concern. Study design, size, duration We conducted an exploratory study using a qualitative research design. Data collection was conducted in the Fall 2021 and Winter 2022 using a purposive sampling method. No geographical limitations were set for the data collection. Participants/materials, setting, methods The inclusion criteria for the recruitment of participants were: 1) donor-conceived adults aged 18 or over; 2) French or English-speaking; 3) with 20 or more donor-siblings. Data collection was carried out through online in-depth interviews. In total, 22 people took part in the study (16 women, 7 men and 1 non-binary person). They were aged between 21 and 76. Eight came from the US, 7 from the UK, 5 from Canada, and 2 from Germany. Main results and the role of chance The discovery of a large donor-sibling group provoked feelings of shock and surprise, combined with curiosity. Indeed, many participants mentioned that they had been disconcerted by this discovery, which often coincided with the disclosure of their mode of conception. Although the connections formed with their donor-siblings were generally described as enriching, their number was seen as an infringement of their singularity and individuality. The idea of having been “mass conceived” generated a certain unease, sometimes even a feeling of repulsion. Furthermore, the size of the group was often perceived either as a hindrance to the formation of meaningful bonds with donor-siblings, or as a burden. While some regretted not being able to know all their donor-siblings and mourned those impossible ties, others felt overwhelmed by the sheer number of exchanges, obligations, and unpredictable events their number entailed. Finally, a large donor-sibling group was seen by some as a potential obstacle to their relationship with the donor. For some, the fact that the donor donated his sperm on such a large scale questioned his integrity and motivations and depicted him in an unfavourable light. For others, being so numerous competing for his attention minimised their chances of establishing contact with him. Limitations, reasons for caution Despite the innovative nature of the study, the size of the sample and the variability of the experiences do not allow for definitive conclusions to be drawn and limit the understanding that can be gained from it. Further research should examine for example the context of online sperm donation. Wider implications of the findings With the democratization of direct-to-consumer DNA testing, more and more contacts between donor-siblings will occur. It is therefore important to examine how this phenomenon unfolds more specifically in the context of large donor-sibling groups. This will inform policy discussions on the need to limit the number of offspring per donor. Trial registration number Not applicable

P-342 Improving consent procedures to increase oocyte donation rates

Abstract Study question Can consent procedures for donation of surplus frozen oocytes be changed to improve donation rates? Summary answer Obtaining informed consent for donation of oocytes after freezing could be improved by adapting new consent procedures used in genomic biomedical research for ART contexts. What is known already The widespread adoption of oocyte cryopreservation has led to a rapid accumulation of oocytes in cryostorage, since the number of people who return to use their eggs remains low. Previous studies show that many people intend to donate their surplus cryopreserved oocytes, but few people actually donate them. Increased rates of donation are required to address chronic shortages of eggs available for both reproductive and research purposes. Study design, size, duration This paper examines whether advances in consent procedures in genomic research and biobanking, such as Dynamic Consent interfaces, could be utilised within the ART context to improve patient experience and oocyte donation rates. Ethical issues with dynamic consent are considered as well as the possible benefits of such a system for potential donors and recipients of oocytes. Participants/materials, setting, methods This paper undertakes ethical analysis of the procedures used for obtaining informed consent in egg freezing for donation of surplus eggs. We consider whether these could be improved and argue that adapting advances in consent procedures, such as dynamic consent interfaces, may help to facilitate donation, with benefits to both donors and recipients. Main results and the role of chance While people freezing eggs often express an intent to donate eggs surplus to their own needs at the start of the freezing process, in few cases does this translate to actual donation. Current processes seek consent for donation at limited times throughout the cryostorage period. Further, some countries such as Australia require that eggs be donated to specific active research projects at the time that eggs are to be relinquished from storage. Factors such as these impede donation and fail to facilitate the initial expressed intent to donate surplus eggs. We hypothesise that consent processes can be improved in ways that may boost rates of donation while still satisfying the requirements of informed consent. Dynamic consent allows continuous review of consent decisions through an online interface. Adaptation of this approach to the context of egg cryopreservation and donation may have several benefits, as continuous communication and review opportunities encourage patient engagement. It may enhance understanding of the need for eggs and increase knowledge of opportunities to donate surplus eggs. While dynamic consent may benefit both potential donors and recipients, careful implementation would be required to ensure compatibility with counselling requirements and other ethical standards for reproductive donation in particular. Limitations, reasons for caution We consider the potential benefits to donors and recipients but do not analyse the costs of implementing such a system of consent for clinics. Further, specific clinics may have consent procedures that differ from the model we use here and may be constrained by regulatory contexts Wider implications of the findings Recent research suggests that cryopreserved oocytes are rarely used or donated. Improving procedures for obtaining informed consent promises to increase rates of donation and improve patient experience. Dynamic consent tools have been widely used in biobanking and genomics research to positive effect but would be novel within the ART context. Trial registration number Not Applicable

P-783 Factors associated with donor-conceived adolescents’ intention to request information about their open-identity oocyte or sperm donor

Abstract Study question Is adolescents’ intention to request information about their open-identity donor associated with donor type, family form, or adolescent gender? Summary answer Adolescent girls were less likely than boys to intend requesting information about their open-identity donor, irrespective of donor type (oocyte/sperm) and family form. What is known already Individuals conceived by open-identity gamete donation have the right to obtain identifying information about their donor. However, there is little knowledge about the level of interest in requesting such information as donor conceived (DC) persons approach the age when they can obtain this information, as well as their interest in contact with the donor and persons who share the same donor. The present study aims to investigate factors associated with adolescentś intention to request information about their open-identity donor and their interest in contact with the donor and donor-siblings. Study design, size, duration The study is based on the fifth wave of data collection in the prospective, longitudinal Swedish Study on Gamete Donation, conducted in 2022-2023. Participating parents provided consent to contact their donor conceived children (ages 13-16), who were approached with a postal/web-survey. A total of 98 adolescents participated (77% response rate): adolescents conceived with sperm donation in lesbian-couple (SD-lesb, n = 48) and heterosexual-couple families (SD-het, n = 27), and those conceived with oocyte-donation in heterosexual-couple families (OD-het, n = 23). Participants/materials, setting, methods The study was part of the longitudinal Swedish Study on Gamete Donation, including couples starting gamete donation treatment at university hospitals between 2005-2008. The current fifth wave of data collection is the first to include children self-report. Participating adolescents included 48 girls and 50 boys with a mean age of 14.44 for girls and 14.28 for boys. The survey comprised of socio-demographics, study-specific items and validated instruments. Data was analyzed with multinominal regression analysis. Main results and the role of chance Roughly half (56%) of the adolescents intended to request information about their open-identity donor, while 12% planned not to and 32% were unsure. Multinominal regression analysis showed a significant effect for gender, but not for family/donation type (SD-lesb, SD-het, OD-het). Girls were significantly more likely than boys to state that they did not intend to request donor information (OR = 4.66, 95% CI [1.13, 19.34]). Among those adolescents who planned to request identifying donor information, a subset stated that they intended to contact the donor (30% boys, 15% girls). Concerning interest in contact with persons who share the same donor, participants were evenly divided between an interest (29%) or no interest (27%) and remaining were unsure (44%). No differences were found with regard to groups or gender. Limitations, reasons for caution The relatively small sample size could affect the results of the statistical analysis, making it harder to get significant results and creating large confidence intervals. There is a possible attrition bias with less well-functioning families not participating. The study was conducted within the Swedish context of identity-release gamete donation. Wider implications of the findings Approaching adulthood, about half of donor-conceived individuals plan to request information about their open-identity donor, highlighting that many DC people want this possibility. The gender difference found contrasts with earlier research findings and points to the need to understand the specific motivations of different groups of DC adolescents. Trial registration number not applicable

Credit card reward donation with scarcity messages

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of reward redemption programs on donation amount, donation percentage and donation intention in the context of a bank credit card.Design/methodology/approachA 2 × 2 × 3 experiment is implemented with 1,070 consumers accessing a national US-based sample with a small compensation. The authors use general linear model to test the proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe findings show the main effects of reward types, limited-time message and value of reward redemptions on the percentage of donations and overall donation intention to charity. The type of reward (cash/points) is found to interact with the limited-time message and with the value of reward redemptions.Originality/valueNo prior studies have addressed the relationship between credit card redemption rewards and scarcity messages in the donation context. The study contributes to the understanding of the effectiveness of credit card redemption rewards with scarcity message in improving a consumer’s donation intention.

INSIGHTS INTO BODY DONOR’S ATTITUDES AND PERSPECTIVES; A SURVEY ON VOLUNTARY BODY DONATION

The study delves into the motivations behind voluntary body donation (VBD) by conducting a retrospective analysis of 120 registered body donors at the Department of Rachana Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan. The historical context of body donation is explored, tracing its roots back to Hindu religious literature and highlighting key milestones, such as the enactment of the Anatomy Act in India in 1948. The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the reasons driving individuals to voluntarily donate their body after death. The materials include the body donor register and relevant literature from Ayurvedic classical texts, contemporary science, journals, publications, and articles. The methods involve a retrospective analysis of the registered voluntary body donors. The study sheds light on the multifaceted reasons behind voluntary body donation, providing insights that can support educational and awareness initiatives in promoting Voluntary body donation. KEY WORDS: Voluntary Body donation, Body Donors

Understanding the Brain-based Determination of Death When Organ Recovery Is Performed With DCDD In Situ Normothermic Regional Perfusion.

Understanding the Brain-based Determination of Death When Organ Recovery Is Performed With DCDD In Situ Normothermic Regional Perfusion.

Understanding Contextual Determinants of Likely Online Advocacy by Millennial Donors

Increasing online advocacy by donors has important implications for nonprofit organizations (NPOs). Through a lens of self-disclosure theory, this current research combines data across three quantitative cross-sectional surveys of millennial Australian donors who donate blood, time, and/or money to better understand how NPOs can encourage existing donors to engage in greater online advocacy. Findings demonstrate (a) the importance of social norms and psychological involvement in online advocacy decisions, (b) that “firm-generated” marketing effectiveness can vary by the content provided by NPOs, and (c) that not all donation types are equal when encouraging donors to be advocates. The work contributes by broadening the scope of existing models of online brand advocacy to a donation context by examining “firm-generated user-shared” content and millennials’ social media use for prosocial behaviors.

Before or After? The Effects of Payment Decision Timing in Pay-What-You-Want Contexts

This research studies how payment decision timing—before versus after product delivery—influences consumer payment under pay-what-you-want (PWYW) pricing. The authors focus on situations where there is minimal change in consumer uncertainty regarding the product before versus after receiving it. The theoretical development suggests that people pay more after (vs. before) receiving the product when product value is high, but the effect is mitigated when product value is low and reversed when product value is sufficiently low. Results from a laboratory experiment and a field experiment lend support to the theoretical predictions, with preliminary evidence for the moderating effect of product value. An online experiment demonstrates the predicted payment decision timing effect at high product value and a reversal of the effect at low product value. Another online experiment extends the scope of the previous studies by examining PWYW transactions in a charitable donation context (which the authors label “contribute what you want”): the authors obtain evidence for the predicted payment decision timing effect for high product value and a mitigation of the effect for low product value, as well as process evidence for the theoretical mechanism. This work has implications for the management of PWYW schemes for firms, including nonprofits, social enterprises, and charities.

The psychosocial adjustment of kidney recipients across donation contexts.

The objective of this study was to investigate kidney recipients' experiences within deceased and living donation contexts and, in the latter, by donor relationship type, to identify differences by context and mechanisms by which the relationship with the donor may impact recipients' psychosocial well-being. Individual interviews were conducted with 12 participants and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Three themes emerged: (a) salience of and sensitivity toward sacrifice and loss, (b) honoring the sacrifice by honoring the gift, and (c) relational imbalance mirroring perceived burden of donation. Findings were contextualized in relation to the transplantation literature, and their clinical implications discussed.

NOTTO Guidelines for Vaccine Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia in Organ Donation and Transplantation.

From the context of organ donation, COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is important as there is an ethical dilemma in utilizing versus discarding organs from potential donors succumbing to VITT. This consensus statement is an attempt by the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO) apex technical committees India to formulate the guidelines for deceased organ donation and transplantation in relation to VITT to help in appropriate decision making. VITT is a rare entity, but a meticulous approach should be taken by the Organ Procurement Organization's (OPO) team in screening such cases. All such cases must be strictly notified to the national authorities like NOTTO, as a resource for data collection and ensuring compliance withprotocols in the management of adverse events following immunization. Organs from any patient who developed thrombotic events up to 4 weeks after adenoviral vector-based vaccination should be linked to VITT and investigated appropriately. The viability of the organs must be thoroughly checked by the OPO, and the final decision in relation to organ use should be decided by the expert committee of the OPO team consisting of a virologist, a hematologist, and atreating team. Considering the organ shortage, in case of suspected/confirmed VITT, both clinicians and patients should consider the risk-benefit equationbased on available experience, and an appropriate written informed consent of potential recipients and family members should be obtained before transplantation of organs from suspected or proven VITT donors.

Sperm donation in Switzerland

The acceptance of "marriage for all" in Switzerland has enabled married couples to have access to medically assisted reproduction (MAR) through sperm donation from July 2022. We present the Swiss legal context of sperm donation, the different techniques, the selection of donors and the method of attribution to recipient couples. This article also describes the complexities of managing a sperm bank in Switzerland, presents some of the figures associated and address the fundamental question of access to origins and the secrecy that may be linked to sperm donation.

'Improving the odds for everybody': Narrative and media in stem cell donor recruitment patient appeals, and the work to redress racial inequity.

Stem cell registries, which provide cells for transplants in blood malignancy treatment, recruit donors partly through mobilising narrative. This is often via appeals from patients without matching donors who seek to encourage registrations from people who might go on to be their own, or somebody else’s, donor. Registries have also historically underserved racially minoritised communities, who are less likely to locate matching donors. As such, appeals often come from racially minoritised patients. Prior research highlights the importance of narrative in health contexts, and donation in particular. However, the impact of stories on those telling them is underexplored. This article fills this gap, providing analysis of a range of interview, media and documentary data. It sketches out the contours of appeal work, showing how patients’ private lives become publicly exposed. It highlights how appeals might be understood as collective action on behalf of racially minoritised communities, flagging how those most affected by inequity often become central to the fight to redress it. Through this, the article extends an emergent ‘sociology of donation’, arguing for acknowledgement of media’s importance in contemporary donation contexts.

Between Solidarity and Conflict: Tactical Biosociality of Turkish Egg Donors.

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted with Turkish egg donors at a Northern Cypriot clinic, this article investigates tactical biosociality of cross-border egg donors that allows them to manage socialrelations and orient themselves in transnational egg donation (including the processes from recruitment to self-management in and beyond the clinic) under legally restrictive and socially stigmatizing conditions. Addressing the social and collective dimensions of tactics and recognizing the fragmented and conflictual forms of biosociality, it aims to shed light on the complex and ambivalent aspects of tactical biosociality in relation to selectivedisclosure and stigma within the context of transnational egg donation. Tactical biosociality involves possibilities for solidarity and alliances, andalso for conflict and competition among egg donors. It is because for young Turkishwomen, egg donation retains both gendered moral and financial values that must be tactically negotiated while navigating the wider context of heteropatriarchal cultural norms and expectations, precarious economic and social conditions, biomedical profit and biopolitical control.

Anonymous gamete donation and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights: The case for incompatibility

It has long been suggested that anonymous gamete donation may breach the rights of donor-conceived persons under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHRs). However, this has never been definitively addressed by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHRs). The purpose of this article is to comprehensively set out the argument that anonymous gamete donation constitutes an unjustifiable interference with Article 8 ECHR. The article analyses the rich jurisprudence of the ECtHR on the right to identity in the fields of paternity and anonymous birth, and argues that the right has a ‘tracing’ element and a ‘recognition’ element, both of which are engaged in the anonymous donation context. It is argued that despite the absence of consensus across the Member States, proper analysis of the application of Article 8 should conclude that regimes that permit anonymous donation fail to strike a fair balance between competing rights and interests.

Extinguishing and Amending the Tax-Deductible Conversation Easements: Protecting the Federal Investment after Carpenter, Simmons, and Kaufman

The Internal Revenue Service‘s victory in Carpenter v. Commissioner represented an important step in the agency‘s ongoing efforts to both address abuses and establish precedent consistent with congressional intent in the conservation easement donation context. While Congress has clearly favored providing a charitable income tax deduction under Internal Revenue Code section 170(h) to encourage the donation of conservation easements, Congress also has been willing to do so only if the easements are "granted in perpetuity" to government and nonprofit holders "exclusively for conservation purposes" and the conservation purposes of such easements are "protected in perpetuity."

The effect of evidence in nonprofit donation requests: how does mindset play a role?

ABSTRACT The use of evidence in bolstering message believability has been shown in the literature. However, more work is needed to understand the effect of evidence in the monetary donation context for nonprofit organizations. This paper aims to partially close the knowledge gap in this area by (i) comparing the effectiveness of statistical and narrative donation messages on message believability, (ii) investigating the moderating effect of abstract and concrete mindset on the relationship between message type and believability, and (iii) analyzing the resulting effect on subsequent donation intentions. Our findings show that there is no difference in the effect of statistical versus narrative messages on message believability when the recipient of the message is in abstract mindset. However, when the recipient is in concrete mindset, statistical messages lead to stronger believability perceptions. Furthermore, higher believability is found to increase individual monetary donation intentions.

Research on the path choice behavior of donated materials under major epidemics

PurposeIn the face of major disasters, the Chinese people's willingness to donate has increased and the result is that the donation paths have increased. However, there are certain differences in the choice of donation paths for different types of individuals. It is crucial to pay more attention to the attitude and donation path selection of donors and propose strategies to promote individual donation behavior. The purpose of this study is to propose a conceptualized moderated mediation model for testing the linkage between individual attitude and donation path selection through the mediating effect of donors' behavioral intention and the moderating effect of behavioral difficulty perception or social pressure between donors' attitude and their donation path selection.Design/methodology/approachBased on a questionnaire survey of 628 community workers during COVID-19 in China. Self-reported measures were used to obtain data on IA, BI, SP, BDP and DPS. Survey data were used to test the proposed model using hierarchical regression analysis. Mediation analyses with bootstrap via PROCESS were used to ascertain the proposed relationship.FindingsThe results showed that individual attitude are positively related to donation path selection. Moreover, this study finds that behavioral intention serves as a mediator in the relationships between individual attitude and donation path selection. The social pressure and behavioral difficulty perception negatively moderate the relationship between individual attitude and behavioral intention.Research limitations/implicationsThere are still some shortcomings in this study: First, although the data collected at multiple points in this study are all individual data. Future research can add evaluations of relatives, friends or colleagues to individual scheduling of survey subjects to reduce homology errors. Second, although this study has verified the mediating role of the opposite sex, some of the mediating results show that there may be other variables that play a role in the relationship between individual attitudes and donation path selection. In the research on path selection, the integrated theoretical perspective has rich connotations but has not attracted enough attention from the academic community. This research is only based on this single theoretical perspective to construct, verify and explain the model, and there should be other integrated theories. The fit point can be used to analyze the influence mechanism of individual attitudes on the choice of donation path.Practical implicationsFirst of all, we must deepen our understanding of the connotation and role of individuals' attitudes. In the event of a major epidemic, the following two types of measures will be taken to improve individuals' attitudes toward specific donation paths: First, the sponsors of each donation should do their best to donors and provide more information about donations, because the more information resources they have, the stronger the experience of the corresponding donation path, and the more they will choose the path. The sponsor of the second donation must show concern for major epidemics that are prone to occur and a desire to help people affected by disasters, so as to enhance the emotional identity of the donor, thereby increasing the probability of the donor choosing a specific donation path. Secondly, donation sponsors should be wary of the negative influence of social pressure on the donation path selection of individual donors. Donation sponsors can train individuals who are willing to donate, guide them in social relations, online public opinion and other pressure methods and improve the possibility of individuals choosing specific donation routes.Social implicationsDeepen the understanding of the content and effectiveness of the behavioral difficulty perception that has a profound impact on the donor. The greater the tendency to make a path choice is often affected by the individual's perception of the difficulty of behavior. The perception of difficulty of a certain donation path will cause the individual to retreat and inhibit the possibility of the individual choosing the path. Therefore, donation sponsors should take all measures to make their own donation channels simpler and more efficient, thereby reducing the individual's perception of the difficulty of donation behavior.Originality/valueDrawing on TPB theory, a theoretical framework is constructed that specifies the process through which individual attitude affects donation path selection to expand collective understandings of individual attitude in the donation context. Furthermore, the boundary conditions of the underlying process are investigated, which further enhances the contribution of this paper to the extant literature on individual attitude.

Value co-creation and donation in non-profits: a social analysis through the service-dominant logic.

This research explores the value proposition of Brazilian non-profits (NPOs) to society, how donors and NPOs perceive value co-creation, and the elements required for value co-creation to occur in a donation context. This study includes case studies with managers and donors from three distinct non-profit organizations in the same sector. We conducted semi-structured interviews, report analysis, and direct observations. The interviews were recorded and typed up for content analysis using the MAXQDA software. The triangulation approach and multilevel data collection contributed to the research’s reliability and validity. NPOs propose value through marketing strategies, primarily by humanizing “sales techniques”. Donors perceive value co-creation as a beneficial collaborative result. Value co-creation is a way for non-profit organizations to achieve their missions of assisting patients or families in need. Although there is strong evidence of dialogue and transparency elements in the donor-NPO relationship, other factors, such as the individual’s background or empathy, stood out more in this context. Academically, this study contributes to the literature by elucidating the phenomena under multiple actor interaction regimes. Furthermore, most studies on value co-creation focus on customer participation and interaction in private organizational processes (i.e., innovation or feedback), leaving gaps for determining and exploring alternative forms of value co-creation. This gap was filled in this study.