Judgment In Context Research Articles

Exploring clinical judgment ability in second-degree baccalaureate of science nursing students: A mixed methods study

BackgroundAs they have not yet embarked on clinical practice, most students who already have a bachelor's degree but require a bachelor's degree in nursing occasionally perceive the educator's instruction on clinical situations as abstract and challenging for making accurate clinical judgments. ObjectivesThis study aims to implement a clinical judgment model and case scenarios in classroom teaching to evaluate improvements in students' clinical judgment and critical thinking abilities. DesignA mixed-method design. SettingA second-degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing at a university in Taiwan. ParticipantsFirst-year undergraduate nursing students. MethodsThis mixed-methods study featured a survey at the beginning and end of a course, followed by one-on-one online interviews. A purposive sample of sophomore nursing students was recruited from a university in northern Taiwan between March 2020 and May 2021. Semi-structured interviews were conducted after a preliminary analysis of the collected quantitative data. ResultsIn total, 48 participants completed the study questionnaire, and 20 were interviewed. The results show that the students' ability to make clinical judgment and identify individual health problems from case scenarios significantly improved after completing the course. However, critical thinking did not differ significantly after the course. Qualitative data analysis revealed three key themes relevant to the participants' learning experiences: (1) establishing the context of clinical judgment, (2) building a bridge between basic medical science and clinical nursing, and (3) having a broader perspective. ConclusionsIncorporating clinical judgment measurement model and case scenarios in the curriculum may benefit second-degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing students who have not yet begun their clinical practice. Additionally, the result provides educators with valuable learning goals and evaluation strategies in the classroom and clinical practice.

Career ambitions of women academics. Are women willing and able to rise to the top in higher education institutions?

ABSTRACT The disproportion of women to men at the top tier in the academic hierarchy, concerns politicians, academic leaders, students, and other stakeholders. A popular explanation for the gender imbalance in elite positions is that potential female candidates lack ambition and therefore do not have sufficient drive to make it to the top. In this study, we explore the issue of professional ambition among a group of women academics working as tenured associate professors in Norway. With the backdrop of VIE (Valence-instrumentality-expectancy) theory, we focus on two key subjective, but nonetheless contextual judgments that are assumed to underlie the decision to aim for a promotional opportunity; (i) Do I want it and (ii) Can I make it? Three sources of qualitative data provide interesting insights into these considerations, and our findings point to focusing more specifically on the perceived costs that are assumed to derive from making this career choice. The women are ambitious in the sense that they desire the professional clout and impact that comes with this top role (so, yes, they want it). However, a number of conditions are perceived to be central to the actual realization of their ambitions, such as more time, resources and transparency when it comes to the qualification process. The findings may serve as important to designing more suitable career conditions for this target group in practice. Finally, we propose the application of a context-specific gender perspective to better understand women’s career ambitions in higher education institutions (HEI).

Attitude towards Jordanian Arabic Dialects: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

This study investigates the unequal attitude people have toward the main spoken dialects in Jordan. Eight stereotypical features were considered: intelligibility and clarity, prestige, elegance, education, social status, accent thickness, courage, and generosity. It examines how the distribution of attitude differs in different contexts, how it can affect employability chances, and how responses can be argued for within the social identity theory. An evaluative/matched guise test with eight recordings of the dialects by male and female speakers was answered by 234 respondents of different ages, genders and dialects. Responses were collected from three non-native speakers of any of the Jordanian Arabic dialects (Egyptian, Iraqi, and Druze). Results demonstrated that the urban dialect has the most positive attitudes regarding intelligibility, prestige, elegance, education, and social status, but the least positive attitudes regarding courage, generosity, and accent thickness, in which the Bedouin dialect scored the most positive attitudes. Attitude may change when changing the context of judgment. Such attitudes were found to affect employability chances especially for jobs that require speaking skills. Evaluation also may be affected if the speaker is from a group which is different or similar to that of the respondent. These reports may be taken as substantial evidence of the power of language ideologies and social psychology in speech communities with which individuals can align themselves. Keywords: Language Attitude; Dialect; Jordanian Arabic; Social Image.

Decision Making in Moral Judgment Context is Modulated by Individual Metacognition

Metacognition refers to the human capacity to access and monitor one's own mental states. Recent research suggests that this capacity expands to the social world, e.g., when individuals explicitly share their cognitive processes with others. Additionally, metacognition is also linked to cognitive flexibility, and the latter to ideologically radical behaviors. Indeed, the absence of control over one's own mental activity could be at the base of different phenomena linked to social cognition. We investigate the metacognitive capacity of individuals in relation to the radicality with which they make a moral choice (utilitarian vs. deontological). For this purpose, 76 participants were submitted to 24 hypothetical situations, with the aim of evaluating the consistency (i.e., the radicality) of their moral choices. Then, in an independent experimental session, we evaluated the participants' metacognitive efficiency. We managed to demonstrate that individual metacognition scores are correlated with the radicality of a moral choice. We discussed the impact and relevance of metacognition in ecological contexts, particularly where subjective evaluation of the environment involves individual choices with social consequences.

Theology, Medicalization, and Risk: Observations from the New Testament

Abstract This article reflects on the intersection of the New Testament’s witness with current questions of illness, medication, risk, luck, death, and hope. Drawing principally on the Gospel of Matthew and the letters of Paul, I argue that, for Christians, hope in the resurrection—not the ability to avoid suffering and death—provides the best context for prudential judgment in light of the inscrutability of the future and the concomitant opacity that attends medical decision-making. We do not and will not know what we would need to know in order to make decisions we can count on with surety, and we thus read Scripture in order to become the people who can make wise judgments in the meantime called hope.

In the presence and absence of conflicting testimony, children’s selective trust in the in-group informant in moral judgment and knowledge access

In this study, we assessed whether the trust model formed by children in a moral judgment context with an inaccurate in-group informant affected their corresponding trust model in the knowledge access context and whether conditions (the presence of conflicting testimony: an inaccurate in-group informant paired with an accurate out-group informant; the absence of conflicting testimony: only an inaccurate in-group informant) influenced the trust model. Children aged 3 to 6 years (N = 215; 108 girls) in blue T-shirts as in-group members completed selective trust tasks in the moral judgment and knowledge access contexts. Results for moral judgment showed that children under both conditions were more likely to trust informants based on accurate judgments and gave less consideration to group identity. Results for knowledge access showed that in the presence of conflicting testimony, 3- and 4-year-olds trusted the in-group informant at chance, but 5- and 6-year-olds trusted the accurate informant. In the absence of conflicting testimony, 3- and 4-year-olds agreed more with the inaccurate in-group informant, but 5- and 6-year-olds trusted the in-group informant at chance. The results indicated that older children considered the accuracy of the informant’s previous moral judgment for selective trust in the context of knowledge access while ignoring group identity, but that younger children were affected by in-group identity. The study found that 3- to 6-year-olds’ trust in inaccurate in-group informants was conditional and that their trust choices appeared to be experimentally conditioned, domain specific, and age differentiated.

Seeing is believing? A systematic review of credibility perceptions of live and remote video‐mediated communication in legal settings

AbstractThere has been a dramatic increase in use of remote communication via audio‐visual technology since the COVID‐19 pandemic. This includes use in complex legal hearings where decisions rely heavily on credibility assessments of an individual and their interview statement. This is particularly relevant in legal settings where negative assessments can have adverse outcomes such as asylum applications which can result in deportation. Increasing use of remote communication technology raises the question of what research can tell us about how someone is perceived when interviewed live (in‐person) compared with via video‐mediation. A systematic review of the literature resulted in the selection of nine papers. Four themes were identified; decision‐maker's assumptions, frame of the camera, demeanour and detecting truth and lies. The results are discussed within the context of credibility judgements in asylum proceedings together with implications for further research and practice.

On the influence of evaluation context on judgments of effort.

Cognitive effort is a central construct in our lives, yet our understanding of the processes underlying our judgments of effort are limited. Recent work has suggested that our judgments of effort are sensitive to the context in which they are made (i.e., the judgment context). Using a cognitive task and stimulus set that has produced a reliable dissociation between judgments of effort and cognitive demand (as measured by performance and other indirect measures of demand), we examined whether evaluation context might be able to eliminate this dissociation (i.e., bring judgments of effort more in line with measures of cognitive demand). To address this question, we conducted four experiments manipulating a number of aspects of the judgment context including, principally, a manipulation of joint versus separate evaluation; whether the judgment was prospective, or retrospective; and whether prospective judgments were made with or without having experienced the cognitive task. Additionally, we collected objective demand measures and examined participants' self-reported reasons for their judgments of effort across the joint and separate evaluation contexts. Results demonstrated that evaluation context has a marked effect on judgments of effort; however, no judgment context appeared to yield a pattern more similar to what is found using measures of cognitive demand. Moreover, the reasons individuals cited for their judgments varied across evaluation contexts. Implications of the present work for our understanding of judgments of effort are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Political realism and the quest for political progress

Political realism and the quest for political progress

The Spread of the Lengthening Time Effect of Emotions in Memory: A Test in the Setting of the Central Tendency Effect.

The aim of the present study was to test how the perception of an emotional stimulus colors the temporal context of judgment and modifies the participant’s perception of the current neutral duration. Participants were given two ready-set-go tasks consisting of a distribution of short (0.5–0.9 s) or long sample intervals (0.9–1.3 s) with an overlapping 0.9-s interval. Additional intervals were introduced in the temporal distribution. These were neutral for the two temporal tasks in a control condition and emotional for the short, but not the long temporal task in an emotion condition. The results indicated a replication of a kind of Vierordt’s law in the control condition, i.e., the temporal judgment toward the mean of the distribution of sample intervals (central tendency effect). However, there was a shift in the central tendency effect in the emotion condition indicating a general bias in the form of an overestimation of current intervals linked to the presence of a few emotional stimuli among the previous intervals. This finding is entirely consistent with timing mechanisms driven by prior duration context, particularly experience of prior emotional duration.

Perceiving a pandemic: Global–local incompatibility and COVID-19 superspreading events.

Superspreading events are the primary mode of infection driving the COVID-19 pandemic, but their effect on risk judgments is currently unknown. More than half a million people in the U.S. died from COVID-19 in 1 year, yet public risk perceptions of infection and mortality remain variable. Using a combination of epidemiological models and the psychological theory of global-local incompatibility, we theorize that superspreading diseases create a large variance in infections across geographic localities, leading to highly variable and inaccurate risk perceptions. This is problematic because these local infection rates fail to reveal the overall severity of the pandemic, which determines the personal risk of infection at any location in the near future. We test our predictions with a simulation study and a nationally representative study of U.S. citizens (N = 3,956) conducted in April 2020. Supporting our theory, we find that localized county-level infection rates of COVID-19 are unreliable predictors of national infection rates. However, they explain a significant proportion of variance in judgments of national infection rates, contributing to judgment errors. These results support our theoretical approach for modeling this unique judgment context as an incompatibility between global and local information, providing a framework to predict how citizens will react to novel large-scale (global) risks. Our results also help explain the extreme polarization witnessed in the U.S. regarding perceptions of the risks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Accounting for the variability of local experiences with a pandemic can help future generations prepare for how to respond to similar threats more effectively. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Hryniak Comes to Manitoba: The Evolution of Manitoba Civil Procedure in the 2010s

This article investigates whether the Supreme Court of Canada’s 2014 decision Hryniak v Mauldin has led to changes in Manitoba procedural law, largely in the summary judgment context. After introducing Hryniak and civil procedure reform’s place in the context of Canada’s access to justice crisis, the author turns to Manitoba. In addition to exploring the regulatory history of explicit changes to Manitoba’s Court of Queen’s Bench Rules, the author delves into Manitoba case law to determine their jurisprudential consequences and whether they have had effects in terms of the frequency that particular rules are used. Ultimately, it is concluded that, despite some potential to be bolder, by and large, Manitoba has prudently charted its own path in this important area of facilitating access to justice.

What is the structure of perceiver effects? On the importance of global positivity and trait-specificity across personality domains and judgment contexts.

When judging others' personalities, perceivers differ in their general judgment tendencies. These perceiver effects partly reflect a response bias but are also stable and psychologically important individual differences. However, current insights into the basic structure of perceiver effects are ambiguous with previous research pointing to either a unidimensional structure (i.e., people see others as globally positive vs. negative) or a multidimensional structure (i.e., people see others as high or low on specific traits). Here we provide a large scale investigation of the structure of perceiver effects that spans more than 100,000 personality judgments across 10 studies in which a total of N = 2,199 perceivers judged others on several trait domains (i.e., the Big Five, agency & communion) and in different judgment contexts (i.e., level of involvement with targets, level of exposure to targets). Results suggest that perceiver effects are hierarchically structured such that they reflect both a global tendency to view others positively versus negativity and specific tendencies to view others as high or low with respect to trait content. The relative importance of these components varied considerably across trait domains and judgment contexts: Perceiver effects were more specific for traits higher in observability and lower in evaluativeness and in context with less personal involvement and higher exposure to targets. Overall, results provide strong evidence for the hierarchical structure of perceiver effects and suggest that their meaning systematically varies depending on trait domain and possibly the judgment context. Implications for theory and assessment are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Korean primary English learners’ use of linguistic context and propositional information in the judgment of count nouns

Korean primary English learners’ use of linguistic context and propositional information in the judgment of count nouns

Repetition increases both the perceived truth and fakeness of information: An ecological account

People believe repeated statements more compared to new statements – they show a truth by repetition effect. In three pre-registered experiments, we show that repetition may also increase perceptions that statements are used as fake news on social media, irrespective of the factual truth or falsehood of the statements (Experiment 1 & 2), but that repetition reduces perceptions of falsehood when the context of judgment is left unspecified (Experiment 3). On a theoretical level, the findings support an ecological account of repetition effects, as opposed to either a fluency-as-positivity or to an amplification account of these effects. On a practical level, they qualify the influence of repetition on the perception of fake news.

Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.

Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.

History in International Criminal Trials

Abstract While the question of whether international criminal courts and tribunals (ICTs) ought to write historical narratives of armed conflicts is an old one, it has gained renewed relevance in the context of the recent turn to history in international criminal law and the minimal attention paid to historical context in the first judgment of the International Criminal Court. The ‘proper’ place of history-writing in international criminal adjudication remains controversial, and even though some judges have preferred to de-emphasize it, the fact remains that ICTs are epistemic engines, systematically and inevitably producing knowledge about the conflicts that come before them. This article develops a framework for analysing the historical knowledge generated by ICTs, namely, the ‘crime-driven lens’. It argues that this lens is characterized by two important constraints, one qualitative, relating to interpretation and the other quantitative, relating to scope, both of which may give rise to blind spots. In the final analysis, while the important contributions of ICTs to deepening understanding of the histories of armed conflicts should not be underestimated, the constraints of the ‘crime-driven lens’ and its blind spots have to be taken into account when assessing their historical legacies.

The Importance of Context in Moral Judgments

There is a gap between morality as experienced and morality as studied. In our personal and professional lives, moral judgments are embedded within a specific context. We know the who, what, where, and when and often can infer the why; we know the broader context of actions; and we may have a specific relationship with the actors. However, scholarly theorizing is often built on inferences from participants’ responses to decontextualized, impoverished stimuli. In our quest for uncovering general psychological truths, moral psychologists have examined evaluations of poorly guarded trolleys, strangers with odd sexual proclivities, and endorsement of abstract principles. The four articles included in this section demonstrate the power of contextualizing morality. In the current article, I place these papers within a broader framework for how scholars can contextualize morality research. I then argue why contextualizing morality matters: not only do contextualized questions better reflect the nuances of reality but also contextualized judgments might be key for improving predictions of moral behavior and understanding moral change.

The Development of εὑρίσκω ‘find’ as Evidence towards a Diachronic Solution of the Matching-Problem in Ancient Greek Complementation

This paper traces the semantic and constructional development of the complement-taking verb εὑρίσκω ‘find’ from Homeric Greek to Post-Classical Greek. First, the paper details the semantic development of εὑρίσκω using characteristics such as predicate type, semantic role of the subject and factivity. Subsequently, explanations are offered for the constructional development of εὑρίσκω, using insights from grammaticalization research such as reanalysis and analogy. In contrast to previous studies on Ancient Greek complementation which support the idea of a systematic Classical Greek opposition of factive participial versus non-factive infinitival complementation, this paper shows how bridging contexts of mental judgment εὑρίσκω with a participial complement do not follow this opposition as they are non-factive and changed their meaning (with reanalysis) before changing their complementation structure (through analogy). Also, by extending our view to the individual history of other cognitive predicates (ἐπίσταμαι, γιγνώσκω and οἶδα) the author showsthat other cognitive predicates undergo similar developments from factive+object to factive+ ACP to non-factive+ACI, although their individual histories are still in need of a systematic diachronic account. Thus, complementation patterns per period could be analysed in a more fine-grained way by analysing complementation patterns bottom-up from the semantic and constructional evolutions of individual predicates. Also, the findings from this paper provide evidence towards a diachronic solution of the so-called matching-problem: diachronically related semantic and constructional stages strongly motivate the choice of a specific complementation structure but absolute factivity oppositions in Classical Greek complementation are rather strong tendencies.

Ethics of judge and freedom of expression of his/her opinion within the context of judgements of the European court of human rights

Ethics of judge and freedom of expression of his/her opinion within the context of judgements of the European court of human rights