Total Phospholipid Content Research Articles

Ultrafiltered Sweet Buttermilk as Additive Replacer in Ice Cream Production.

Sweet buttermilk, a by-product of butter production, remains highly underutilized despite containing some relevant components (i.e., phospholipids) that may have a high biological value and may exert some positive technological functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using ultrafiltered (UF) sweet buttermilk at different volume reduction ratios (3 and 5) to replace emulsifiers and/or stabilizers in the production of a novel clean-label ice cream formulation made with sweet buttermilk-based mixtures. The functional, thermo-rheological, and sensory profile of four types of ice creams was investigated. Increasing the degree of sweet buttermilk concentration positively influenced the overrun values and at the same time improved the ice cream's resistance to melting. Also, the thermo-rheological profile during melting was influenced by the presence of UF buttermilk. These differences in techno-functional properties were probably partly caused by the different total phospholipids content caused by UF buttermilk. Some sensory properties (i.e., structure, consistency) were positively related to the utilization of UF buttermilk, while aroma and taste were negatively influenced. This study demonstrated that UF buttermilk can be used as an additive replacer in ice cream production because it enhances the structural and rheological properties of the final product.

Sensing Biomolecules Associated with Cells' Radiosusceptibility by Advanced Micro- and Nanospectroscopy Techniques.

Radiotherapy is one of the most common approaches for cancer treatment, especially in the case of peripheral nervous system tumors. As it requires exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation, it is important to look for substances that support efficient reduction of the tumor volume with simultaneous prevention of the surrounding noncancerous cells. Cannabidiol (CBD), which exhibits both anticancer and neuroprotective properties, was applied as a potential modulator of radiological response; however, its influence on cells undergoing irradiation remains elusive. Here, we have applied high-resolution optical spectroscopy techniques to capture biomolecules associated with CBD shielding of normal and damaging cancerous cells upon X-ray exposure. Conventional Raman (RS) and Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies provided semiquantitative information mainly about changes in the concentration of total lipids, DNA, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids in cells. A through assessment of the single cells by atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) allowed us to determine not only the alterations in DNA content but also in its conformation due to cell treatment. Pronounced nanoscale changes in cholesteryl ester metabolites, associated with CBD treatment and radiation, were also observed. AFM-IR chemoselective maps of the single cells indicate the modified distribution of cholesteryl esters with 40 nm spatial resolution. Based on the obtained results, we propose a label-free and fast analytical method engaging optical spectroscopy to assess the mechanism of normal and cancerous cell susceptibility to ionizing radiation when pretreated with CBD.

Comprehensive analysis of phospholipids in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds: Comparison with cashew nuts and almonds

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds have gained increasing attention due to their high nutraceutical value; however, data regarding the phospholipid (PL) profile of this oily seed are scarce. Through the combination of RPLC-MS/MS, HILIC-MS, and Paternò-Büchi photochemical reaction, we comprehensively characterized PLs in three accessions of pumpkin seeds. We identified a total of 183 PL molecular species across eight classes. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) represents the most abundant class, followed by phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidic acid (PA). The total PL content is comparable to that of almonds and cashew nuts. In terms of PL structures, pumpkin seeds feature a higher abundance of C18:2-containing PL isomers, a preferential esterification of C18:1 and C18:2 at the sn-2 position as well as a predominant Δ9/Δ9,12 double bond locations for C18:1 and C18:2 respectively. This is the first systematic study on PLs of pumpkin seeds to our knowledge. Our findings add further evidence on the potential value of pumpkin seeds as a functional food or as a source material for making plant-based drink.

Lipidomic changes occurring in platelets during extended cold storage.

Cold storage is being implemented as an alternative to conventional room-temperature storage for extending the shelf-life of platelet components beyond 5-7 days. The aim of this study was to characterise the lipid profile of platelets stored under standard room-temperature or cold (refrigerated) conditions. Matched apheresis derived platelet components in 60% PAS-E/40% plasma (n = 8) were stored at room-temperature (20-24°C with agitation) or in the cold (2-6°C without agitation). Platelets were sampled on day 1, 5 and 14. The lipidome was assessed by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography ion mobility quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC IMS QToF). Changes in bioactive lipid mediators were measured by ELISA. The total phospholipid and sphingolipid content of the platelets and supernatant were 44 544 ± 2915 μg/mL and 38 990 ± 10 880 μg/mL, respectively, and was similar over 14 days, regardless of storage temperature. The proportion of the procoagulant lipids, phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), increased by 2.7% and 12.2%, respectively, during extended cold storage. Cold storage for 14 days increased sphingomyelin (SM) by 4.1% and decreased ceramide by 1.6% compared to day 1. Further, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species remained unchanged during cold storage for 14 days. The concentration of 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) were lower in the supernatant of cold-stored platelets than room-temperature controls stored for 14 days. The lipid profile of platelets was relatively unchanged during storage for 5 days, regardless of temperature. However, during extended cold storage (14 days) the proportion of the procoagulant lipids, PS and PE, increased, while LPC and bioactive lipids were stable.

“Milk on Ice”: A detailed analysis of Ernest Shackleton's century-old whole milk powder in comparison with modern counterparts

Whole milk powder (WMP) manufactured in New Zealand in 1907 was sent to the Antarctic continent with the Shackleton-led British Antarctic Expedition from 1907 to 1909. This powder was stored at ambient conditions at Shackleton's Hut at Cape Royds, Antarctica, for over 100 yr before a sample was collected on behalf of Fonterra by the Antarctic Heritage Trust. Having spent most of its existence both dried and in frozen storage, any deleterious reactions within the WMP would have been markedly retarded. The composition and some properties of the roller-dried Shackleton's WMP are reported along with those of 2 modern spray-dried New Zealand WMP. The Shackleton powder was less white and more yellow than the modern WMP and was composed of flakes rather than agglomerated particles, consistent with that expected of a roller-dried powder. Headspace analysis showed lipolytic and oxidative volatile compounds were present in the Shackleton WMP, indicting some deterioration of the milk either before powder manufacture or on storage of the finished product. On a moisture-free basis, the Shackleton WMP had higher protein, higher fat (with a markedly higher free fat level), higher ash, and a lower lactose level than the modern WMP. The lysine level was lower in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powders, whereas the fatty acid composition was relatively similar. The sodium level was markedly higher in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powder, which is probably due to the addition of an alkaline sodium salt to adjust the pH of the milk before roller drying. Lead, iron, and tin levels were markedly higher in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powders, possibly due to the equipment used in powder manufacture and the tin-plated cases used for storage. The proteins in the Shackleton WMP were more lactosylated than in the spray-dried powders. The Shackleton WMP had a higher ratio of κ-casein A to B variants and a higher ratio of β-lactoglobulin B to A variants than the spray-dried powders, whereas the αS1-casein, β-casein, αS2-casein, and α-lactalbumin protein variants were similar in all powders. The total phospholipid content was markedly lower in the Shackleton WMP than the spray-dried powders, primarily due to a lower phosphatidylethanolamine concentration. The molecular species distributions within the phospholipid classes were generally similar in the 3 powders. Claims are sometimes encountered that the milk of today is different from that consumed by previous generations. However, this comparative study has shown that the Shackleton WMP was generally similar to modern WMP. Although differences in some components and properties were observed, these were attributable to the manufacturing equipment and processes used in the pioneering years of WMP manufacture.

Assessment of Full-Fat Tenebrio molitor as Feed Ingredient for Solea senegalensis: Effects on Growth Performance and Lipid Profile.

Tenebrio molitor (TM) is considered as one of the most promising protein sources for replacing fish meal in aquafeeds, among other things because it is rich in protein, a good source of micronutrients and has a low carbon footprint and land use. However, the main drawback of TM is its fatty acid profile, in particular its low content of n-3 PUFA. This study evaluates the effects of partially replacing plant or marine-derived with full-fat TM meal at two different levels on growth performance and lipid profiles of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). For this purpose, a control diet (CTRL) and four experimental isoproteic (53%) and isolipidic (16%) diets were formulated containing 5 and 10% TM meal replacing mostly fish meal (FM5 and FM10), or 10 and 15% TM meal replacing mostly plant meal (PP10 and PP15). Fish (215 g) were fed at 1% of their body weight for 98 days. The final body weight of fish fed the experimental diets containing TM meal was not different from that of fish fed the CTRL diet (289 g). However, the inclusion of TM meal resulted in a gradual improvement in growth rate and feed efficiency in both cases (replacement of fish or plant meals), and significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) were observed between fish fed the CTRL diet (SGR = 0.30% day-1) and those fed diets with the highest TM meal content (PP15; SGR = 0.35% day-1). The experimental groups did not show any differences in the protein content of the muscle (19.6% w/w). However, significant differences were observed in the total lipid content of the muscle, with the FM10, PP10, and PP15 groups having the lowest muscle lipid contents (2.2% ww). These fish also showed the lowest neutral lipid content in muscle (6.6% dw), but no differences were observed in the total phospholipid content (2.6% dw). Regarding the fatty acid profile, fish fed FM10, PP10 and PP15 had lower levels of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and higher levels of oleic acid (18:1n-9) in liver and muscle compared to fish fed CTRL. However, no differences were found between fish fed CTRL and TM-based diets for docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and total n-3 PUFA in liver and muscle. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that full-fat TM inclusion up to 15% in S. senegalensis diets had no negative effects or even some positive effects on fish survival, growth performance, nutrient utilization and flesh quality.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Concentrations are Associated with an Unfavorable Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile: Findings from Two Population-Based Cohort Studies

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used and persistent chemicals, leading to ubiquitous exposure. Although high PFAS levels have been associated with an adverse cardiovascular risk profile, the distribution of levels and relations with cardio-metabolic risk markers in the general population have not been fully characterized. We assessed the association between blood levels of perfluorooctaneic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and a range of lipoproteins and metabolites as well as clinical lipid measurements. We used data from participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study (NEO) (n = 584) and the Rhineland Study (n = 1962), jointly spanning an age range of 30 to 89 years. PFAS were measured with the Metabolon HD4 platform, and lipoprotein and metabolite profiles were measured using Nightingale’s nuclear magnetic resonance-spectroscopy platform, and mainly comprised lipoprotein markers. Using linear regression analyses, we quantified age-, sex-, and education-adjusted associations of PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS with clinical lipid measurements and 224 lipoproteins and metabolites. Higher levels of PFAS, particularly PFOS and PFHxS, were associated with higher concentrations of total lipid, cholesterol and phospholipid content in most HDL, IDL, LDL, and VLDL subclasses. The effect sizes were age-dependent for the majority of the associations, with the deleterious effects of PFAS being generally stronger in people below compared to those above median age. Our observation that in the general population even low PFAS concentrations are associated with an unfavorable lipid profile, calls for further critical regulation of PFAS substances.

Thin layer chromatography of plant phospholipids of Zea mays (L.) un-der the action of the phytohormone kinetin in different aeration condi-tions

Under extreme weather conditions, crops are exposed to excess rainfall, causing the acute oxygen starvation of plants. The treatment of plants with phytohormones started in order to increase plant resistance to stresses. Using thin layer chromatography, the effect of the phytohormone kinetin on the content of plant phospholipids was studied under different aeration conditions. A kinetin solution (10 mg l-1) was injected into the etiolated maize seedlings separated from the roots by the suction method with a transpiration current and seedlings were transferred to aeration conditions, hypoxia or carbon dioxide (9 hours). Control plants were not treated with kinetin. Samples were fixed with boiling isopropanol and extracted with a hexane:isopropanol mixture (3:2). After purification from non-lipid impurities, lipids were evaporated and dissolved in chloroform. Phospholipids were isolated on silica gel W plates and further separated into classes on silica gel 60G plates. (“Merk”, Germany). It was found that the content of total phospholipids in maize seedlings decreased to 84.9% under hypoxic conditions and to 54.5% in CO2. If plants were pre-treated with kinetin, the content of total phospholipids practically did not change (96.2%), and in CO2 it increased to 88.5%. When plants were treated with kinetin under aeration conditions, the content of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatilylethanolamium (PEA) increased, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) decreased by almost 40%. Under conditions of oxygen deficiency, changes in the composition of phospholipids were different. The content of PS and PC in seedlings increased by1.5-2.0 times, and the content of PG and PEA decreased to 27.2% and 20.0% of the control. Treatment of maize seedlings with kinetin reduced the effect of gaseous media on the content of all analysed classes of phospholipids in plants, this was especially evident in CO2. Thus, it can be considered proven that the protective effect of kinetin is realized due to the ability of this phytohormone to maintain the optimal content and ratio of phospholipid components characteristic of a given tissue in plants exposed to various unfavourable environmental factors, including oxygen deficiency and high concentrations of carbon dioxide.

EFFECT OF HYPEROSMOLAR COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS OF LACTOPROTEIN WITH SORBITOL AND HAES-LX 5% ON CHANGES IN THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF CELL MEMBRANES IN THERMAL DAMAGE OF THE THYROID GLAND

The urgency of the burn injury problem is multi-faceted from both medical and fundamental perspectives. Considering the social, medical, and military dimensions of this issue, the importance of addressing and elucidating the fundamental principles for providing adequate and effective medical care to the specified category of patients becomes significant in medical, economic, and social contexts. Complex pathogenetically oriented correction of this pathological condition requires investigating the chains of burn-induced pathogenesis of thyroid gland dysfunction and probable systemic changes in the body.
 The objective of this study is to examine the impact of lactoprotein with sorbitol and HAES-LX-5% hyperosmolar colloid solutions on indexes related to changes in cellular membrane functional activity during the progression of thermal damage to the thyroid gland.
 The peroxide resistance of erythrocytes, total peroxidase activity, the concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids as well as the lactoprotein with sorbitol and HAES-LX-5% impact on these indexes were determined 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after the exposure of thyroid gland to thermal burn. The peroxide resistance of erythrocytes and total peroxidase activity blood plasma indexes were shown to be increased significantly together with total cholesterol content increase and total phospholipids content decrease throughout the post-burn process dynamics. The utilization of lactoprotein with sorbitol and HAES-LX 5% hyperosmolar colloid solutions, aimed at correction in cases of thyroid gland burning, results in the enhancement of peroxide resistance in erythrocytes and the restoration of total peroxidase activity indexes. This effect extends to the main structural components of cellular membranes throughout the 30-day post-burn period.
 The most pronounced protective and restorative efficacy of lactoprotein with sorbitol and HAES-LX 5% was observed from the 7th day of the study and persisted until the end of the experiment. The effectiveness of anti-burn lactoprotein with sorbitol and HAES-LX 5% was comparable. It can be concluded that the demonstrated protective effect, specifically aimed at restoring blood system and erythrocyte functional activity, provides experimental evidence justifying the rationale for clinical efficacy testing of these solutions in cases of thermal damage to the body.

The changes of phospholipid degradation in sea urchin gonads (Glyptocidaris crenularis) during cold storage at 4°C

AbstractSea urchin gonads (SUGs) are rich in phospholipid (PL) which is easily oxidized and hydrolyzed during cold storage. PL changes were evaluated to clarify the quality changes of sea urchins during 72 h storage at 4°C. During storage at 4°C, PL content decreased, including phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol content decreased significantly and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was detected after 36 h storage. At the same time, phospholipase C and phospholipase D remained active, and the content of free choline and free fatty acids increased, suggesting that PL was hydrolyzed. The addition of n‐butanol inhibited the activity of phospholipases C and D, decrease of total PL content, and the production of LPC and free choline, indicating that phospholipase‐mediated hydrolysis of PL in gonads occurred during refrigeration. The addition of vitamin E inhibited lipoxygenase, reduced lipid peroxidation (POV), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. It indicated that lipoxygenase in SUG mediated the oxidative degradation of PL during cold storage.

C3H/HeNSlc mouse with low phospholipid transfer protein expression showed dyslipidemia

High serum levels of triglycerides (TG) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increase the risk of coronary heart disease in humans. Herein, we first reported that the C3H/HeNSlc (C3H-S) mouse, a C3H/HeN-derived substrain, is a novel model for dyslipidemia. C3H-S showed hypertriglyceridemia and low total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, and phospholipid (PL) concentrations. To identify the gene locus causing dyslipidemia in C3H-S, we performed genetic analysis. In F2 intercrosses between C3H-S mice and strains with normal serum lipids, the locus associated with serum lipids was identified as 163–168 Mb on chromosome 2. The phospholipid transfer protein (Pltp) gene was a candidate gene within this locus. Pltp expression and serum PLTP activity were markedly lower in C3H-S mice. Pltp expression was negatively correlated with serum TG and positively correlated with serum TC and HDL-C in F2 mice. Genome sequencing analysis revealed that an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequence called intracisternal A particle was inserted into intron 12 of Pltp in C3H-S. These results suggest that ERV insertion within Pltp causes aberrant splicing, leading to reduced Pltp expression in C3H-S. This study demonstrated the contribution of C3H-S to our understanding of the relationship between TG, TC, and PL metabolism via PLTP.

Phospholipid composition of bile and blood in rats under correction of experimental fatty hepatosis

To date, the aetiology and molecular mechanisms of the development of fatty hepatosis, which is quite common in mammals, have not yet been sufficiently explained. This pathology requires detailed study not only because of functional disorders of the liver and biliary system, but also because of the high probability of dangerous complications – fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to determine marker changes in the phospholipid composition of bile and blood in rats with experimental fatty hepatosis and with the use of corrective therapy. Hepatopathology was modelled in Wistar laboratory rats by intragastric administration of a 4% solution of tetracycline hydrochloride at the rate of 0.25 g/kg body weight for seven days. Using the method of thin-layer chromatography, the phospholipid components of animal bile and blood were studied. It was found that during experimental fatty hepatosis in rats, there was a decrease in the total phospholipid content in bile, mainly due to a decrease in the level of phosphatidylcholine (by 22.4-27.0%), the total fraction of inositol phosphatide and phosphatidylinositol (by 20.0-27.3%), and phosphatidylethanolamine (by 17.5-25.2%). Conversely, the introduction of milk phospholipids in the form of a dietary supplement “FLP-MD” in sick animals contributed to an increase in bile levels of phosphatidylserine by 67.1-99.8%, inositol phosphatide and phosphatidylinositol by 48.6-57.6%, phosphatidylcholine by 38.8-60.2%, phosphatidylethanolamine by 45.6-57.4%, and sphingomyelin by 30.4-46.3%. In the blood of such rats, a significant decrease in the content of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin was found, which was not observed after administration of the “FLP-MD” dietary supplement to sick animals. In the case of using the supplement in healthy animals, only a 29.3% increase in the blood content of inositol phosphatide and phosphatidylinositol was noted. The determination of the most sensitive indicators in the phospholipid spectrum of blood and bile reveals the features of changes in molecular processes for the development of fatty hepatosis in animals, and also contributes to preclinical tests of the corrective effectiveness of newly created drugs according to established markers

CISPLATIN AND PROGESTERONE SEPARATE AND JOINT ACTION ON RAT THYMUS NUCLEAR PHOSPHOLIPIDS COMPOSITION AND CONTENT

The antitumor agent cisplatin and progesterone separate and joint action on content of total phospholipids and their individual fractions in nuclei from rat thymus cells were investigated. When used separately, cisplatin and progesterone exhibit its own distinctive properties. Cisplatin reduces, and progesterone, on the contrary, increases the content of total phospholipids. When used together, the effects of these drugs are summed up. Thus total phospholipid content of rat thymus cell nuclei increases by 17% after the joint injection of cisplatin and progesterone. These changes have different effects on quantities of individual phospholipid fractions. It is assumed that the effects of cisplatin and progesterone, both in their separate and joint action, can be mediated by quantitative changes in internuclear lipids that in turn can regulate the main functions of the cell nuclei.

Nuclear Phosphoinositides as Key Determinants of Nuclear Functions.

Polyphosphoinositides (PPIns) are signalling messengers representing less than five per cent of the total phospholipid concentration within the cell. Despite their low concentration, these lipids are critical regulators of various cellular processes, including cell cycle, differentiation, gene transcription, apoptosis and motility. PPIns are generated by the phosphorylation of the inositol head group of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). Different pools of PPIns are found at distinct subcellular compartments, which are regulated by an array of kinases, phosphatases and phospholipases. Six of the seven PPIns species have been found in the nucleus, including the nuclear envelope, the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus. The identification and characterisation of PPIns interactor and effector proteins in the nucleus have led to increasing interest in the role of PPIns in nuclear signalling. However, the regulation and functions of PPIns in the nucleus are complex and are still being elucidated. This review summarises our current understanding of the localisation, biogenesis and physiological functions of the different PPIns species in the nucleus.

How does camel milk fat profile compare with that of human milk fat to serve as a substitute for human milk?

Commercial milk is one of the most well-known substitutes for human milk. In view of this, we performed an in-depth examination of human milk compared with camel milk. Results showed that human milk and camel milk have the same levels of saturated fatty acids. Human milk contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while camel milk had a higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids. Using UPC2/Q-TOF-MS, 146 and 136 triacylglycerols were identified in human and camel milk, respectively. Compared with camel milk, human milk contains more triglycerides composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids. We identified five major types of phospholipids in human and camel milk, with camel milk showing higher total phospholipid content than human milk. In addition, camel milk contains more cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins than human milk. This study can provide a theoretical basis for improving infant formulas.

Class A lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 2 from Camelina sativa promotes very long-chain fatty acids accumulation in phospholipid and triacylglycerol.

Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are important industrial raw materials and can be produced by genetically modified oil plants. For a long time, class A lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) was considered unable to promote the accumulation of VLCFA in oil crops. The bottlenecks that the transgenic high VLCFA lines have an oil content penalty and the low amount of VLCFA in phosphatidylcholine remains intractable. In the present study, a class A LPAT2 from Camelina sativa (CsaLPAT2) promoting VLCFAs accumulation in phospholipid was found. Overexpression of CsaLPAT2 alone in Arabidopsis seeds significantly increased the VLCFA content in triacylglycerol, including C20:0, C20:2, C20:3, C22:0, and C22:1. The proportion of phosphatidic acid molecules containing VLCFAs in transgenic seeds reached up to 45%, which was 2.8-fold greater than that in wild type. The proportion of phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol molecules containing VLCFAs also increased significantly. Seed size in CsaLPAT2 transgenic lines showed a slight increase without an oil content penalty. The total phospholipid content in the seed of the CsaLPAT2 transgenic line was significantly increased. Furthermore, the function of class A LPAT in promoting the accumulation of VLCFAs is conserved in the representative oil crops of Brassicaceae, such as C. sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, and Brassica oleracea. The findings of this study provide a promising gene resource for the production of VLCFAs.

Features of lipid metabolism in membranes of rat cells at experimental traumatic brain injury on the background of chronic alcohol intoxication

Introduction. Alcohol intoxication is often the cause of traumatic brain injury. The purpose of the work was to study the features of lipid metabolism in erythrocytes and mitochondria of the cerebral cortex cell membranes of rats in traumatic brain injury on the background of chronic alcohol intoxication. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 140 male rats of the Wistar line weighing 170-250 g. Chronic alcohol intoxication was caused by using 15% ethanol as the only source of fluid for 20 days. Reproduction of traumatic brain injury was carried out by a shock model. Statistical analysis of data was conducted by using „Primer Biostatistics 6.0”. The criteria of parametric statistics were used. The level of p <0.05 was statistically significant. Results. Chronic alcohol intoxication in rats and inducing of traumatic brain injury separately causes a significant change of total phospholipids and cholesterol content, and their molar ratio in the membranes of erythrocytes and mitochondria of the cerebral cortex. Particularly pronounced were the changes in studied objects with combined pathology, meaning, traumatic brain injury on the background of chronic alcohol intoxication. Discoordination of lipid metabolism was unidirectional, manifested in a significant reduction in the content of total phospholipids, and increased total cholesterol, which led to a violation of the molar ratio of total cholesterol/phospholipids in the direction of increasing the coefficient, which is normally about 1.0. In subsequent monitoring periods, there was a gradual restoration of individual fractions of phospholipids, but on the 30th day of the study, it did not reach the control values. That means that discoordination of the metabolism of individual phospholipid fractions was so pronounced, that even on 30th day of arbitrary reproduction did not reach the initial values, which again emphasizes the severity of the morphofunctional state of red blood cells membranes’ disturbance. Conclusions. The revealed features of lipid metabolism in the membranes of erythrocytes and mitochondria of the cerebral cortex in traumatic brain injury on the background of chronic alcohol intoxication are an important component for understanding the ongoing pathophysiological processes and searching for new effective drugs with targeted action.

Human Milk Lipid Profiles around the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Reported breast milk lipid concentrations may vary with geographical region, postnatal age, and year of sample collection. In this review, we summarized data on the concentrations of total fat, total phospholipids, cholesterol, and fatty acids in human milk worldwide and their variation according to lactation stage, study area, and sample collection year. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Medline databases for English-language papers and Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for Chinese-language papers. A total of 186 studies evaluating the human milk lipid profiles were included. According to random-effects models based on worldwide data, the summarized means (95% CIs) as percentages of total fat were 42.2% (41.1%, 43.3%) for SFAs, 36.6% (35.6%, 37.5%) for MUFAs, and 21.0% (19.3%, 22.7%) for PUFAs. However, the study heterogeneity was high for most types of fatty acids (I2>99%). Human milk from Western countries had higher concentrations of MUFAs and 18:1n-9 (ω-9), but lower concentrations of PUFAs, 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, and total n-6 PUFA compared with those from non-Western countries (P < 0.001-0.011). Significant lactation stage differences were observed for total fat and some individual fatty acids. The concentrations of SFAs and 16:0 were significantly negatively correlated with sampling year (P<0.001-0.028). In contrast, a significant positive correlation between the concentrations of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 and sampling year was observed (P<0.001-0.035). Our results suggest that the pooling of data on human milk lipid profiles in different studies should be done with caution due to the high between-study heterogeneity. The concentration of lipids, including total fat, cholesterol, and specific fatty acids, differs in human milk according to lactation stage, geographical region, and year of sample collection.

Comparative study of phospholipid content in breast milk of mothers at preterm and term babies

Phospholipids play important roles in cell membrane integrity, neural and brain development, and inflammatory responses. Phospholipids are also important for the growth of infants and the neurological development and the neurological disorders.The aim of the present study was to determine and compare phospholipid content in breast milk of mothers at preterm and term babies.The present study was a hospital- based comparative and analytical study. The study was conducted over a period of 1 year on 60 samples. The study group comprised a total 60 individuals in which breast milk of mothers of preterm babies comprised of 30 individuals and breast milk of mothers of term babies comprised of 30 individuals. The phospholipid content were qualitatively analyzed by the Thin Layer Chromatography and quantitatively analyzed by the method of Connerty.The results of the present study show that, the Mean±SD of the total phospholipid content (mg/dl) in breast milk of mothers of preterm babies was 84.44±10.45 mg/dl and the Mean±SD of the total phospholipid content (mg/dl) in breast milk of mothers of term babies was 45.1±7.15 mg/dl. The results of the present study indicate that the difference between the preterm and term babies was found to be significant statistically (p=&amp;#60;0.0001). The present study concluded that phospholipids content was significantly higher in breast milk of mothers in preterm babies as compared to term babies. Difference in composition of individual phospholipid may contribute to difference in rf values of individual phospholipids in breast milk of mothers of term and preterm babies.

Curcumin Supplementation Ameliorates Bile Cholesterol Supersaturation in Hamsters by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Cholesterol Absorption.

Curcumin is a polyphenol that has been shown to have prebiotic and cholesterol-lowering properties. This study aimed to investigate the impact of curcumin on bile cholesterol supersaturation and the potential mechanistic role of intestinal microbiota and cholesterol absorption. Male hamsters (n = 8) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with or without curcumin for 12 weeks. Results showed that curcumin significantly decreased cholesterol levels in the serum (from 5.10 to 4.10 mmol/L) and liver (from 64.60 to 47.72 nmol/mg protein) in HFD-fed hamsters and reduced the bile cholesterol saturation index (CSI) from 1.64 to 1.08 due to the beneficial modifications in the concentration of total bile acids (BAs), phospholipids and cholesterol (p < 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis via 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that curcumin modulated gut microbiota, predominantly increasing microbiota associated with BA metabolism and short-chain fatty acid production, which subsequently up-regulated the expression of hepatic cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase and increased the synthesis of bile acids (p < 0.05). Furthermore, curcumin significantly down-regulated the expression of intestinal Niemann–Pick C1-like protein 1(NPC1L1) in hamsters and reduced cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that dietary curcumin has the potential to prevent bile cholesterol supersaturation through modulating the gut microbiota and inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption.