Content Of Natural Antioxidants Research Articles

Effect of Dietary Incorporation of Hemp Seeds Alone or with Dried Fruit Pomace on Laying Hens' Performance and on Lipid Composition and Oxidation Status of Egg Yolks.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of introducing hemp seeds, as a source of PUFAs, into a standard diet with or without dried fruit pomace (dried blackcurrant (DB) or dried rosehip (DR)), as a source of natural antioxidants, on the laying performance of hens and the FA profile, cholesterol level, antioxidant content, and lipid oxidative status in the yolks of fresh eggs or eggs stored at 4 °C for 28 days. The experiment used 128 Tetra SL hens at 35 weeks of age, which were divided into four groups and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: a standard corn-wheat-soybean meal diet (C), standard diet containing 8% ground hemp seed (H), hemp seed diet containing 3% dried blackcurrant pomace (HB), and hemp seed diet containing 3% dried rosehip pomace (HR). The laying rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight, and yolk weight were improved by the use of hemp seeds. The yolks of the H, HB, and HR eggs had a lower cholesterol (p ˂ 0.01) and SFA content, while the concentration of total and individual PUFAs (n-6 and n-3 FAs) was significantly higher (p ˂ 0.01) compared to C. In addition, the introduction of hemp seeds into the diets alone or with dried fruit pomace (DB or DR) led to increased (p ˂ 0.001) content of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and hypo-/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio and decreased arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) content, n-6/n-3 ratio, and thrombogenicity index (TI) compared to the control eggs. The introduction of dried fruit pomace (DB or DR) into the diets had no effect on the laying performance of the hens or the cholesterol content and FA profile of the egg yolks, compared to the diet supplemented only with hemp seeds. The dried fruit pomace improved the color, accumulation of antioxidants, and oxidative stability of fats in the yolks of the fresh eggs and eggs stored at 4 °C for 28 days. The DR was found to have the most desirable effects, producing the most intense color of egg yolks, the highest content of natural antioxidants, and the best oxidative stability of yolk lipids.

Date Industry by-Product: Date Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as Potential Natural Sources of Bioactive and Antioxidant Compounds

The chemical composition, carotenoids, anthocyanins, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of three date seed cultivars, mainly Barhi, Ruthana, and Qatarah, were investigated. Date seed bioactive compounds were extracted by using different extraction solvents. The chemical analysis revealed that the Barhi cultivar has the highest moisture and fat content, while Ruthana has the highest carbohydrate content. There were no significant differences in protein and ash contents among the three date seeds. Ethanol (100%) showed the highest bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activity, whereas water showed the lowest content among the six solvents. Generally, all the date seed cultivars contain high amounts of phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity. The carotenoid content was highest in the Barhi (1.98 mg/g DW) followed by Qatarah (1.25 mg/g DW) and Ruthana (0.89 mg/g DW) seed, while the anthocyanin content was highest in the Ruthana cultivar (5.51 ± 0.71 cyanidin 3-glucoside/g DM.) and lowest in Barhi date seed (3.335 ± 0.23 cyanidin 3-glucoside/g DM.). Among the three date seeds, the Ruthana seed showed the highest phenolic (93.36 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid compounds (59.9 ± 0.44 mg CE/g), DPPH activity (78.6 ± 0.92%), and total reducing power (60.3 ± 0.09%). The optimum solvent for the extraction of the antioxidants and their activity in each date seed was validated by using partial least squares regression (PLS). The results revealed a variation in the valid and optimum extracts for each seed; 100% ethanol extract for Barhi seed and mixture of methanol:ethanol:water (M 40:E40:W20) extract for Ruthana and Qatarah cultivars were the best solvent systems. The high natural antioxidant content of date seeds indicates that they can be considered functional ingredients for food and medicinal uses.

ПЛОДЫ РЕДКИХ КУЛЬТУР КАК ИСТОЧНИКИ АНТИОКСИДАНТОВ ДЛЯ РАЗРАБОТКИ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ ПИТАНИЯ

The article deals with the creation of beverages with functional properties for the healthy nutrition of the country's population from the fruits of rare crops. The necessity of including functional foods with a high content of natural antioxidants that increase resistance to adverse environmental factors in the diet of the country's population is indicated. Chemical indicators of the quality of fruits of such rare crops as viburnum, rose hips, barberry and hawthorn have been studied. It has been established that viburnum fruits contain 18.5 mg/100 g of vitamin C, more than 100 mg/100 g of vitamin P, polyphenols; in rose hips – more than 100 mg/100 g of vitamin C, more than 200 mg/100 g of vitamin P, more than 2 mg/100 g of vitamin E, β– carotene and pectin substances; barberry fruits contain a high content of vitamins, polyphenols, β-carotene and minerals (up to 425.4 mg/100 g of potassium, up to 51.2 mg/100 g of calcium); hawthorn fruits contain vitamins C, P, E, polyphenols, β-carotene, potassium more than 598.0 mg/100 g and calcium more than 137.8 mg/100 g, which makes it possible to attribute them to the group of crops with a high content of macronutrients. Technological modes of preparation of extracts from fruits of rare crops are optimized, taking into account pH, temperature and hydrolysis time. Formulations of functional beverages have been developed using fruit extracts and puree from the fruits of barberry, viburnum, hawthorn and rosehip with a high content of antioxidants. The total content of natural antioxidants in the drink «Vitaminnyi» is 425.7 mg/100 g, in the drink «Zdorov’e» – 350,5 mg/100 g.

The Effect of Nano-Polyphenols Cocoa Whey Protein as Functional Fortification Materials in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Physicochemical Properties

The study aims to understand the interaction between cocoa polyphenol nanoparticles with whey protein isolate (WPI) bond between polyphenol cocoa nanoparticles with whey protein isolate (WPI) and the role of the nanoparticles of cocoa polyphenols as bioactive compounds in the nano-polyphenol cocoa whey protein. The research method is performed using laboratory experiments with a completely randomized design (CRD), followed by Duncan analysis (DMRT) when there are significant or highly significant differences in each treatment. This research focused on the nanoparticles of cocoa polyphenols in the formulation of the nano-polyphenol cocoa whey protein with 4 treatments (T0: 0%, T1: 5%, T2: 10%, T3: 15%) and 3 replications. The observed variables include total phenolic, antioxidant activity, particle size, emulsion activity, and emulsion stability. The difference in the concentration of the nanoparticles of cocoa results in highly significant differences (P<0.01) in total phenolic, antioxidant activity, and particle size. Gave a significant difference (P<0.05) in the emulsion activity, but does not show a significant difference in the emulsion stability (P>0.05). It can be concluded that cocoa 15% nanoparticles (T3) are the best treatment from other treatments and is able to synergize with whey protein isolate (WPI), improve emulsion quality and have natural antioxidant content used as an alternative for food fortification ingredients

Development of a highly efficient plant for separating the peel from the pulp of melons

The object of study is the development of an installation for separating the peel of melon crops (watermelon, pumpkin) for their further processing. The peel of melons contains important compounds such as minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, carotenoids and phytosterols. The peel of watermelon and pumpkin make up a fairly significant proportion of the fruit, varying in watermelon from 15 % to 40 %, pumpkin 5‒20 %, of the total mass of various commercial varieties, which are usually discarded as by-products after commercial processing. Thus, the peel remains a massive by-product, the most important among agri-food waste, due to the content of natural antioxidants and various other nutrients in them. However, the industrial use of watermelon and pumpkin peel is complicated by the lack of an effective technique for separating melon crops from the peel. Therefore, research on the development of an installation for separating the peel of melons (watermelon, pumpkin) is relevant. The developed installations for separating the pulp from the peel of melons have a number of disadvantages, Therefore, it seems relevant to develop an installation for separating the peel of melons. The developed installation has a number of advantages in comparison with analogues. For example, low knife wear is ensured due to the fact that when cutting the fruit, the cutting force is distributed along the entire length of the knife. The simplicity of the design and reduced loads on the cutting tool, as well as the effective design of the knife in the form of a hemisphere ensures maximum removal of pulp from the peel

Promising Role of the Scutellaria baicalensis Root Hydroxyflavone–Baicalein in the Prevention and Treatment of Human Diseases

Plant roots, due to a high content of natural antioxidants for many years, have been used in herbal medicine. It has been documented that the extract of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) has hepatoprotective, calming, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoid compounds found in the extract, including baicalein, have strong antiradical activity, which improves overall health and increases feelings of well-being. Plant-derived bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity have for a long time been used as an alternative source of medicines to treat oxidative stress-related diseases. In this review, we summarized the latest reports on one of the most important aglycones with respect to the pharmacological activity and high content in Baikal skullcap, which is 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone (baicalein).

Utilizing the Bioactivity of Nutmeg Leaf Oil to Raise the Natural Antioxidant Content of Cooking Oil

Nutmeg oil, also known as essential oil, is an oil extracted from the seeds or leaves of nutmeg through a distillation process. Nutmeg oil has several advantages, including as an antibacterial ingredient, an additive in the perfume industry, and as a raw material for medicines in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the essential oil from nutmeg leaves was produced using the steam-water distillation method, where the nutmeg leaves were dried before the steam-water distillation process was carried out. As a fixed variable, 150 g of bulk cooking oil and 150 g of bimoli cooking oil were used, while as a variable, steam-water distillation temperature was used with temperature variations of 105 oC, 115 oC, and 125 oC. Samples of 1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, and 4 mL of nutmeg leaf oil were mixed with bulk cooking oil to compare the free fatty acid oxidation ability and peroxide value after 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days. Analysis of the compound content of nutmeg leaf oil, free fatty acids, peroxide number, and antioxidant activity was carried out using GC-MS and 0.004% DPPH. The production of nutmeg leaf oil was obtained as much as 91 ml by steam distillation at a maximum temperature of 125 oC. Using a DPPH of 0.004 percent and a quantitative measure of IC50, the optimal antioxidant activity at 125 oC was found to be 2.03 percent. A comparison of free fatty acid numbers and peroxide values found in this study revealed that pure bimoli cooking oil had the lowest free fatty acid and peroxide values.

APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND CONTROL METHODS IN OXIDATION PROCESSES STUDIES OF CHEMICAL, FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGIES

Technological parameters, namely temperature and duration of β-carotene extraction process from filamentous fungus Blakeslea trispora biomass via vegetable oils with various fatty acid compositions and various contents of natural antioxidants (refined deodorized sunflower, high-oleic sunflower, corn and sesame) have been investigated. Statistical models of β-carotene dependences, as well as analytical numbers, characterizing content of free fatty acids (acid number) and primary products of lipid oxidation (peroxide number) content, in oil extracts of the specified refined deodorized oils, from temperature and extraction duration have been built.
 Rational parameters of β-carotene extraction from Blakeslea trispora biomass with selected extractants (refined deodorized sunflower, high-oleic sunflower, corn and sesame oils) have been determined to control extract's technological properties. It has been proven that usage of these refined deodorized oils as extractants practically does not affect on the target product content in oil extracts of biomass, but it does affect on analytical numbers of extracts, characterizing content of free fatty acids, peroxides and hydroperoxides. The highest content of free fatty acids in β-carotene, containing biomass extraction with sunflower oil, has been observed. The minimum content of free fatty acids in extracts with corn and sesame oils has been be achieved. The highest content of primary products of β-carotene lipid oxidation (peroxides and hydroperoxides), containing biomass extraction by sunflower oil, has been observed. The minimum content of free fatty acids in extracts with usage of sesame oil has been achieved.
 It is possible to predict β-carotene content, as well as acid and peroxide numbers of oil extracts from biomass in specified refined deodorized oils, depending on temperature and extraction process duration, using obtained approximation dependences.

Non-destructive measurement of antioxidant activity and water content in chili powder (Capsicum annuum L.) using near-infrared spectroscopy

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is a potential source of antioxidants due to its high vitamin and lutein contents. The information on antioxidant activity and water content of chili are needed by the chili-based industries which utilise chili's natural antioxidant content for various purposes in health, food, or herbal products. These information are often obtained through destructive testing which damages the tested materials, and also requires a relatively long analysis time. Therefore, the present work aimed to non-destructively measure the antioxidant activity and water content of chili powder using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIS) combined with partial least square (PLS) analysis. A total of 84 samples of chili powder from four different colour groups were used in the present work. Approximately 70% of the samples were used for calibration, while the rest were used for validation. Samples' reflectance data were acquired using NIRFlex N500 Fiber Optic Solids Cells at wavelengths of 1000 - 2500 nm. The antioxidants activity and water content were also analysed destructively for comparison/reference data. PLS was then performed on the spectrum and reference using the Unscrambler X version 11.0 software. There were also three pre-treatments used to improve the spectrum, i.e., multiplicative scatter correction, first derivative Savitzky Golay, and de-trending. The best calibration model was successfully obtained when the antioxidant activity spectrum was processed using the de-trending pre-treatment with six PLS factors. The coefficient of determination (R2) and residual predictive deviation (RPD) values for this were 0.83 and 2.60, respectively. Additionally, the best calibration model was successfully obtained when the water content spectrum was processed using the first derivative Savitzky Golay pre-treatment with five PLS factors. The R2 and RPD values for this were 0.96 and 2.25, respectively. Both models were observed to be accurate, and have the potential to be used for measuring the antioxidant activity and water content of chili powder samples.

EFFECT OF OXIDATION PRODUCTS AND OTHER PRECURSORS ON THE CONTENT OF 3-MCPD ESTERS AND GLYCIDOL ESTERS IN DEODORISED SUNFLOWER OIL

This paper investigates the effect of precursors on the formation of 3-MCPD esters (3-MCPD-E) and glycidol esters (GE) and discusses ways to reduce the concentration of these toxic esters in deodorised oils. As the content of oxidation products in sunflower oil increases, the amount of MCPD esters formed after deodorisation increases too: from 560 μg/kg (for oil with the peroxide value 1.06 mmol 1/2О/kg and the anisidine value 0.55) to 1290 μg/kg (for oil with PV=6.73 mmol 1/2O/kg and PAV=10.38). Thus, peroxides and aldehydes should be classified as the initiators of the formation of 3-MCPD-E. Accordingly, a way to reduce toxic 3-MCPD-E in deodorised oils is by preventing the formation of oxidation products during the extraction and processing of oils, or by reducing the content of oxidation products in oils before deodorisation. On the contrary, there is no correlation between the content of oxidation products and the amount of glycidol esters in deodorised oil. No relationship has been found between the content of natural antioxidants of oils, tocopherols, and the amount of 3-MCPD-E and GE. Increasing the pH of oils leads to a higher content of 3-MCPD-E resulting from deodorisation. As the number of acid groups increases, the amount of 3-MCPD-E increases too. Conversely, with bigger amounts of acid introduced into the oil, no additional quantities of glycidol esters are formed in the course of deodorisation.

Effect of ionizing radiation on microbiological safety and activity of antioxidant enzymes in minced meat

A number of studies have shown the effectiveness of meat irradiation at doses of 2-6 kGy to extend its shelf life when stored in vacuum packaging. It is known that the radiation treatment of meat can lead to a decrease in the content of natural antioxidants. Furthermore, the intensity of oxidative processes is significantly higher in meat products with a high fat content (20% or more). At the same time, the optimal modes of minced meat irradiation, which make it possible to ensure safety for the population and to increase the shelf life, have not yet been established. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of various doses of ionizing radiation on the content of aerobic, facultative anaerobic microorganisms and radiolysis products, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in chilled minced meat during storage. Material and methods. The object of the study was minced meat, consisting of beef and pork (1 : 1) with 20% mass fraction of fat. The experimental samples were irradiated on an electron accelerator UELR-10-15-S-60-1 with an electron energy of 5-10 MeV at doses of 2, 2.5 and 3 kGy. The control sample of minced meat was not subjected to radiation treatment. Determination of the total count of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAnM) (CFU/kg) in control and experimental samples was determined on days 0, 7, 15 and 22. Methods for evaluating antioxidant activity included spectrophotometric determining the content of active radiolysis products that react with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA-AP) according to the Brajet method, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and activity of antioxidant enzymes in minced meat: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Results. Radiation treatment of minced meat at a dose of 2.0 kGy provided a normalized level of QMAFAnM in chilled minced meat for 22 days. It has been established that the treatment of minced meat with ionizing radiation in doses of 2.0-3.0 kGy leads to a dose-dependent decrease in its TAOC and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx), as well as to an increase in TBA-AP content (р<0,05). Conclusion. The dose of ionizing radiation of 2.0 kGy helps to maintain the microbiological safety of minced meat for 22 days in terms of QMAFAnM with minimal changes in TAOC values, SOD, CAT and GPx activity and TBA-AP content.

Utilization and benefits of palm oil in fisheries

Utilization of crude palm oil as a fish feed ingredient has been carried out in recent years. Crude palm oil can replace fish oil on dietary fish. The use of CPO has been applied to barramundi (Lates calcarifer), Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicas), salmonid species, and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets. palm oil appears to boost protein efficiency when being added to oxidized fish feed. The various advantages of palm oil include superior energy sources (saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids), high content of natural antioxidants (carotenes and E vitamin), lessening fatty acid deposition, and low cost and producing high oil yield. Moreover, palm oil-based diets for fish indicated no effect on the fillets either in their texture or color Fish growth is not disturbed if you change fish oil to crude palm oil in fish feed. The level of use of palm oil is different for each fish species.

Bioactive Properties of Different Parts of Vitis labrusca L. Fruit

Vitus labrusca L. is a fragrant grape variety that is widely grown in our country and the world. In addition to being consumed as a table grape, it is also consumed by processing into different products such as wine, vinegar, and molasses. This fruit and its residues, revealed after processing into the product, are rich in phenolic compounds. The residues of the grape can be evaluated due to their bioactive potential. In this study, the bioactive characteristics of V. labrusca L. grown in Samsun were investigated. Total phenolic, antioxidative activity properties and oleanolic acid levels were determined in order to reveal their bioactive properties. For this purpose, the whole fruits, skin, and seed parts of the fruits were analyzed separately. It is concluded that the highest values as the total phenolics (1519.68±280.05 mg kg-1), oleanolic acid (351.32±91.42 mg kg-1), and antioxidant values (FRAP: 22.13±6.77 µmol Fe2+g-1) were determined in the skin of fruit. Furthermore, when the relationship between the natural antioxidant contents and the antioxidant activity examined, there was a negative correlation between the total phenolics and DPPH reducing value (as EC50). In conclusion, it is considered that the residues of the grape should be evaluated for their bioactive potential due to V. labrusca L. Fruits being rich in bioactive compounds, and these compounds are mainly concentrated in the skin part.

Methane reduction from ruminant microbiota of sheep using polyphenols extract of different olive mill wastewater

Olive oil production generates considerable quantities of olive mill wastewater, a powerful pollutant dumped in nature without any prior treatment. Olive mill wastewater is considered as a potential source of natural products of high additive value, due to their content of phenolic compounds and other natural antioxidants. This study aims to investigate the impact of phenolic substances, extracted from different olive mill wastewater of different olive varieties, on the composition of the ruminal microbiota of sheep. The results of the quantification of phenolic compounds show the richness of the three varieties (Sigoise, Azzeradj and Chemlal) in polyphenols with respective values of 26.3, 23.97 and 20.09 g/L. Moreover, a stimulation in the fermentative activity was reported, which caused a significant reduction in methane production (24 hours of incubation) of 7.31, 39.36 and 30.06% for Sigoise, Azzeradj and Chemlal, respectively. In addition, this decrease creates a reduction in the production of ammonia and the number of protozoa.

Studying the possibility of using non-traditional vegetable raw materials of the Republic of Adygea in the production of functional antioxidant products

In the last decade the attitude of socially active people to their own health has changed significantly. The desire to lead a healthy lifestyle forms consumers’ demand for proper balanced nutrition, products enriched with natural biologically active substances of unconventional plant materials, systematic consumption of which can not only reduce the risk of alimentary diseases, but also protect a person from oxidative stress, which is the predecessor of many serious illnesses. Among the wide range of chemical compounds that make up plant materials, a special place is occupied by compounds of antioxidant action, such as flavonoids, phenol carboxylic acids, vitamins C and E. The aim of the research was to study the qualitative composition and quantitative content of natural antioxidants in some types of medicinal and technical plant materials of the Republic of Adygea to determine the possibility of their use in the production of functional food products. The content of biologically active compounds that determine the antioxidant properties of plant materials was determined using «Kapel 105 «M» capillary electrophoresis system and JASCO 875-UV liquid chromatograph. Antioxidant activity was measured by the amperometric method with Tsvet Yauza-01-AA analyzer. According to the results of the research, it has been found that Echinacea purpurea herb (1,09 g / dm3) and walnut leaves (0,96 g / dm3) exhibit a high antioxidant activity (in terms of gallic acid), which is due to the high concentration of natural antioxidants of the phenolic type. Due to these properties this plant raw materials can be used as enriching ingredients for the production of various groups of food products for functional purposes.

Nanocurcumin potential to increase mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle via AMPK-PGC-1alpha

Curcumin, which comes from the rhizome Curcuma longa L, is known as the polyphenol with a high level content of natural antioxidants and has benefits on pharmacological activities and human health. The purpose of current study was to investigate the effect of nanocurcumin itself and the combination with exercise on 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PGC-1α, and mitochondrial protein expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX-IV), in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Animals separated to be non-endurance exercise and endurance exercise group. Curcumin and nanocurcumin with doses 100 mg per kg-body weight per day were given peroral in both groups for 28 days in order to determine the effect of nanocurcumin on mitochondrial markers including AMPK-PGC-1α and COX-IV. Western blotting (WB) method was applied to investigate the protein expression on skeletal muscle. The result showed that nanocurcumin increased mitochondrial marker protein COX-IV on non exercise and exercise groups. Furthermore, our result demonstrated that nanocurcumin treatment combined with exercise increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and PGC-1α. Addition, nanocurcumin treatment alone, without exercise, also increased PGC-1α protein expression. This current result suggests that nanocurcumin could increase mitochondrial biogenesis markers. When it is used together with exercise, it potentially has the additive effect of exercise to increase mitochondrial markers through AMPK-PGC-1α signaling pathway. In conclusion, nanocurcumin treatment combined with exercise potentially increases mitochondrial biogenesis.

CONTROL AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT OF EXTRACTION PROCESS IN INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY OF BETA-CAROTINE FROM BLAKESLEA TRISPORA

The technological parameters, namely temperature and duration of β-carotene extraction process from the biomass of filamentous fungus Blakeslea trispora with vegetable oils of various fatty acid compositions and with various contents of natural antioxidants (refined deodorized sunflower, viso-oleic sunflower, corn and sesame) have been investigated. Statistical models of dependences of β-carotene, as well as analytical numbers, characterizing the content of free fatty acids (acid number) and primary products of lipid oxidation (peroxide number) content, in oil extracts of the specified refined deodorized oils, from temperature and extraction duration have been built.&#x0D; Rational parameters of β-carotene extraction from Blakeslea trispora biomass with selected extractants (refined deodorized sunflower, high oleic sunflower, corn and sesame oils) have been determined for the extracts technological properties control. It has been proven that the use of these refined deodorized oils as extractants practically does not affect the content of the target product in oil extracts of biomass, but it does affect the analytical numbers of extracts characterizing the content of free fatty acids, peroxides and hydroperoxides. The highest content of free fatty acids in β-carotene containing biomass extraction with sunflower oil has been observed. The minimum content of free fatty acids in extracts with corn and sesame oils using has been be achieved. The highest content of primary products of lipid oxidation (peroxides and hydroperoxides) during β-carotene containing biomass extraction by sunflower oil has been observed. The minimum content of free fatty acids in extracts with sesame oil using has been achieved.&#x0D; It is possible to predict β-carotene content, as well as acid and peroxide numbers of oil extracts from biomass in specified refined deodorized oils, depending on temperature and extraction process duration using the obtained approximation dependences.

Lipid Oxidation Products on Inflammation-Mediated Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: A Mini Review.

Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis are the common causes of mortality in developed and developing countries. Repeated heating of the dietary oil is a common practice to reduce cost during food preparation. When the cooking oil is heated at high temperatures, production of free radicals augments the oxidative degradation of lipids and depletes the natural antioxidant contents of the cooking oil. Chronic intake of foods prepared using reheated oil could impair antioxidant capacity, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. This review aims to summarize the current evidence of lipid oxidation products on hypertension and atherosclerosis via inflammatory pathway. In particular, toxic lipid oxidation products such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal are taken into account. Understanding the signaling pathways underlying the pathology associated with the lipid oxidation-derived aldehydes may be useful to develop therapeutic strategies for the prevention of inflammatory-related cardiovascular complications.

The effect of photobiomodulation therapy of some indices of rats’ blood cells functional state under experimental diabetes mellitus

Background. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine-metabolic disease caused by an absolute or relative insulin deficiency. During diabetes, there are perfect conditions for the development of oxidative stress: the content of substrates for oxidation increases, the content of natural antioxidants decreases and the activity of antioxidant systems is suppressed. It is known that photobiomodulation therapy produce antioxidant and antihyperglycemic effects. Here we investigated its influence on blood system functioning. Materials and Methods. The study was performed on male Wistar rats. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Leukocyte formula was calculated using blood smears stained by Romanowsky–Giemsa. Catalase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen was evaluated by spectrophotometric method in Ivanov’s modification by drawing oxygenation curves. The protoporphyrin content in whole blood was measured by analyzing its fluorescence spectra. The content of NO2-, total and inducible NO synthase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Results. Under the action of photobiomodulation therapy on healthy animals, there was a shift of oxygenation curves to the left and a decrease of P50, whereas under irradiation of rats with diabetes, there was a shift of oxygenation curves to the right and increase in P50 compared to indices in nonirradiated animals. During diabetes, there was a decrease in protoporphyrin content compared to control, but there was a tendency to increase under photobiomodulation. Photobiomodulation therapy of rats with diabetes increased catalase activity in erythrocyte hemolysates. We revealed significant changes in leukocyte formula under photobiomodulation. The total NO synthase activity in leukocytes of rats with diabetes was higher compared to healthy animals, but decreased under the action of photobiomodulation. We found an increase in inducible NO synthase activity in leukocytes of rats with diabetes and in leukocytes of irradiated healthy animals. An increase in NO2- content in leukocytes of rats with diabetes was detected. Under photobiomodulation, NO2- content was significantly lower in rats with diabetes. Conclusion. Photobiomodulation therapy produces a corrective action on blood system during diabetes, in particular, it improves oxygen release from hemoglobin and prevents hypoxia. Simultaneously with the increase in tissue oxygen saturation, a decrease in NO synthase activity and nitrite content along with an increase in catalase activity prevents the development of oxidative stress.

Application of MAG (monoacyl glycerol) as emulsifier with red palm oil in body cream product

Palm Fatty Acid Destilate (PFAD) is one of the wastes from the palm oil processing. PFAD can be reacted with glycerol to form MAG (monoacyl glycerol). MAG is an emulgator that can be applied in a cosmetic product in the form of a red palm oil cream. Red palm oil is one of the products processed from palm oil that still has a lot of natural antioxidant content such as carotenoids and vitamin E. formulation of red palm oil cream is carried out by treating variations of stearic acid substitution with red palm oil 50%, 75% and 100% as the source of active ingredients and variations in the combination of MAG and tween 80 as emulsifiers with each weight ratio of 1:3; 2:2 and 3:1. Each formula is then characterized based on its physical properties such as type of emulsion, pH, and stability of the emulsion. Some formulas that have the best physical properties will be selected and continued with sensory and total carotene tests. The synthesize MAG used has the characteristics of water content, free fatty acids and free glycerol, each at 1.27%; 0% and 0.37%. with a pure MAG yield of 18.85%. The best formula for red palm oil cream is formula with variation of stearic acid substitution with red palm oil by 50% and a variation of the MAG: tween 80 combination of 2:2. The formula has a HLB emulgator value of 9.4 and contains active carotenoid of 311.82 ppm.