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Effects of Reaction Time and Hydrochloric Acid Concentration on Acid Hydrolysis of Rice Husk by Reflux Method

Thailand Has a Large Amount of Lands for the Rice Cultivation which Ranked as the Fifth of the World and Stays on its Position as the World’s Largest Rice Exporter. A Huge Number of Biomass Wastes from the Rice Mill Process, Rice Husk, Lead to the Environmental Problems in Thailand. however, there Is an Alternative Way to Turn this Waste into an Advantage. Rice Husk Is Full of Lignocellulose and SiO2; Therefore, it Becomes a Great and Resource of the Biomass Material for the Chemical and Biological Production. Lignin and Hemicellulose from Rice Husk Could Be Extracted and Hydrolysed by Base and Acid Solution, Respectively. the Aims of this Work Were to Extract Lignin and to Hydrolyse Hemicellulose from Rice Husk; Furthermore, this Work Was to Determine the Optimum Concentration of Acid Solution and Reaction Time for Hemicellulose Extraction. Rice Husk Was Dried and then Milled to Obtain the Average Particle Diameter of 355 μm. the Lignin Extraction Was Performed in Term of NH4OH Solution (10% v/v) at 25oC for 24 h with Dual-action Shakers. then, the Hemicellulose Was Hydrolyzed by Hcl Solution (2, 4, 6 and 8% v/v) Using a Solid/liquid Ratio of 1g Dry Weight/20 ml of HCl Solution and Heated at 100oC for 3 and 5 h with Reflux Method. the Samples Were Characterized by UV Spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDS). the Results Indicated that the Lignin Content Was 12.3% w/w when Applying of 10% v/v of NH4OH. Moreover, the Highest Hemicellulose Content (35.5 %w/w) Was Obtained by 6% v/v of Hcl at 100oC for 5 h. Scanning Electron Micrograph Showed that the Rice Husk Composed of Cell Wall and Cellulose Fibers. these Cellulose Fibers Were Separated by Removing Lignin and Hemicellulose. According to, the EDS Analysis Showed that the only Rice Husk Cell Wall Consists of SiO2.

Studies on Properties of Epoxy Resin Base Piezoelectricity Damping Carbon Fiber Composite Materials

Damping Materials Have Been Wildly Used in Aerospace, Traffic, Construction Fields and so on. The Piezo-Damping Materials Have Received much Attention due to the Novel Energy Loss Mechanism. In this Paper, Piezo-Damping Composite Materials Were Prepared from the Epoxy Resin (EP) as the Resin Matrix, Nano Lead Titanate (Nano-PT) Ceramics as Piezoelectric Material and Chopped Carbon Fibers (CF) as Conductive Materials. The Mechanical and Damping Properties of the Composites Were Analyzed by Mechanics Test, DMA and Vibration Beam Method. The Results Showed that when the Nano-PT Content Was 60% of EP and CF Content Was 0.25% of EP, the Composite Got the Better Mechanical Properties. Form DMA, the Loss Factor (tanδ) Peak Reached 0.58. Damping Temperature Range △T (tanδ>0.3) Was about 36.3°C. In Comparison, Damping Loss Factor Measured by Vibration Beam Method Was 0.82.

Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Upland Field Soil of Japan 1. Relationship Between Spore Density and The Soilenvironmental Factor

To Quantify The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Am Fungi) On The Growth of Upland Field Crops Cultivated in Japan, We Analyzed Soil Samples From 124 Sites in 18 Japanese Prefectures For Available P Content, Ph and Am Fungal Spore Density. The Am Fungal Spore Density in The 124 Soil Samples Was 1.7 Per G Dw On The Average, and Lower Than 1.0 Per G Dry Soil (Dw) in About Half of The Soil Samples. The Maximum Spore Density Was 20.6 Spores Per G Dw. The Density of Am Fungal Spore Did Not Vary Significantly With The Sampling Site and The Kind of Cultivated Crop in The Sampling Field. The Ph of The Soil With A High Spore Density Ranged From 6 To 8, and in The Soil Samples With A Ph Lower Than 6 and Higher Than 8, TheSpore Density Was Lower Than 5 Spores Per G Dw. Thus, in The Acid Or Alkaline Soil, The Sporogenesis of Am Fungi Is Suppressed. Because Available P Content Was Consistently Low in The Soil Samples With A High Spore Density, P Content Was Considered To Correlate With The Am Fungal Spore Density. Therefore, Crop Cultivation With Limited P Fertilizer Application and Reduced Available P Content May Be Important To increase Am Fungal Spore Density in Upland Field Soil.

The Contribution of Polyphenols To Antioxidative Activity In Common Buckwheat and Tartary Buckwheat Grain

We Examined The Contribution of Polyphenols To The Antioxidative Activity In The Grains of Common Buckwheat “Hitachi Akisoba” (H) and “Kanto No.1” (K) and In Those of Tartary Buckwheat “Rotundatum” (R) and “Pontivy” (P). The Antioxidative Activity In The 80% Ethanol Extracts Was 16.4 and 15.3 딀Mol-Trolox G-1 Dw In H and K, Respectively, and 52.9 and 57.4 µMOL-TROLOX G-1 Dw In R and P, Respectively. These Extracts Were Analyzed By Hplc. In Common Buckwheat, (-)-Epicatechin, (-)-Epicatechingallate, and Rutin Were Confirmed. The (-)-Epicatechin Content Was 20.2 and 15.6 Mg 100 G-1 Dw, and Those of Rutin Were 13.6 and 12.2 Mg 100 G-1 Dw In H and K, Respectively. (-)-Epicatechin Accounted For About 13 and 11% of The Total Antioxidative Activity In H and K, Respectively, and Rutin About 2% In Both Varieties. Since Each Polyphenol Accounted For Only About One Fifth of The Total Antioxidative Activity, The Existence of Unknown Antioxidants Was Suggested. In Tartary Buckwheat, Rutin Quercitrin, and Quercetin Were Confirmed. The Rutin Content Was 1808.7 and 1853.8 Mg 100 G-1 Dw, In R and P, Respectively. Rutin Accounted For About 90 and 85% of The Total Antioxidative Activity In R and P, Respectively. Accordingly, Rutin Appears To Be The Major Antioxidant In Tartary BuckwheaT.

Assessing Drought Tolerance of Snap Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris) From Genotypic Differences In Leaf Water Relations,Shoot Growth and Photosynthetic Parameters

The Leaf Water Relations, Photosynthetic Parameters and Shoot Growth of Five Snap Bean Cultivars Were Assessed During The Drought Period To Determine Their Role In Alleviating Plant Water Deficit Imposed By Withholding Irrigation At Flowering. Soil Water Content of Irrigated Plants Was 18-20% While That of Unirrigated Plants Was 6-10% At 60 Days After Seeding (Das). Leaf Water Potential Was Approximately 0.15Mpa Lower and Relative Water Content Was Approximately 5% Lower In Unirrigated Plants Than In Irrigated Plants At 57 Das. Unirrigated Plants Had A Lower Stomatal Conductance (Gs) and Intercellular Co2 Concentration (Ci). Reduced Leaf Water Potential and Relative Water Content Were Associated With A Decreased Stem Elongation Rate. Plants With A Lower Stem Elongation Rate Had A Higher Specific Leaf Weight and Succulence Index (Suci). Significant Differences Among Five Cultivars of Snap Bean Were Found For All Parameters Measured. Decreased Leaf Water Potential and Stem Elongation Rate Resulting From Drought Participated In Preserving Relative Water Content and Improving Specific Leaf Weight and Suci. Maintenance of Higher Relative Water Content Increased Gs and Ci. Cultivars That Maintained A High Relative Water Content When Leaf Water Potential and Stem Elongation Rate Were Decreased Markedly, Were More Tolerant To Drought Than Those Which A Reduced Relative Water Content and The Leaf Water Potential and Stem Elongation Rate Were Only Slightly Lowered. Reduced Yield (Pods Per Plant and Seed Biomass) Resulting From Drought Was Associated With Reduced Relative Water Content.

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Geochemistry, Geophysics, GeosystemsVolume 1, Issue 3 Free Access No Content Was Published This Month First published: 10 January 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/GGGE3001About ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume1, Issue3March 2000 RelatedInformation