Evaluation Of Content Validity Research Articles

Comics as Engaging Tools for Teaching Geography

An educational comic is a graphic work that creates various characters focused on scientific elements as an approach to classroom learning. This study aimed to develop comics as a geography learning module for form four students on river formation and sustainability. This study employs two approaches: questionnaires for the quantitative method and document analysis for the qualitative method. The study analyzed two key documents: geography textbooks and the Curriculum Standard Documents and Assessment (DSKP). Distributing the questionnaire allowed the expert to validate and provide feedback on the applicability of comics. The analysis uses the content validity index (CVI) to evaluate content validity, while descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation) was used to test the applicability of comics. The study showed that the five experts’ CVI analysis of module content, teaching design, and technical requirements is high. Findings showed that the comics’ level of applicability is high and can be used as teaching aids during the teaching and learning process in geography lessons. The implications of the study of comics produced enable geography teachers to diversify the construction of comics in other topics, according to DSKP Geography.

Advancing Digital Education Technologies by Empowering Nurses With Point-of-Care Ultrasound: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

Bedside ultrasonography, also known as point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS), is a promising technological tool that enhances clinical assessment, enriching diagnostic capabilities and clinical reasoning. Its use in nursing spans various patient populations and health care settings, providing nurses with a valuable health assessment tool to improve care quality and patient safety. Despite its growing integration into clinical practice, PoCUS training has mainly focused on physicians, leaving a gap for trained nurses who demonstrate similar proficiency in conducting scans and interpreting images. Previous research highlights the value of digital tools in PoCUS training, showing their role in improving professionals' and students' knowledge, image interpretation skills, and clinical acumen. This study aimed to (1) establish an assessment instrument gauging nurses' competency milestones in PoCUS and evaluate its content and appearance validity, (2) develop a series of 5 educational videos focused on PoCUS and assess their content and appearance validity, and (3) construct an online learning environment tailored to nurses' PoCUS training needs and evaluate its content and appearance validity. We will conduct a methodological study of technological production guided by Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory. Subproject 1 will design and validate a comprehensive assessment tool for evaluating nurses' competency milestones in PoCUS use. For this purpose, a scoping review will be conducted. The review will be based on JBI Collaboration guidelines and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extended for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Subproject 2 involves an evaluation of content and appearance validity for a series of 5 educational videos on PoCUS, designed specifically for nurses about applying peripherally inserted central catheter lines, inserting nasogastric feeding tubes, assessing gastric residual volume, assessing pressure injuries and soft tissue conditions, and assessing muscle mass to monitor patient nutritional status. In subproject 3, a comprehensive online learning environment dedicated to PoCUS training for nurses will be developed and validated. The launch of an online learning environment represents a cornerstone of our dissemination strategy, scheduled to coincide with the inaugural Brazilian PoCUS symposium for nurses, an event organized by the project members. This platform will serve as a pivotal resource for continuous learning and professional development. Subproject 1 will start in the second half of 2024 and is expected to be completed by mid-2025. Subproject 2 is currently ongoing and is expected to be completed in early 2026. Subproject 3 is set to begin in early 2025 and is planned to be completed by 2026. Through these concerted efforts, the project aims to bridge the existing gap in PoCUS training for nurses, thereby fostering their proficiency and enhancing patient care outcomes. PRR1-10.2196/58030.

71 Development and validation of the COCINL scale assessing family resilience in the NICU among parents of preterm infants

Abstract Background Given the negative impact of parental distress on preterm infants and their families, examining the role of family resilience in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a promising avenue for promoting parental mental health while remaining consistent with family-centered care. A tool to assess NICU family resilience is essential to guide care and research, yet none specifically adapted for the neonatal context exists to date according to a recent systematic review. Objectives Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a new scale, the COCINL scale, designed to measure family resilience in the context of neonatal care among French-speaking parents of preterm infants. Design/Methods This methodological design study was carried out in four successive phases: (I) compilation of an item pool (II) mixed-method evaluation of content validity (clarity, relevance, representativeness) involving 12 experts, (III) pre-testing and electronic administration of the COCINL scale, along with a measure of psychological distress (Kessler-6) and an open-ended self-report question on family resilience to parents of preterm infants (n=88) and (IV) psychometric testing of the COCINL scale (internal consistency, construct validity, exploratory sensitivity and specificity). Parents of preterm infants and experts were recruited by convenience sampling from two urban, level III NICUs. Results From a pool of 112 items, 55 items were favorably evaluated after content validation (S-CVI>0.95). Based on preliminary interitem correlations and internal consistency results, the COCINL scale was shortened to 42 items and divided in four subscales. High internal consistency is also shown in subscales (0.796 to 0.908) and total scale (0.937) Cronbach’s alphas. The COCINL scale displays adequate construct validity, as determined by the Pearson correlation obtained between scores of family resilience and psychological distress (r=-0.236, p=0.027). Strong in between correlations of the four subscales and with the COCINL total score (0.732 to 0.851), further indicated good construct validity. Exploratory sensitivity and specificity analysis revealed the COCINL scale compares to participants' self-reported perception of family resilience (AUC 0.754). Conclusion The COCINL scale has shown strong evidence of validity and internal consistency. Thus, the scale can be recommended for research use as a measure of family resilience in the neonatal context. Still, additional evidence of its validity and reliability should be compiled before clinical use is considered. The COCINL scale could potentially support the development, evaluation and implementation of nursing interventions consistent with the family-centered care approach being promoted in NICUs across Canada and worldwide.

A Self-Administered Eating Behavior Scale for Patients With Heart Failure Living at Home: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Scale Development Study.

The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is increasing worldwide, with the associated mortality rates rising consistently. Preventing HF progression requires adherence to restricted sodium intake alongside sufficient and balanced nutritional consumption. For patients at home, preparing nutritionally balanced meals is essential, either self-assisted or with the aid of close individuals. Patients with HF frequently experience decreased exercise tolerance, depression, anxiety, and social isolation, which interfere with eating behaviors, leading to inadequate dietary habits. However, measures focusing on the determinants of eating behavior among patients with HF are currently lacking. This study aims to develop a self-administered scale to assess the eating behaviors of patients with HF living at home (Self-Administered Eating Behaviors Scale for Heart Failure [SEBS-HF]). This study encompasses 3 phases. Phase 1 involves identifying factors influencing eating behaviors in patients with HF. First, a literature review will be conducted using PubMed and CINAHL databases. The specified literature will be analyzed qualitatively and inductively. Additionally, verbatim transcripts obtained from semistructured interviews of patients with HF and medical experts will be qualitatively analyzed. Based on the Phase 1 results, a preliminary scale will be constructed. In Phase 2, cognitive interviews will be conducted with patients with HF and experts; the preliminary scale will be used to qualitatively evaluate its content validity. After validation, the scale will be used in Phase 3 to conduct a cross-sectional study involving patients with HF. In Phase 3, data will be collected from clinical records and self-administered questionnaires or scales. After conducting a preliminary survey, the main survey will be conducted. The reliability and validity of the scale will be assessed using statistical methods. The first phase of this study commenced in September 2023, and by May 2, 2024, a total of 7 patients with HF and 6 expert professionals were enrolled as study participants. The draft creation of the scale will be completed in 2024, and the content validity evaluation of the draft scale is expected to be finished by early 2025. The third phase will begin its investigation in mid-2025 and is expected to be completed by late 2025, after which the SEBS-HF will be published. The development and use of this scale will enable a more comprehensive evaluation of the factors influencing eating behaviors in patients with HF. Thus, medical and welfare professionals should provide appropriate support tailored to the specific needs of patients with HF. DERR1-10.2196/60719.

The questions on violence (FOV) tool for interpersonal violence inquiry in Swedish healthcare settings – evaluation of content validity, face validity and test-retest reliability

BackgroundPrevious research indicates that routine inquiry or screening conducted by healthcare providers may significantly increase the identification of interpersonal violence. There is a lack of comprehensive instruments to routinely assess patients about interpersonal violence and violence against children in the household. The purpose of this study was to assess the content validity, face validity and reliability of the Questions on Violence (FOV) tool, an instrument specifically designed for routine inquiries about interpersonal violence in healthcare settings within the Swedish context.MethodsThe content validity, face validity and reliability of the FOV instrument was assessed through (1) a content validity index with six experts in the field of intimate partner violence, (2) cognitive interviews with nine patients recruited from a primary healthcare facility, and (3) an evaluation of the test-retest reliability based on responses from 37(50.0%) university students. The intraclass correlation coefficient, model 2.1, was calculated to assess the degree of correlation and agreement between the two measurements.ResultsCalculations based on the content validity index indicated that five out of seven items had excellent content validity (≥ 0.78). The average content validity index of included items was 0.88, which is slightly below the recommended threshold for excellent content validity. The results based on the cognitive interviews revealed that participants found the seven items to be relevant and easy to understand. Overall, the participants agreed that the concept of ‘close relationships’ primarily encompassed intimate partners, family members, and close friends. The value of the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.85 (0.77–0.91; CI 95%), indicating good reliability with an interval of good to excellent test-retest reliability.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that the seven-item FOV instrument has good content and face validity as well as good to excellent test-retest reliability. The current study provides healthcare professionals with a short yet comprehensive instrument for identifying patients who have experienced or perpetrated different forms of interpersonal violence.

Content Evaluation of Pruritus, Skin Pain, and Sleep Disturbance Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Adolescents and Adults With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: Qualitative Interviews.

Pruritus, skin pain, and sleep disturbance are a significant burden to individuals with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and negatively impact quality of life. Fit-for-purpose patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) that assess AD-related pruritus, skin pain, and sleep disturbance are important for evaluating the effectiveness of new AD treatments. To evaluate content validity of five AD-related PROMs in adolescents and adults with moderate-to-severe AD (the Worst Pruritus Numeric Rating Scale [NRS], the AD Skin Pain NRS; the Sleep Disturbance NRS, the skin pain-specific Patient Global Impression of Change [PGIC], and the skin pain-specific Patient Global Impression of Severity [PGIS]) and to assess patient-reported experience with pruritus, skin pain, and sleep disturbance. A qualitative study in adolescents (aged 12-17 years) and adults with moderate-to-severe AD was conducted in two consecutive stages. In each stage, two iterative rounds of individual interviews were conducted by experienced interviewers. All interviews included concept elicitation and cognitive debriefing components. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. A total of 27 adults and 20 adolescents with moderate-to-severe AD participated in the initial content evaluation (Stage 1) of the Worst Pruritus NRS [1.0] and AD Skin Pain NRS [1.0] (n = 26; 16 adults, 10 adolescents) and in the subsequent content evaluation (Stage 2) of the revised Worst Pruritus NRS [1.1], revised AD Skin Pain NRS [1.1], Sleep Disturbance NRS, skin pain-specific PGIC, and skin pain-specific PGIS (n = 21; 11 adults, 10 adolescents). Results were generally aligned and consistent for both adult and adolescent participants. Additionally, we found that sleep disturbance is relevant and important for evaluation in adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe AD (Stage 2), while also providing further confirmation of this for pruritus and skin pain (Stages 1 and 2). Our findings support the content validity of the revised Worst Pruritus NRS [1.1], revised AD Skin Pain NRS [1.1], Sleep Disturbance NRS, skin pain-specific PGIC, and skin pain-specific PGIS in individuals aged ≥12 years with moderate-to-severe AD. Furthermore, the findings support sleep disturbance, skin pain, and pruritus as being relevant and important features for both adolescents and adults with moderate-to-severe AD.

Dementia Training for Nurses in Acute Care Settings: Impacts and Barriers.

The provision of consistent, high-quality dementia care training for healthcare professionals in acute care hospital settings has been largely overlooked until recent years. This study was designed to investigate the effect of current healthcare professional dementia care training courses on related knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy in hospital nurses and to understand their training-related experiences, willingness, and perceived barriers. Using a cross-sectional design, 201 nurses were recruited from a teaching medical center in Taiwan. A questionnaire was developed by the researchers to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy related to caring for people with dementia and to elucidate participant experiences and preferences regarding dementia care training courses. Five academic and clinical dementia care experts held three content validity evaluation rounds for the developed questionnaire. Inferential statistics were used to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy related to caring for people with dementia between participants who had and had not attended a dementia care training course. Nearly all (96.5%) of the participants had prior experience caring for people with dementia, but only 25.9% and 7.0% respectively reported haven taken basic and advanced healthcare professional dementia care training courses. Those who had taken either the basic or advanced course earned higher mean knowledge scores than those who had taken neither (p = .009 and p = .027, respectively). Time constraints and scheduling conflicts were identified as the major barriers to attending dementia care training (n = 164, 81.6%). The participants who had attended either the basic or advanced healthcare professional dementia care training course were found to have better dementia care knowledge than those who had not. Stakeholders should work to further reduce the barriers faced by nurses to attending essential dementia care training.

Content validity of measures in early numeracy in children up to eight years: A COSMIN systematic review

Early numeracy skills are considered essential predictors for later mathematical and educational achievement. Therefore, there is a need for early numeracy measures with psychometrically sound properties. This systematic review aimed to determine the content validity of all current early numeracy measures in accordance with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) framework and methodological guidelines, and was conducted and reported by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement and checklist. Systematic literature searches were conducted in January 2024 in five electronic databases: CINAHL, Embase, Eric, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Eligible measures assessed numeracy, targeted children up to eight years of age, were published in English in 1995 or later, and had psychometric data on measure dimensionality. Eligible psychometric reports that were published in English described instrument development and/or content validity of included measures. The measures’ methodological quality was assessed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist, after which all three aspects of content validity (i.e., relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility) were evaluated. Six early numeracy measures and eleven psychometric reports were included. None of the measures could be recommended for use in clinical practice, education, or research due to a lack of high-quality evidence on content validity. However, no high-quality evidence was found to indicate insufficient content validity, therefore, all measures still have the potential to be used. Limited access to measures in the domain of early numeracy, despite having contacted both publishers and instrument developers, may have negatively impacted the completeness of the current overview of content validity of early numeracy measures. In line with the COSMIN guidelines, after the initial evaluation of content validity, future studies should evaluate the remaining psychometric properties of the included measures to identify the most robust measures in terms of validity, reliability, and responsiveness.

The Autism Program Environment Rating Scale in Swedish Primary School: Cultural Adaptation and Content Validation.

There is a recognized need to improve inclusive learning environments for autistic children in primary school settings in Sweden. This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and assess the content validity of the Swedish primary school version of the Autism Program Environment Scale (APERS), originally developed to evaluate autism program quality in educational settings in the United States. Following the translation into Swedish and the first cultural adaptation of the APERS, a content panel group of 14 professionals rated its content validity. Four of the content panel members also participated in individual interviews that provided a qualitative evaluation of the instrument's content validity. Finally, the authors piloted the APERS in 10 Swedish primary school classrooms to assess its feasibility. The ratings and qualitative information from the content panel members indicated a substantial need for the Swedish APERS in primary school, resulting in the culturally adapted APERS-Primary-Sweden (SE). The instrument demonstrated a high level of cross-cultural content validity for assessing the quality of the learning environment for students with autism in Swedish primary school settings. The pilot testing of the instrument resulted in further cultural adaptations. In conclusion,APERS-Primary-SE is a comprehensive scale that can be used to assess the quality of primary school learning environments for children with autism in Sweden. Further research is needed to evaluate the adapted instrument's effectiveness in improving the learning environment in Swedish primary school classrooms.

Turkish validity and reliability study of the Baby-Led Weaning Scale

AimThe aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Baby-Led Weaning Scale for parents with babies/children aged from 6 to 30 months. MethodsThe sample for this methodological research consisted of parents with babies aged 6 to 30 months between March and June 2024 in a city in eastern Turkey. The data were collected from 354 parents for exploratory factor analysis, from 213 parents for confirmatory factor analysis, and from 70 for the test-retest reliability study. The data were collected using the “Descriptive Information Form”, the “Baby-Led Weaning Scale” and the “Transition to Complementary Feeding Behaviors Scale” (TCFBS). ResultsThe total content validity index score of the Baby Led Weaning Scale was 0.92 and the content validity rate score was 0.92. The TCBFS was used for the concordance of the scale with similar scales. During the measurements, the intra-observer reliability of the Baby Led Weaning Scale was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a three-factor structure, explaining 611.5 % of the variance. The fix index values were χ2/df = 3.036, RMSEA = 0.069, GFI = 0.902, CFI = 0.907 and AGFI = 0.857, IFI = 0.928, and TLI = 0.921.The Cronbach alpha values of the scale were in the range of 0.706 and 0.831. ConclusionAs a result, the Turkish adaptation of the Baby Led Weaning Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. Practical implicationsThe Baby-Led Weaning Scale can be used as a simple and objective tool to measure the knowledge level of parents with babies/children aged 6 to 30 months.

Developing the quality of life in pregnancy scale (PREG-QOL)

AimThis study aims to develop the Quality of Life in Pregnancy Scale (PREG-QOL) as a new instrument to evaluate the quality of life during pregnancy and test its psychometric properties.DesignAn instrument development study and psychometric testing of the content and construct validity, factor structure and reliability.MethodsThe study was conducted in three stages: (1) creating an item pool, (2) preliminary evaluation of items, and (3) refining the scale and evaluating psychometric properties. Instrument development guidelines were used to evaluate content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and stability of the instrument over time. Data to evaluate psychometric properties of the PREG-QOL were collected between April and August 2021.ResultsItems were developed using in-depth interviews with pregnant women and extensive literature review. Scale-content validity index was 0.98. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 26-item instrument with 6 factors, which explained % 56.2 of variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that factors 3 and 5 should be combined into the factor of physical domain since they included items about the same theme. Fit indices obtained by CFA were at sufficient levels. Parallel test method was employed to evaluate the correlation of the PREG-QOL with the SF-36. The findings indicated that the PREG-QOL had high internal inconsistency and stability over time.ConclusionThe PREG-QOL is a valid and reliable instrument in terms of its psychometric characteristics. The 26-item instrument was composed of the five factors of perception of general satisfaction, emotional domain, physical domain, health support systems and social domain.ImpactDisplaying good psychometric properties, the PREG-QOL may be used to evaluate multiple dimensions of the quality of life during pregnancy.

Development and Psychometric Testing of the: Efficacy Perception Scale for Suicide Risk Management for Oncology Nurses

ObjectivesOncology patients are one of the groups with high suicide risk and it is emphasized that oncology nurses' suicide risk management knowledge and skills are insufficient. Several studies have underlined the need to create training programs specifically for oncology nurses to increase their level of awareness, knowledge, skill, and efficacy in recognizing and managing suicide risk. A valid and reliable scale is required to assess the efficacy of suicide risk management for oncology nurses. This study aimed to develop the Efficacy Perception Scale for Suicide Risk Management for Oncology Nurses and evaluate its psychometric properties. MethodsThis methodological study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the authors conducted a literature review and qualitative study and examined other efficacy scales to generate items. In the second stage, the validity and reliability of the 26 items were determined. The scale content was validated based on feedback from 10 experts. Exploratory analysis of the scale was conducted with the data of 234 oncology nurses. Internal consistency and 2-week test-retest stability measured reliability. ResultsThe scale's items met the required level of content validity (content validity rate = 0,62), were found to be understandable by 15 nurse (face validity), and all 26 items were retained in the item pool. The exploratory factor analysis extracted a unifactorial solution for the scale. The value of Cronbach's alpha for the scale was 0.96, and the inter-class reliability coefficient was 0.92. ConclusionThe scale is a valid and reliable scale that might be used to assess the efficacy perception of oncology nurses for suicide risk management. Implications for Nursing PracticeThe assessment of oncology nurses' perceptions of efficacy in suicide risk management may enable the identification of training needs and the development of the content of suicide prevention trainings in parallel with the needs of nurses.

Development and Content Validation of the Communication, Organization, and Intrafamilial Beliefs in Neonatology Scale for Family Resilience in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Background and Purpose: Family resilience in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a promising avenue for promoting parental mental health, yet no tool is available to assess it. This study aimed to develop a new scale to measure family resilience in French-speaking parents during the NICU hospitalization and evaluate content validation. Methods: This methodological study was conducted in Quebec and included two phases: (a) item development process and (b) content validity evaluation process using successive quantitative and qualitative methods. A total sample of 14 experts evaluated item clarity, relevance, and representativeness on 1-4 rating scales and provided qualitative feedback on scale characteristics. Results: An initial scale of 55 items was developed. Excellent content validity (Scale Content Validity Index > .90) and consensus regarding item selection and scale presentation were achieved. Conclusions: This content-validated 55-item Communication, Organization, and Intrafamilial Beliefs in Neonatology (COCINL) scale should be psychometrically tested in the Quebec NICU parent population.

Development and Assessment of a Rubric for Evaluating Teaching Portfolios Developed by Teaching and Learning Curriculum (TLC) Program Participants

ObjectiveTo describe the validation and reliability assessment of a rubric designed to assess the participants’ teaching portfolios and identify teaching excellence among teaching and learning curriculum (TLC) program participants. MethodsFollowing focus groups with program leadership at a single TLC program, an initial rubric was developed, consisting of criteria mapped to 5 domains, to be rated on a 4-point scale. The rubric was then redistributed to the TLC program leadership and external stakeholders for evaluation of face and content validity. The rubric was piloted using teaching portfolios from 3 cycles of the program. Cronbach αwas used to measure internal consistency and a 2-way random-effects model was used to assess the inter-rater reliability. ResultsA total of 18 portfolios were independently evaluated by 4 raters. The overall mean Cronbach α for internal consistency was 0.90 and ranged from 0.65 to 0.84 by domain. The overall mean intraclass correlation coefficient for inter-rater reliability was 0.95 and ranged from 0.57 to 0.91 by domain. ConclusionThe rubric evaluates characteristics of teaching portfolios important to internal and external stakeholders and had good to excellent internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. It can be adapted and applied by TLC programs to identify teaching excellence.

Content Validity and Psychometric Evaluation of the Crohn's Symptom Severity (CSS) Questionnaire in Patients with Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease.

Individuals living with Crohn's disease (CD) experience burdensome symptoms. As such, it is important to measure CD symptom severity in clinical research. The goal of this study was to evaluate the content validity, psychometric performance, and score interpretability of a new patient-reported instrument, the Crohn's Symptom Severity (CSS) questionnaire, among adolescents and adults with moderately to severely active CD. Cognitive debriefing interviews (N = 30; n = 20 adults, n = 10 adolescents) were conducted to evaluate the content validity of the CSS. Additionally, the CSS scores were evaluated for reliability and validity using data from a phase3 randomized clinical trial of risankizumab (NCT03105128; N = 850). Meaningful within-patient change (MWPC) thresholds were estimated using anchor-based methods. All interview participants (n = 30/30, 100.00%) reported the CSS was easy to complete and most participants (n = 28/29, 96.55%) reported that the CSS was relevant to their experience of CD. Among the clinical trial subjects (N = 850) the following was found for the CSS: mostly acceptable item-total correlations (0.26-0.79); weak to moderate inter-item correlations (r = 0.07-0.57), good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.76-0.87); intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.48 to 0.70, not consistently exceeding the acceptable range for test-retest reliability (0.70); acceptable convergent validity and known-groups results; and demonstrated sensitivity to change. Analyses supported an MWPC estimate of 6-11 points. This study supports use of the CSS for measuring CD symptoms and sleep impact among adolescents and adults aged 16 and older with moderately to severely active CD in clinical research. NCT03105128 (registration date 4 April 2017).

Development and Validation of the Perceived Deepfake Trustworthiness Questionnaire (PDTQ) in Three Languages

Exposure to false information is becoming a common occurrence in our daily lives. New developments in artificial intelligence are now used to produce increasingly sophisticated multimedia false content, such as deepfakes, making false information even more challenging to detect and combat. This creates expansive opportunities to mislead individuals into believing fabricated claims and negatively influence their attitudes and behavior. Therefore, a better understanding of how individuals perceive such content and the variables related to the perceived trustworthiness of deepfakes is needed. In the present study, we developed and validated the Perceived Deepfake Trustworthiness Questionnaire (PDTQ) in English, Italian, and Slovene. This was done in three phases. First, we developed the initial pool of items by reviewing previous studies, generating items via interviews and surveys, and employing artificial intelligence. Second, we shortened and adapted the questionnaire according to experts’ evaluation of content validity and translated the questionnaire into Italian and Slovene. Lastly, we evaluated the psychometric characteristics via a cross-sectional study in three languages (N = 733). The exploratory factor analyses suggested a two-factor solution, with the first factor measuring the perceived trustworthiness of the content and the second measuring the perceived trustworthiness of the presentation. This factorial structure was replicated in confirmatory factor analyses. Moreover, our analyses provided support for PDTQ’s reliability, measurement invariance across all three languages, and its construct and incremental validity. As such, the PDTQ is a reliable, measurement invariant, and valid tool for comprehensive exploration of individuals’ perception of deepfake videos.

Developing Cerebral Palsy Screening of Functional Abilities in School (CPS –FAS)

Objective: This study aimed to determine the psychometric property of a newly developed functional abilities screening tool for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in special education units. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. The tool for cerebral palsy screening of functional abilities in school (CPS-FAS) was established by surveying 28 pediatric physical therapists and holding focus group discussions with them. The CPS-FAS tool was used to evaluate content validity, reliability, and discriminative ability with 30 school-age children with CP at levels 1-3 of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Results: The CPS-FAS generation process established 21 activity-problem screening items for children with CP, which had good content validity (index of item-objective congruence (IOC) = 1), good internal consistency (α = 0.92), and showed significant differences between GMFCS levels 1 and 3 (p &gt; 0.001) and GMFCS levels 2 and 3 (p &gt; 0.001). Conclusion: The CPS-FAS tool can be applied to school-age children with CP in a special education unit to screen such children for activity problems that affect school living without environmental obstruction and language barriers, and it only takes a short time (10-15 minutes) to complete.

Development and validation of the climate change health protection behaviors scale for adolescents: a methodological study

ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and validate the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale for adolescents. A total of 1036 adolescents were recruited from middle and high schools. The development of the assessment scale was carried out in three steps: item generation, content validity evaluation, and psychometric evaluation. Psychometric testing was conducted to determine the relationship between the resulting factors and the Healthy Lifestyle Belief Scale and Climate Change Awareness Scale. A 28-item scale was developed, consisting of four factors that account for 65.0% of the variance. The Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.874. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale and both the Climate Change Awareness Scale and the Healthy Lifestyle Belief Scale for adolescents. These results suggest that the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating health protection behaviors related to climate change in adolescents.

Development and Evaluation of Content Validity and Acceptance of a Multidomain Intervention Module for Reversal of Cognitive Frailty Among Older Adults.

There is a limited availability of multidomain interventions that target cognitive frailty. Thus, the aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate the content validity and acceptance of the multidomain intervention module to reverse cognitive frailty among older adults (iAGELESS). This study was conducted in two phases: Phase I included the development of the multidomain intervention module iAGELESS and evaluation of content validity, while Phase II consisted of evaluating the acceptance of the module among 18 healthcare and social care providers, 13 older adults with cognitive frailty, and 13 caregivers. Content validity index (CVI) was used to quantify the content validity. Respondents completed a questionnaire which consisted of information on sociodemographic, followed by module acceptance evaluation with respect to content, terminologies, and graphics. The data was then analyzed descriptively. A multidomain intervention module, iAGELESS was developed. The module was found to have appropriate content validity (overall CVI = 0.83). All the caregivers, 92% of older adults with cognitive frailty and 83% of healthcare and social care providers were satisfied with the overall content of the module. More than 50% of those who accepted the module had satisfactory consensus on the ease of the terminologies, length of sentences, pictures, information, color, and font size included in the module. The iAGELESS module demonstrated good content validity and was well accepted, thus warranting its utilization in future studies to determine its effectiveness in reversing cognitive frailty among older adults.

The Development and Content Validity of the Fremantle Perineal Awareness Questionnaire (FrePAQ) for Use in People With Persistent Perineal Pain

Background: Altered body awareness and perception comprise a common feature of persistent pain. The Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire (FreBAQ) was developed to assess body awareness and perception in people with back pain. There is no tool to measure these changes in people with persistent perineal pain. Objective: To develop the Fremantle Perineal Awareness Questionnaire (FrePAQ) to assess body awareness and perception in people with persistent perineal pain. To evaluate content validity using a qualitative survey. Study Design: Modified electronic Delphi and cross-sectional qualitative online survey. Methods: A focus group developed a draft questionnaire from the preexisting FreBAQ. A preliminary FrePAQ was developed through 3 Delphi rounds of anonymous voting by a panel of 14 experts. A qualitative survey was completed by individuals with persistent perineal pain to evaluate the comprehensiveness, comprehensibility, and relevance of the preliminary questionnaire. Responses were thematically analyzed, and demographic data were summarized descriptively. Results: Fourteen panel participants completed the Delphi study, with consensus achieved on a 9-item questionnaire after 3 rounds. One hundred thirty-five participants with persistent perineal pain completed the round 1 validation survey. Changes were made to the introduction and 7 items. A new group of 53 participants completed round 2, resulting in final changes to the introduction and 2 of the 9 items. Conclusions: An expert consensus was achieved in the wording of a new questionnaire aimed at assessing body awareness and perception in people with persistent perineal pain, which demonstrated acceptable content validity.