Content Of Water-soluble Substances Research Articles

MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF EXTRUDING BUCKWHEAT TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS

This article discusses the possibility of mathematical modeling andoptimization of parameters of the process of buckwheat. As a result of the research,a regression equation was obtained, which allows to predict the optimal extrusionparameters of buckwheat and reduce the number of experiments. Extrusionprocessing is one of the most attractive methods of processing grain crops to obtainsemi-finished products. The efficiency and effectiveness of the use of this equationis proved in laboratory conditions. The influence of all factors was studied duringthe extrusion of buckwheat grain, pressure, temperature, processing time andhumidity of the feedstock on the yield of blasted cereal, the content of watersoluble substances, the swelling and density of the extruded raw material. Amathematical model of the process of extrusion of buckwheat grain made itpossible to find rational process parameters allowing to obtain extrudates with highconsumer properties.

OBTAINING, COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CARBON-CONTAINING MATERIALS FROM PLANT RAW

In this work, we obtained samples of carbon-containing materials from fibrous residues of rice husks and straw, husks of soybean and sunflower, cedar shells at temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °С. The ash content (3.0–9.3%), the content of water-soluble substances (1.2–7.6%), the mass fraction of moisture (3.0–6.2%), and the pH values of the aqueous extract (5.4– 8.8) and bulk density (66–481 kg/m3) were determined. The IR spectra of carbon-containing materials from plant materials contain more pronounced bands of oxygen-containing functional groups in comparison with medical preparations and BAH coal. The samples are in an X-ray amorphous state, and with increasing firing temperature, the degree of carbon ordering networks increases. All samples have a layered fiber structure, which differs depending on the type of raw material and temperature. The sorption activity was studied with the respect to iodine (7.6–58.4%), methylene blue (4.2–35.8 mg/g) and methyl orange (5.2–64.4 mg/g), which changes depending on the type of raw material and the temperature of carbonization. It was shown that with an increasing firing temperature, the sorption activity of the samples increases. Samples obtained at 500 °C have a high iodine absorption capacity (50.8–58.4%), comparable with BAH activated carbon (60%), and can be used as inexpensive porous carbon materials.

Aspects of the Use of Conversion Calcium Carbonate — the Solution of the Ecological Problem of Utilization

Studies have been carried out to improve the quality of conversion calcium carbonate. The process of extraction of insoluble iron-containing impurities at the stage of obtaining calcium carbonate from calcium nitrate melt was studied. It has been determined that the preliminary removal of the acid-insoluble residue from the melt of Ca (NO3)2by filtration or settling allows the Fe2O3content to be reduced by more than 50 % in the form of magnetically susceptible impurities and further increases the whiteness of the final product. The effect of grinding and heat treatment of conversion calcium carbonate on the evolution of nitrogen-containing impurities is studied. It has been established that the amount of water-soluble substances in the sample increases exponentially with increasing shredding time of the material. Heat treatment can significantly reduce (in almost 3 times) the total content of water-soluble substances in the crushed product. Simultaneously with the removal of the "bound" nitrogen, the content of the main component increases by 1.5–2 %. A positive effect of heat treatment is also an increase in the rate of refinement of conversion calcium carbonate, which makes the dispersed composition of the product more homogeneous. A technological scheme for processing conversion calcium carbonate into a disperse filler with specified properties has been developed.

Comparative analysis of hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosols at ZOTTO Siberian background station during summer and winter campaigns of 2011

The results of measurements of hygroscopic properties and chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosol samples collected from June 10 to 20 and December 15 to 25, 2011, at the ZOTTO background stations (60.8° N, 89.35° E) in Central Siberia are presented. The sorption properties of aerosols are studied with the help of a differential analyzer of absorbed water mass in the relative humidity range of 5 to 99%. It has been found that the hygroscopic growth factor of aerosol particles collected during the winter campaign is on average 45% higher than that of the aerosol collected in the summer campaign, which leads to a 40% decrease in the critical supersaturation threshold of cloud activation of particles. The measurement data are analyzed and parameterized using a new approach that takes into account the concentration effects in the particle—water vapor system at low humidities. Based on the chemical analysis, the content of water-soluble substances in the winter sample is 2.5 times higher than in the summer sample. Here, the amount of sulfates and nitrates increases 20 and 88 times, respectively. A trajectory analysis of air mass motion shows that the increased content of inorganic ions in aerosols for the winter sample is caused by long-range transport of pollutants from industrial areas of Siberia. This difference in the chemical composition is the main source of the observed difference in hygroscopic and condensation properties of the aerosol particles.

Changes in the properties of English oak wood (Quercus robur L.) as a result of remaining submerged in Baltic Sea waters for two years

The aim of the research was to determine the changes in the properties of oak wood caused by the submergence of samples in the Baltic Sea for two years in comparison with the properties of twin control samples which had not been submerged in sea water. Test samples of oak wood (250 × 10 × 10 mm) were placed in the waters of the Baltic Sea (near the wreck of the Swedish warship Solen). The samples taken out of the sea were examined visually and described. The changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the wood samples were investigated. The obtained results indicate noticeable, measurable changes in the oak wood submerged in the sea: 18–25% loss of wood mass, a decrease in bending strength and compression strength of up to 40–65% of the initial values. In addition, the following were noted: a clear change in wood colour and surface structure, an increase in the content of mineral substances, an increase in pH value, a decrease in the content of water-soluble substances and extractives (ethanol). The laboratory test with Basidiomycetes fungi has showed that wood became significantly more susceptible to the white-rot caused by Trametes versicolor than to brown-rot caused by Coniophora puteana fungus. Further observation of the noted changes may be useful for the protection and monitoring of underwater archaeological objects.

Early stage litter decomposition rates for Swiss forests

The decomposition of belowground and aboveground tree litter was studied on five forest sites across Switzerland, ranging from 480 to 1500 m in altitude, and including calcareous and acidic soils. In addition to decomposition of local litter types (Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa), the decomposition of a standard beech litter was studied on all sites. After 2 years of decomposition, mass loss ranged from 18 to 71% across the different sites and litter types. The lowest decomposition rates were observed for beech roots, while mass loss was greatest for both spruce needles and spruce roots at the low-altitude site. Mass loss during the first winter correlated best with the content of water-soluble substances. After 1 year of incubation, mass loss of the standard litter varied less than did mass loss of local litter, but variance increased during the second year for aboveground litter. These observations indicate a smaller climatic influence on litter breakdown at the beginning of the decomposition process. Litter mass loss could be described using an exponential model with a decay constant depending on either lignin/N ratio or Mn content of the litter and annual soil temperature and throughfall precipitation as climatic variables. Modelling the observed mass loss indicated a strong influence of litter quality in the first 2 years of decomposition, confirming the field data from the standard litter experiment. The experiment will continue for some years and is expected to yield additional data on long-term decomposition.

Investigation of physical parameters important for the solid state fermentation of straw by white rot fungi

In laboratory and semi-industrial scale experiments the influence of the substrate water content, temperature, and incubation time on the progress of solid state fermentation of straw colonized by white rot fungi was investigated. The parameters used to evaluate the fermentation process were degradation of total organic matter and lignin, in vitro digestibility, the content of water soluble substances in the substrate and the pH.

養魚餌料の効率向上に関する研究-II

Digestibilities on various commercial feedstuffs for rainbow trout culture were tested by labelling the diets with P32 in the form of water-insoluble ammonium phospho-molybdate. The poor digestibility of fish meal was not improved by rendering it into powder as fine as 300 mesh through, neither affected by addition of commercial protease. The latter phenomenon may due to the too low temperature for the enzyme to act on the fish meal while staying in the fish stomach. The good digestibility of dried mysis powder freshly prepared was greatly reduced by the addition of hot-water extracts of degenerated dried mysis. Therefore one must be more careful about the degeneration of feeding stuff during the storage which is rather common phenomenon to trout farms, and cause a considerable loss in efficiency of materials. The highest digestibility of fish soluble will naturally be ascribable to a high content of water soluble substances.