Waste Glass Content Research Articles

Valorization of glass waste as partial substitution of sand in concrete – Investigation of the physical and mechanical properties for a sustainable construction

Over the past few years, the valorization of industrial waste and by-products has become an essential issue due to the increasingly stringent regulations regarding the environmental protection and sustainable development. For the purpose of reducing our dependence on virgin raw materials, it was deemed interesting to consider the recycling and valorization of glass, which has high silica content, to develop new construction materials. Its use as a substitute raw material in the field of construction materials has attracted research attention, particularly the concrete industry adopts a number of methods to achieve this goal. In this context, a purely experimental study was conducted to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened concrete at different curing times (3, 7 and 28 days) using different dosages of glass sand as a partial substitute for natural sand at 10%, 20%, and 30% and to determine the optimal composition of glass powder as a partial replacement for sand against the compressive strength of concrete. while maintaining a constant water-to-cement (W/C) ratio. An overall quantity of 9.5 kg of crushed waste glass was used with 264 kg of concrete mixes. The workability, density, slump, content air tests and strength properties were analyzed in terms of waste glass content in terms of waste glass content. This substitution results in concrete with favorable workability. Despite the absence of air-entraining agent, the concrete mixtures have air content between 2.3% and 1.9% and the density, is still comparable to the control mixes. The compressive strength of specimens with 20% waste glass content and the flexural strength of specimens with 10% waste glass content represented respectively 96% and 86% than of the control specimen at 28 days. The results proved a pozzolanic strength activity given by waste glass after 28 days for 10% and 20% of replacement of natural sand (0/1 mm). The results obtained indicate that glass can serve as a quality substitute for sand in concrete. These original achievements pave the way for more sustainable and environmentally friendly concrete mixes while addressing the inherent challenges of using glass waste in construction and infrastructure works

Development of a Hydrophobic Polymer Coating in Polyurethane Organic–Mineral Base Containing Waste from Fibreglass Production

In this study, the suitability of waste from glass fibre production as a secondary filler for a polymeric durable hydrophobic coating, based on an innovative polyurethane organic–mineral base, was experimentally verified. The main aim of this work was to develop a basic formulation for a polymeric hydrophobic coating designed primarily for usage in aggressive environments. For this purpose, a total of four formulations were tested with different weight percentages of waste glass fibre, i.e., from 30 to 60%. The basic properties in the fresh state, such as the coating workability and kinematic and dynamic viscosity, were verified, and an application test was performed. The formulations were also verified after the polymerisation of the coating. Adhesion on a concrete substrate and the tensile properties and hardness of the coating were tested. Chemical resistance to liquid aggressive media and the microstructure of the coating after exposure to SO2 were also tested, as these are critical properties. All the formulations showed better workability than the reference coating without a filler, and the formulation with the highest filling (60%) appeared to be optimal. The maximum adhesion on the concrete substrate (11.9 MPa) and tensile strength (21.6 MPa) were recorded for the formulation with 60% waste fibreglass. It can be concluded that with an increase in the waste glass content, there was a significant improvement in the properties of the coatings. Additionally, the waste fibreglass did not have a significant negative impact on chemical resistance.

Properties of Geopolymers Based on Metakaolin and Soda-Lime Waste Glass.

The paper determines the properties of geopolymer pastes based on metakaolin and soda-lime waste glass. The density, alkaline activity, strength and microstructure of the reference geopolymer, as well as geopolymers with a 10%, 30% and 50% soda-lime waste glass content instead of metakaolin, were tested. The experimental results indicate that the properties of the geopolymers with waste glass largely depend on the ratio of the liquid to solid substance. Increasing the content of waste glass causes an increase in the fluidity of the geopolymer paste, which in turn allows the amount of water glass, i.e., an activator during the obtaining of geopolymers, to be reduced. On the basis of the conducted tests, it was found that the strength of geopolymers can be increased by adding up to 50% of soda-lime waste glass instead of metakaolin and by having a lower content of water glass.

Utilizing Pulverized Glass as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates in Cement Mortar

Mortar plays a pivotal role in the construction industry, underscoring the significance of comprehending its quality and the intricate interplay of its mixture in shaping performance outcomes. The utilization of waste glass as an innovative alternative to conventional fine aggregates in mortar mixtures is instrumental in enhancing structural safety. In light of this, the present study is dedicated to investigating the efficacy of waste glass incorporation in bolstering both compressive and flexural strength. This inquiry delves into the intrinsic qualities and strength attributes of concrete mortars, scrutinizing the influence of pulverized waste glass content. The range of powdered waste glass inclusions encompasses 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50%, and 60% by weight in relation to the sand component of the mortar mixture. The experimental design involves the fabrication of a total of 72 mortar cubes, where 48 specimens are earmarked for conducting assessments of compressive and flexural strength. Compressive and flexural strength evaluations are conducted on the mortar samples after 7, 14, and 28 days of both moist and water curing protocols. The outcomes of these tests unveil the effectiveness of incorporating powdered waste glass as an aggregate within mortar mixtures, particularly at the 25% replacement mark. Intriguingly, the investigation highlights that concrete mortars imbued with 25% waste glass content exhibit superior strength in comparison to the other examined samples. Additionally, the study underscores that the strength outcomes for replacements of 25% and 10% successfully meet the prescribed strength requirements for cement mortar outlined in accordance with ASTM standards

Influencia del polvo de vidrio en el comportamiento ambiental, térmico y mecánico del hormigón que contiene ceniza de cascarilla de arroz

A large amount of waste glass (WG) and rice husk ash (CCA) is produced yearly. This paper evaluated the effect of incorporating waste glass in concrete prepared with rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial substitute for cement, considering differences in the mechanical and thermal behavior of concrete based on the proportions of WG and CCA. A 5% replacement of cement by ashes of rice husk and waste glass was considered in this work. Concrete samples were prepared with several RHA:WG ratios namely 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 (RHA +WG =5%). For these concrete samples, the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties were evaluated, the latter measured in CO2 emissions. Results showed that workability (i.e. slump) and density increased as long as WG content increased. The value of compressive strength of 1:3 mixture was 14% higher than the 1:0 concrete mixture. Moreover, the thermal conductivity was increased by 380% and CO2 emissions were dropped by 5.5%, in comparison to 1:0 concrete mixture. The incorporation of WG improves mechanical and thermal properties and reduces the environmental impact of rice husk ash concrete.

Effect of waste glass content on resistance of geopolymer binders to sulfuric acid attack

Effect of waste glass content on resistance of geopolymer binders to sulfuric acid attack

An investigation of waste glass powder with the substitution of sand on concrete mix

Waste glass makes a considerable contribution to a number of critical environmental problems of which the majority are caused by glass waste streams that lack cohesion. The concrete industry has developed a variety of strategies in response to mounting environmental pressure to cut down on trash and increase recycling rates. Newly poured, rock-solid concrete was used for testing. Aim of this study was to examine impact of employing discarded glass as fine aggregate on concrete properties. Waste glass content was taken into account while assessing the attributes of strength. In concrete compositions, general waste glass powder was used in place of sand at percentages of 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %, respectively. The findings of slump value test demonstrated that adding more waste glass powder to concrete mix raised value. When waste glass powder was utilized to replace 15 % of the sand in the combination of concrete materials, both the concrete's compressive and tensile strengths increased. After 28 days of curing, there was a maximum increase in split tensile strength of 11.28 % and a maximum improvement in compressive strength of 17.05 % when compared to standard concrete. The amount of waste glass powder in concrete mixture also decreased material's ability to absorb water.

Predlog upotrebe otpadne staklene ambalaže kao sekundarne sirovine u proizvodnji blokova od gline

The main objective of the present study was to propose the feasible usage of secondary raw material obtained from waste glass containers in the manufacture of clay blocks, driven by environmental benefits. Main goals were to reach a high content of waste glass in clay blocks, to use very low firing temperature and still obtain products with suitable physical and mechanical properties. Blocks with 10 wt. %, 20 wt. %, and 30 wt. % of waste glass in content were experimentally produced with the firing temperature of 880 °C. Relevant physical and mechanical properties were measured and their dependence on waste glass content was determined. Material flow analysis (MFA) showed that utilization of waste glass in clay block production can generate positive environmental impacts including landfill lifespan extension and contribution to the waste glass recycling.

Use of waste glass and demolished brick as coarse aggregate in production of sustainable concrete

Reduction, recycling, and repurposing of waste materials continue to be an important part because they protect natural resources from further depletion and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lead to a more sustainable environment. In this research, we have identified whether it is possible to use recycled glass waste and demolished bricks as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate in conventional concrete mixes. Crushed waste glass aggregate (WGA) and demolished brick (DB) are used in the concrete mix to replace the coarse aggregate in the mix was varied from 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% by weight. Three, seven, and twenty-eight-days curing of concrete cubes with dimensions of 150x150x150mm and concrete cylinders with dimensions of 100 mm diameter by 200 mm were used to conduct mechanical tests. A total of 80 concrete cube specimens and 40 concrete cylinder specimens were made for investigating the effect of WGA and DB. It is revealed by the slump tests result that the workability of concrete decreases with increasing amounts of glass and demolished brick. When comparing the hardened concrete to the control concrete, the compressive and split tensile strengths of the hardened concrete decreased as the waste glass content in the hardened concrete increased. But the concrete mix containing 50% waste glass and 50% demolished brick outperformed the control concrete by a significant margin and could be used to produce standard concrete with only minor modifications as compared to control concrete.

Evaluation of eco-efficient geopolymer using chamotte and waste glass-based alkaline solutions

Geopolymers are binder materials that can be an alternative to replace Portland cement. They are considered less aggressive to the environment because of the lower emission of CO2 and use of energy in their production chain. This work aimed to manufacture a more eco-efficient product and recycle industrial waste, contributing to the solution of the disposal problem. Thus, this study evaluated the performance of alkali-activated pastes produced from industrial wastes in both phases, using chamotte as the precursor and waste glass (WG) as a component of the activating solution. The effects of molar concentration and WG content in the alkaline solutions were investigated. A factorial design of experiments was developed, considering three levels of molar concentration (8 mol/L, 10 mol/L and 12 mol/L) and four levels of WG content per 100 mL of solution (0, 5, 10 and 15 g). Physical and mechanical tests were performed, as well as the microstructural analyses using XRD and FT-IR techniques. The environmental impacts of replacing the traditional activator by the WG-based one were also assessed. The results showed that the WG content strongly affects the mechanical strength of geopolymers and the quality of the matrices, promoting a greater formation of geopolymerization products. Using an alternative activator can reduce 69.8% of the embodied energy and 78.0% of CO2 footprint compared to the traditional waterglass activators. Therefore, this study proved the sustainability potential and technical viability of using WG as an activator in chamotte-based geopolymer.

Mutations in Burnt-Clay Brick Properties attributable to Waste Glass

Recently, the need of high living standards and developments in modern technology have significantly increased the usage of throwaway glass products. The use of these waste glass products in the production of construction materials (especially bricks) is ultimately very wholesome approach towards sustainable development. In this study, wasted glass up to 20% by weight was added to observe its impacts on bricks. The bricks containing powder glass were burnt along with ordinary bricks (with no powder glass) in same kiln and under same condition (type of fuel, temperature, duration etc.). The results illustrated that the properties of bricks vividly improved such as areal density, water absorption and efflorescence. The 20% increase of waste glass in the brick samples resulted in 14% decrease in areal density. The addition of fine powder glass filled the pores and reduced porosity of bricks. The substantial reduction in water absorption of 26.14% were observed with 20% addition of waste glass content. Also efflorescence was less in specimens having less quantity of waste glass burnt at higher temperatures. The present study presented a comprehensive analysis of waste glass as a mixing component for producing light weight sustainable bricks with improved water absorption properties.

Machine-Learning-Aided Prediction of Flexural Strength and ASR Expansion for Waste Glass Cementitious Composite

Waste glass (WG) is unsustainable due to its nonbiodegradable property. However, its main ingredient is silicon dioxide, which can be utilised as a supplementary cementitious material. Before reusing WG, the flexural strength (FS) and alkali–silica reaction (ASR) expansion of WG concrete are two essential properties that must be investigated. This study produced mortar containing activated glass powder using mechanical, chemical, and mechanical–chemical (combined) approaches. The results showed that mortar containing 30% WG powder using the combined method was optimal for improving the FS and mitigating the ASR expansion. The microstructure analysis was implemented to explore the activation effect on the glass powder and mortar. Moreover, a random forest (RF) model was proposed with hyperparameters tuned by beetle antennae search (BAS), aiming at predicting FS and ASR expansion precisely. A large database was established from the experimental results based on 549 samples prepared for the FS test and 183 samples produced for the expansion test. The BAS-RF model presented high correlation coefficients for both FS (0.9545) and ASR (0.9416) data sets, showing much higher accuracy than multiple linear regression and logistic regression. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to rank the variables based on importance. Apart from the curing time, the particle granularity and content of WG were demonstrated to be the most sensitive variable for FS and expansion, respectively.

Development of piezoresistive cement-based sensor using recycled waste glass cullets coated with carbon nanotubes

Different from widely exploring the application of waste glass to replace natural aggregate or cement powder, this study firstly utilized waste glass cullets coated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as conductive fillers to develop novel self-sensing cement-based sensors. The coating efficiency of CNTs and self-sensing properties were also investigated in terms of workability, water absorption, mechanical properties, electrical resistivity and microstructure. The results show that CNTs are attached to the surfaces of waste glass particles, especially the small-size waste glass particles with high roughness. Workability decreased significantly with the increased waste glass. Cementitious mortar with sand replaced by CNTs-coated waste glass exhibited the highest flowability when the replacement ratio was 25%. Moreover, the water impermeability continuously increased with the content of waste glass. The compressive strength was higher than that of the control mortar, which reached the highest with 50% waste glass content. Additionally, an excellent piezoresistivity was achieved for cement-based sensors with CNTs-coated waste glass particles for the self-monitoring of stress magnitude and failure. The CNTs are uniformly distributed well in the cement matrix by attaching the surfaces of waste glass particles, thus the conductive passages are formed in cement-based sensors for structural health monitoring.

Efficient Addition of Waste Glass in MK-Based Geopolymers: Microstructure, Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Investigation.

Reuse of waste glass can significantly decrease the quantity of waste to be treated or disposed of in landfills, allowing to both diminish the ecological damage and to reduce the costs of transportation for removal. Geopolymer mixes with diverse percentages (20, 50 and 60 wt%) and with different grain size ranges (37 μm < diam < 53 μm; 75 μm < diam < 105 μm) of waste glass and the residual part of pure metakaolin were prepared by addition of NaOH and sodium silicate as alkaline activator solutions. The effect of waste glass on the mechanical and microstructure of new geopolymers has been explored in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced the reactivity of waste glass in terms of Si–O and Si–O–Al bonds, more evident for the finer waste glass powder. The consolidation of the materials has been established by reduced weight loss in water and decreased pH and ionic conductivity of the eluate after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing at room temperature. The decrease of the mechanical properties with waste glass content was less evident for the finer glassy powders, yet the value of about 4-5 MPa indicates their potential use as non-structural materials. The consolidated final materials were tested for their effects on the microbial growth of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The samples showed a very limited and absent inhibition zone, for fine and coarse grain size ranges, respectively. Finally, the cytotoxicity tests accomplished the ecological valuation of the final consolidated products.

INFLUENCE OF WOOD SAW DUST AND WASTE GLASS ADMIXTURE ON SELECTED PROPERTIES OF FIRED CLAY BRICKS FOR MASONRY

This study investigated the effect of mahogany wood sawdust (WSD) and waste glass (WG) addition on the properties and cost of producing fired clay bricks for construction of houses. Materials used were clay, WSD and WG. Brick samples were produced in batches and labeled as samples A (with no additives), B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Each sample of B, C, D, E, F, G and H contained 5% fixed amount of WSD, and 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40% of WG respectively. Brick samples produced were tested for apparent porosity, bulk density, compressive and flexural strengths, thermal conductivity and wear. Results obtained showed that as waste glass content increased in the samples, bulk density and compressive strength increased due to enhancement of densification and compaction within the samples. Thermal conductivity also increased as waste glass increased due to reduction in porosity and reduced inter-particle distance. The value of flexural strength increased with WG content but at 35% and 40%, the value reduced. This is as a result of an increase in brittleness as waste glass content increased which increased stress concentration in the samples, hence leading to a reduction in flexural strength. Also, it was observed that the increase in the content of the waste glass led to a reduction in the value of apparent porosity and wear depth due to improved cohesion between particles in the bricks. Comparing results obtained with existing standards and considering the cost of production, 5% WSD and 25% WG addition, with apparent porosity of 26.3%, compressive strength of 17.5 MPa, thermal conductivity of 0.32 W/mk and wear depth of 1.72 mm is recommended for construction purposes.

Study of the Effects of Waste Glass Additives on the Properties and Compliance level of Fired Ceramic Masonry Bricks

The current study reports the effects of waste glass additives on the properties and compliance level of fired ceramic masonry bricks. In the course of producing durable bricks for masonry, waste glass powder sieved to 150 μm was added to clay, mixed with water and fired to 1000°C. The effects of the waste glass addition were investigated by subjecting 242 ceramic bricks produced to physical, mechanical, and thermal tests. Their morphological behaviour was thereafter examined. From the results obtained, the physical and mechanical properties were improved as waste glass content increased in the samples. Values of properties obtained were compared with existing standard values for bricks and it was observed that compliance level at 0% waste glass was 63%, at 10% waste glass addition, it was 75% and at 15% to 40% waste glass addition, compliance was 100%. Therefore, it was concluded that waste glass addition to bricks improved the properties of bricks for construction purpose.

Application of Compliance to Cost Ratio (C-Cr) analysis in the Determination of Optimum Mix for Insulating Bricks

In order to determine optimum mix proportion of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD) in fired bricks, suitable for housing construction, this study applied compliance to cost ratio (C-CR) analysis in evaluating properties of fired ceramic bricks mixed with varied proportion of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD). Fired clay brick samples which contained varied proportion of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD) were examined for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties in line with stipulated standard procedures. The values of the properties of each sample were compared with values stipulated in various existing standards and property evaluation index, compliance Level and Compliance to Cost Ratio (C-CR) were utilized in analyzing the results of properties obtained. From the outcome, it was observed that with increasing WG content in brick samples, compliance level with existing standards increased. Also, cost ratio and experimental cost of each brick sample trended upward. Brick sample with mix proportion of 20 wt % WG, 5 wt % WSD and 75 wt % clay had compliance level of 94 % and highest Compliance to Cost Ratio index of 7.81, hence selected as optimum mix proportion for masonry bricks.

Innovating traditional building materials in Chembe, Malawi: assessing post-consumer waste glass and burnt clay bricks for performance and circularity

ABSTRACT Across the Global South, post-consumer waste glass is an often dumped, and under-utilised resource. Even in Malawi, with widespread return schemes, many barriers exist, inhibiting reuse, and necessitating appropriate solutions. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the performance of post-consumer waste glass as a coarse aggregate within burnt clay bricks, and to assess the feasibility for the recovery of this waste material from dumped stocks within Chembe. Using a brick design and testing methodology, which could be replicated within a rural African context, we tested a range of glass additions (both quantity and size of particle) for compressive strength and water absorption properties. Our results suggest that waste glass can function as a performance enhancer, with positive effects on compressive strength observed at up to 10% crushed waste glass content. These findings support existing literature on glass waste additions, yet show that optimal results can also be had with post-consumer waste glass and in low income, and less technology-reliant contexts. Moreover, our findings suggest that current above-ground stocks of waste glass are sufficient to support the production of hybrid building materials for decades, however further innovation is necessary in order to achieve a sustainable mode of practice.

POSSIBLE RECYCLING OF WASTE GLASS IN SUSTAINABLE FIRED CLAY BRICKS: A REVIEW

The total production of waste glass (WG) in Australia during the period 2016 to 2017 was about1.1 million tonnes, and approximately 467 kilotonnes were deposited in landfills, while 612 kilotonnes were recycled. The current recycling techniques practiced for crushed waste glass (CWG) are limited, resulting in a growing environmental challenge. Therefore, there is an interest in the development of novel technologies to recycle WG. Previous laboratory testing suggests that incorporating recycled CWG in the production of bricks may allow a reduction in firing temperaturewhile maintaining brick strength. Furthermore, increasing the glass content and reducing the particle size of the glass significantly improved the physical/mechanical properties of the fired clay bricks, especially compressive strength. Besides, a dense and uniform structure was observed in the microscopic images after adding WG in fired clay bricks. A linear relationship was found between thermal conductivity and WG content. Therefore, incorporating CWG in fired clay bricks is a practical and feasible way to develop an environmentally friendly construction material and solve a growing waste issue.

Applications of Compliance to Cost Ratio (C-CR) Analysis in the Determination of Optimum Mix of Insulating Bricks in Masonry

The scarcity of housing increases as population continues to rise all over the world. Despite government efforts at providing houses, yearly demand keeps on exceeding available houses and hence the hike in rent, the cost of erecting houses and the cost of building materials. This ultimately calls for a decisive solution. This study therefore applied compliance to cost ratio (C-CR) analysis in evaluating the optimum properties of fired ceramic bricks. The optimum mix proportions of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD) in fired bricks, that will be suitable for housing constructions were hence determined. Fired clay brick samples which contained varied proportions of WG and WSD were examined for physical, mechanical and thermal properties in line with standard procedures. The results were compared with existing standards and property evaluation index, compliance level and C-CR were applied in analyzing the results obtained. It was observed that with increasing WG content, compliance level increased. Also, cost ratio and experimental cost of each brick sample trended upward. Sample with mix proportion; 20 wt% WG, 5 wt% WSD and 75 wt% clay had compliance level of 94% and C-CR index of 7.81, hence chosen as optimum mix proportion for masonry bricks.