Unsaturated Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Fatty acid profiling of almond germpalsm grown in the Western Himalayan region of India

Aim: Nutritional profiling of almond genetic resources for their utilization and further use in the breeding programme. Methodology: The nuts of 32 almond genotypes were collected from the experimental farm of ICAR-CITH, Srinagar. Using a Soxhlet fat apparatus and 100ml of petroleum ether as a solvent, almond oil was extracted from 5 g of ground kernel. The fatty acid content of almond oil was analyzed by GC 30 (Perkin Elmer Autosystem XL) equipped with a CP-Wax 52 CB column (Varian Inc.) (50 x 0.25 mm, 0.2 μm). Results: The total oil content in these genotypes ranged between 41.82% (CITH-A-21) and 51.86% (Waris). The major fatty acids found were oleic acid (53.70-80.81%), linoleic acid (11.63-36.88%), and palmitic acid (5.19-8.13%). Stearic acid (1.01-2.53%) was estimated at a lower proportion, while α-linolenic acid was found in trace amounts (0.05-0.18%). The oleic: linoleic acid ratio varied from 1.46 (CITH-A-21) to 6.95 (CITH-A-06), conversely the highest (115.42) and lowest (93.96) iodine values were recorded in CITH-A-21 and CITH-A-06, respectively. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids (6.32%) and the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids (93.69%) were found in CITH-A-17 whereas contrasting results were observed in Nonpareil. The highest monounsaturated fatty acids (80.81%) and lowest polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.71%) were found in CITH-A-6. Oleic acid content was negatively correlated with linoleic acid (r = -1.00), palmitic acid (r = -0.67) and stearic acid (r = -0.68). Principal component analysis indicated that among the fatty acids, the oleic acid, linoleic acid, and Oleic/Linoleic ratio were largely responsible for the separation on the PC 1. Among the different almond genotypes, CITH-A-17 and CITH-A-06 were found to be promising in terms of fatty acid composition. Interpretation: The present study identified the genotypes with a high Oleic/Linoleic acid ratio, which is important for crop improvement programme and commercialization of these genotypes. Further, the present study also confirms that the Kashmir region is suitable for growing almonds with fatty acids composition at par with commercial almond cultivars grown in major almond-growing countries in the world. Key words: Almond, Breeding programme, Fatty acid profile, Germplasm, Oil content

Establishment of a Generalizable Industrial Crop Model for Microwave Extraction of Unsaturated Fatty Acids.

To explore the relationship between unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content and parameters for microwave extraction, multimaterial and multiparameter testing was conducted in which five kinds of materials with different UFA contents (potato, wheat, corn, soybean, and peanut) were selected for the experiment. Four factors, namely, extraction temperature (X 1), extraction time (X 2), proportional volume of acetone (X 3), and liquid-to-solid ratio (X 4), were screened for their significant effects by using Prob > |T| values from the Plackett-Burman experiment. A microwave extraction orthogonal experiment with four factors and five levels was designed separately using Design-Expert 8.05 software and them concentrated. Microwave-accelerated methyl esterification was then performed, and the UFA content was determined via gas chromatography (flame ionization detector). The optimal extraction conditions (X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4) and the optimal UFA content of potato were 80.68°C, 10.74 min, 0.80, 3.25 mL × g-1, 1.08%; wheat: 80.81°C, 10.54 min, 0.80, 20.91 mL × g-1, 2.26%; corn: 81.18°C, 9.93 min, 0.80, 50.94 mL × g-1, 6.89%; soybean: 82.07°C, 9.07 min, 0.80, 93.87 mL × g-1, 15.81%; and peanut: 83.12°C, 8.11 min, 0.80, 168.70 mL × g-1, 33.07%. Then, the optimization results for the five kinds of materials were synthesized by Origin 8.0 software, the fitting degree of the cubic model with the four extraction factors was the highest, the determination coefficients were 0.9984, 0.9991, 0.8953, and 0.9989, the residual sums of squares were 0.2888, 0.1587, 0.8265, and 0.1864, and the correlation coefficients are ideal. The stability and accuracy of the model were verified by the orthogonal experiment of UFA extraction from rice, and the correlation coefficient between the predicted value and the actual value of the orthogonal experiment was 0.9998. This study systematically collates the optimal parameters for microwave extraction of UFA content in different crops from the perspective of multimaterial and multiparameter, which can provide a large amount of detailed basic data for microwave extraction technology.

Research of the temperature dependence of the specific heat capacity of refined vegetable oils on the content of unsaturated fatty acids

Research of the temperature dependence of the specific heat capacity of refined vegetable oils on the content of unsaturated fatty acids

Identification of SNPs associated with the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in cow milk

The fatty acids in milk fat have a heterogeneous composition due to differences in chain length, their saturation degree, etc. Fatty acids with the number of carbon atoms in the chain from 10 to 14 are considered carriers of the unique taste of dairy products, in particular cheese and butter. In addition, medium-chain fatty acids are used in the treatment of newborn children, as well as adults with disorders of: triglyceride hydrolysis in the small intestine and the process of their absorption, chronic pancreatitis, congenital celiac disease, chronic enteritis, etc. A comprehensive study of the composition of fatty acids in cattle milk provides an opportunity to use this feature in breeding work by selecting genotypes to obtain raw materials with specified properties.

In Vitro Bioactivities and Characterization of Mycelial Extracts from Different Strains of Phellinus igniarius (Agaricomycetes).

To fully utilize Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia, the present study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of four Ph. igniarius strains. Organic solvents were used to extract fatty acids, phenolics, and flavonoids from the selected mushrooms. The composition and bioactivity of the extracts were evaluated. The lipid yield obtained using petroleum ether (7.1%) was higher than that obtained using 1:1 n-hex-ane+methanol (5.5%) or 2:1 dichloromethane+methanol (3.3%). The composition and relative content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the petroleum ether extract were higher than those in other solvent extracts. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extracts had higher flavonoid and phenolic content and better antioxidant activity than other extracts; however, the 70% ethanol extracts had the best α-amylase inhibitory activity. The supernatant from the ethanol precipitation of aqueous and 1% (NH4)2C2O4 extracts could also be biocompound sources. This comparative study is the first highlighting the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of the four strains of Ph. igniarius extracts prepared using different organic solvents, which makes the investigated species and extracts promising for biological application.

Effect of Nutmeg Meal on Microbial Abundance of Biohydrogenation Process, and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Rumen Fluid In Vitro

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nutmeg meal as a source of phenol on the abundance of dominant microbes in the biohydrogenation process and the fatty acid profile of goat rumen fluid in vitro. This study used a randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replicates of in vitro batches, each replicate in duplicate. The dietary treatments consisted of elephant grass (40%), soybean meal (10%), with varying proportion of wheat pollard, canola oil and nutmeg meal hence, treatment P0 (40:10:45:5:0); P1 (40:10:40:5:5); P2 (40:10:35:5:15); P3 (40:10:30:5:10). Fermentation using the in vitro gas production method described by Menke and Steinggas with an incubation period of 48 hours. Parameters observed included microbial abundance and fatty acid profile of goat rumen fluid. The statistical analysis showed that adding nutmeg meal starting at the 5% level decreased the abundance of the main biohydrogenation process bacteria anaerovibrio, butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and pseudobutyrivibrio. Total saturated fatty acid and stearate fatty acid concentrations decreased (P<0.05), while total unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic and oleic acid concentrations increased (P<0.05).

Physio-Chemical Properties and Anti-Microbial Activities of Date Seed Oil’s in Saudi Arabia

The preparation of soap from extracted date seed oil along with anti-microbial activities, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and physio-chemical properties comprise the areas examined by the methodology implemented in this research. Ascertaining the fatty acid content in such date seed oil embodies the research objective of this investigation. Color Criteria should be within the range of 2.8 to 13.5 (red-yellow),acid value 1.42 Mg KOH/g oil, flash point 245C˚, a refractive index of 1.468, a Kinetic viscosity of 20cp, and a density of 0.9188g cm-3 comprised the physical assessment of the date oil. On the other hand, a peroxide value of 7.4 mg of peroxide/kg oil, a saponification value of 0.279 mg g-1, an acid value of 2.67, and an iodine value of 74.31 gm I2/100 gm fat comprised the chemical assessment. GC-MS was utilized to ascertain the quantity of fatty acid content in the date seed oil. Oleic acid (Omega-9) and Linoleic acid (Omega-6) comprised the unsaturated fatty acid content in such oils producing values of 38.25% and 2.33% respectively, where the percentage represents the total fatty acid components. Palmitic acid and lauric acid encapsulated the saturated fatty acid content producing values of 0.42% and 35.76%, respectively. The elemental constituents found in the date oil include calcium (29 ppm), magnesium (0.359 ppm), iron (1.27 ppm), and sodium (70 ppm). The date seed oil shown demonstrated anti-bacterial activity high effect 30mm against Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and moderated effect 20mm against Staphylococcus aureus, (Gram positive) respectively compared to standard drug, Cephradine. Which may be due to bioactive compounds including plant-derived phenolic molecules (589mg/100g). In this way, the date seed oil had moderate inhibitory effect 40mm against Candida albicansa and low inhibitory effect 20mm against Aspergillus flavus. which may be increases with the increase of the compound concentration compared with standard antifungal agent Nizoarm. While the date oil extract showed good properties in soap in terms of viscosity, Hardness, color and moderate solubility.

Fatty acid profile, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of seaweeds in Salinas Bay, Ecuador

The coastal waters of Ecuador have emerged as a favorable environment for the growth and development of several species of edible macroalgae or seaweeds. In this study, fatty acid profiles, total soluble polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity of seven species of macroalgae (four red algae, two brown algae and one green algae) collected from Salinas Bay, Santa Elena Province, Ecuador, were evaluated. Saturated fatty acids C14:0, C15:0, C16:0 and C18:0 were found in almost all organisms, from which palmitic acid showed the highest proportion (10.7-37.1%). Green and brown seaweeds exhibited a major content of unsaturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acid composition was represented by several isomers of C16:1 and C18:1, mainly palmitoleic (3.0-6.6%) and oleic (0.8-11.1%) acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition ranged from 5.47 to 26.61%, with ratios of total n-6/n-3 acids lower than 3.3. Linoleic (C18:2, n-6, 1.16-7.73%) and eicosapentaenoic (C22:5, EPA, n-3, 1.44-5.92%) acids were found in the majority of the seaweeds. The total polyphenol content of the seaweeds was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (765 nm), and ranged from 147.28 to 1,062.20 mg equivalents of gallic acid (GAE) per 100 g of dry seaweed. The antioxidant capacity was determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (517 nm). Only Acanthophora spicifera, Spatoglossum schroederi, and Ulva lactuca showed good radical-scavenging (14.18-3,379.47 mg Trolox equivalents (TE) per 100 g of dry seaweed). The results confirm the potential use of macroalgae in the study area as an important source of nutritional compounds, especially brown and green algae, which could be a recommended food supplement even in the treatment of some diseases.

Exploring Lipid Fraction, Aflatoxin Levels and Shelf Life in Industrial Biscuits

This study examined the presence of aflatoxins, fatty acid compositions, and storage stability in cookies (BSC), digestive biscuits (BSD), and crackers (BScr) produced in different countries. The findings showed that AFB2 and AFG2 were not found in the studied biscuits, but AFB1 was detected in BSD1-S, BSD1-I, BSC2-U, and BScr1-T, while AFG1 was only found in BSD1-S and BScr1-T. The saturated fatty acid content in BSC, BSD, and BScr samples varied from 20.69% to 45.90%, 10.90% to 47.03%, and 11.35% to 46.88%, respectively. The unsaturated fatty acid content in BSC, BSD, and BScr samples ranged from 11.31% to 59.17%, 12.40% to 74.24%, and from Keywords:

Land use composition, configuration and nutrient: Key drivers of benthic metabolism in streams

Benthic metabolism is an essential process which plays a critical role in the carbon and nutrient cycles and in the transfer of material and energy in stream ecosystems. Benthic algae are one of principal primary producers in stream food webs that converts dissolved inorganic carbon to organic matter, and algae are more palatable basal resources for aquatic consumers due to its higher unsaturated fatty acid content than terrestrial carbon. Despite the importance of algae, few studies have investigated how the benthic metabolism is influenced by distal factors, such as upland land use and landscape configuration, and proximal factors, such as stream temperature, nutrient availability, and light availability at various spatial scales. Here, we measured the benthic metabolism and proximal factors at the outlet of 14 selected sub-catchments in a subtropical river. Land use and landscape metrics at the catchment, riparian, and reach scales were processed as distal factors. Using stepwise regression models, we found that the proximal factors, such as water temperature (WT) and total phosphorus (TP), significantly increased primary production, and that nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) decreased gross primary production (GPP). Also, TP was positively correlated with respiration (R) while NO3--N negatively impacted R. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that the patch cohesion index negatively affected GPP by restraining WT and TP at the catchment scale while the increased shape index elevated the WT and TP to promote GPP. Our results suggested that stream metabolism is vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances, such as upland land use and landscape patterns. Thus, land use planning and administration, particularly at catchment scale, should consider how to minimize the influence of human activities on ecosystem function in streams.

Enhancing Soil Fertility and Elevating Pecan Fruit Quality through Combined Chemical and Organic Fertilization Practices

This study focused on 6-year-old ‘Pawnee’ pecan trees to elucidate the differential responses of physicochemical properties of orchard soil and pecan fruit quality when combining chemical and organic fertilizers. The aim was to unveil the mechanisms that underlie the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil fertility, soil enzyme activities, and pecan fruit quality. Four treatments were established: sole chemical fertilizer (CF; N:P2O5:K2O is 15:15:15), chemical fertilizer combined with cake fertilizer (CF+CC), chemical fertilizer combined with manure fertilizer (CF+M), and chemical fertilizer combined with cake and manure fertilizer (CF+CC+M). Measurements were taken to assess the soil nutrient content, soil enzyme activities, and fruit growth quality in some orchards under different fertilization treatments. The results revealed that the combined application could increase yield and enhance pecan quality. Among these, the CF+M+CC treatment demonstrated the most favorable outcomes, with the pecan kernel oil and unsaturated fatty acid contents reaching 72.33% and 97.54%, respectively. The combined fertilization treatments had no significant impacts on soil trace elements such as Mg, Cu, and Mn; however, it significantly increased the Available Phosphorus (AP), Total Nitrogen (TN), Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and S-ACP (soil acid phosphatase) activities. In summary, the combined application of chemical and organic fertilizers can significantly increase the soil nutrient content and enzyme activities in pecan orchards, to promote the enhancement of fruit quality and economic aspects.

Влияние пребиотических добавок на состав и свойства курдючного жира баранчиков калмыцкой породы

Purpose. Study of the influence of prebiotic feed additives on the physicochemical parameters of fat-tail fat of Kalmyk breed rams. Materials and Methods. When fattening animals using lactulose-containing additives in their diets, the generally accepted VIJ method was used, and the phyco-chemical properties and composition of fat-tail fat were carried out in certified laboratories according to the methods provided for by GOSTs. The resulting digital material was processed using the statistical package Microsoft Excel, and the reliability of the data was checked using the Student's criterium. Results. Feeding prebiotic additives “Laktuvet-1” and “LaktuSuper” to fattening rams affected the melting point of fat-tail fat of both 4- and 7-month-old animals. A decrease in the melting temperature of fat was recorded in experimental group I by 0.14 and 0.26°C (P≤0.05), in experimental group II – by 0.21 and 0.32°C (P≤0.01) compared with the control group. The iodine number of fat significantly increased in animals of the experimental groups of 4 months of age by 0.39 (P≤0.05) and 0.51 (P≤0.05), of 7 months of age – by 0.58 (P≤0.05). 01) and 0.76 (P≤0.01) compared to the control group. In the fat-tail fat of 4-month-old rams, compared with the control, the content of unsaturated fatty acids increased in experimental group I by 1.72% (P≤0.05), essential fatty acids in experimental group II – by 2.26% (P≤0.01), the total level of saturated fatty acids decreased in both experimental groups. At the age of 7-month rams in experimental groups I and II, among monounsaturated fatty acids, a significant difference compared to the control was obtained only in the content of oleic acid in fat-tail fat, which was 0.34 (P≤0.05) and 0.42% (P≤0.01). The amount of unsaturated fatty acids significantly exceeded this indicator in the control group by 0.53 (P≤0.01) and 0.83% (P≤0.01). The decrease in the amount of saturated fatty acids in the experimental groups was ensured by a significant decrease in the content of palmitic acid in fat-tail fat by 0.31 (P≤0.05) and 0.44% (P≤0.01) and stearic acid by 0.20 (P≤0.05) and 0.27% (P≤0.05) compared to control. Conclusion. The feed additives “Lactuvet-1” and “LactuSuper” had an effective effect on the composition and physicochemical properties of fat-tail fat of fattening rams. The active substances of prebiotic additives helped to reduce the melting point and improve the chemical and fatty acid composition of tail fat.

Effects of exogenous amino acids on the freeze-drying survival rate of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1

How to improve the freeze-drying survival rate of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by increasing its resistance is a problem that is worth paying attention to. We evaluated the effect of exogenous amino acids on freeze-drying resistance of strain using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1 as model probiotics. We found that the survival rate of L. plantarum LIP-1 after freeze-dried could be significantly enhanced by adding 0.04 g/L glycine to medium (p < 0.05), compare with other amino acids. Mechanistic studies showed that the content of peptidoglycan was increased to improve the integrity of the cell wall via metabolizing glycine; By metabolizing glycine, the content of unsaturated fatty acid was increased, such as C19cyc11, to promote membrane fluidity. In addition, the metabolism of glycine could neutralize the acidic intracellular environment to reduce DNA damage, thus improve the survival rate of freeze-dried strain. These findings may provide a new idea for industrialization of LAB powder.

A review of advanced techniques for detecting the authenticity and adulteration of camellia oil

AbstractCamellia oil, one of the four major woody oils globally, possesses exceptional nutritional value due to its high contents of unsaturated fatty acids and functional compounds like tocopherols, phenolics, and chlorophyll. Unfortunately, due to high demand and cost, fraudsters deliberately mix lower‐quality vegetable oils with camellia oil for profits. This has raised concerns among stakeholders, prompting the need for robust authentication methods. This review provides a concise overview of various analytical techniques employed to assess the authenticity, quality, and potential adulteration of camellia oil. Several techniques, such as chromatography, isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), plasma‐based and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‐based techniques, as well as emerging methods like electronic noses and electronic tongues, are discussed. Notably, traditional chromatographic techniques (GC and HPLC) are reported to be time‐consuming, laborious, employ toxic chemicals, and require complicated sample pretreatments. DNA techniques also face challenges in detecting adulterants due to the complex refining processes of camellia oil, including high‐temperature decolorization and deodorization, which reduce DNA content and induce degradation. In contrast, spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared (near, mid, far) spectroscopy combined with chemometric analyses, have emerged as reliable, rapid, simple, sensitive, and accurate alternative analytical tools for the quality control of camellia oil.

Moringa oleifera Oil Nutritional and Safety Impact on Deep-Fried Potatoes.

Aiming to understand the nutritional impact of Moringa oleifera oil (MOO) on the quality of fried potatoes as consumed, a frying study using intermittent frying at 180 °C was conducted over 5 days, with a total heating time of 15 h, against olive (OO) and sunflower (SFO) oils. Additionally, due to MOO's higher costs, a SFO/MOO blend (80/20 w/w) was tested. With similar fat incorporation and moisture contents, potato lipid composition revealed the impact of oil oxidation over the frying time, gradually decreasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, including vitamin E, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, and increasing the incorporation of trans fatty acids (TFAs) and volatile aldehydes. When the potatoes fried at the ninth hour of heating are compared, MOO and OO were still able to protect potato ascorbic acid better than SFO, due to the low oxidative stress imposed by their fatty-acid composition. SFO, on the contrary, with linoleic acid as the main fatty acid, and despite its higher content of vitamin E, demonstrated higher oxidative stress and increased incorporation of alkenals and alkadienals. Acrylamide content was generally low, as were the trans fatty acids formed and incorporated with frying time, with MOO fried potatoes having lower amounts of all these process contaminants. Interestingly, the blend SFO/MOO (80/20 w/w) doubled the amount of vitamin E in fried potatoes when compared with SFO alone, increased the ascorbic acid protection and reduced by half the amounts of volatile aldehydes, indicative of an efficient reduction of the oxidative status of the SFO-fried potatoes, with benefits to the consumer from a health point of view.

MSI2 Modulates Unsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism by Binding FASN in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

The regulation of fatty acid metabolism is crucial for milk flavor and quality. Therefore, it is important to explore the genes that play a role in fatty acid metabolism and their mechanisms of action. The RNA-binding protein Musashi2 (MSI2) is involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes and plays a regulatory role in post-transcriptional translation. However, its role in the mammary glands of dairy cows has not been reported. The present study examined MSI2 expression in mammary glands from lactating and dry milk cows. Experimental results in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) showed that MSI2 was negatively correlated with the ability to synthesize milk fat and that MSI2 decreased the content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in BMECs. Silencing of Msi2 increased triglyceride accumulation in BMECs and increased the proportion of UFAs. MSI2 affects TAG synthesis and milk fat synthesis by regulating fatty acid synthase (FASN). In addition, RNA immunoprecipitation experiments in BMECs demonstrated for the first time that MSI2 can bind to the 3'-UTR of FASN mRNA to exert a regulatory effect. In conclusion, MSI2 affects milk fat synthesis and fatty acid metabolism by regulating the triglyceride synthesis and UFA content through binding FASN.

Lipid accumulation mechanism of Amphora coffeaeformis under nitrogen deprivation and its application as a feed additive in Carassius auratus aquaculture

BackgroundAmphora coffeaeformis, a unicellular diatom, can significantly accumulate lipids under nitrogen (N) limitation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lipid accumulation in A. coffeaeformis remains unknown and its application development is lagging.ResultsThis work analyzed the lipid composition of A. coffeaeformis under N deprivation and investigated its mechanism underlying lipid accumulation using RNA-seq. The results showed that the total lipid content of A. coffeaeformis increased from 28.22 to 44.05% after 5 days of N deprivation, while the neutral lipid triacylglycerol (TAG) content increased from 10.41 to 25.21%. The transcriptional profile showed that N deprivation induced wide-ranging reprogramming of regulation and that most physiological activities were repressed, while the upregulation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase directly determined TAG accumulation. Moreover, we explored the effect of A. coffeaeformis as a food additive on the lipid composition of crucian carp. The results showed that the contents of unsaturated fatty acids in the meat of fish supplemented with A. coffeaeformis were significantly increased, indicating its potential application in animal nutrition for improving meat quality indicators.ConclusionThe findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms of neutral lipid accumulation and revealed the key genes involved in lipid metabolism in A. coffeaeformis. Moreover, we also confirmed that A. coffeaeformis can be used as feed additive for improving the lipid composition of crucian carp meat, which provided evidence for the biotechnology application of this high-oil microalgae.

Obtaining target dietary fats in the technology of step-by-step hydrogenation and their use

Introduction: Fats are an important component of a number of food products and affect their consistency, shelf life, taste, and nutritional qualities. Step-by-step hydrogenation is one of the main methods of modifying dietary fats, which allows for influencing their chemical structure and properties. The purpose of this study was to establish the main approaches to the step-by-step hydrogenation of dietary fats, the problems of the method, the main areas of use, and prospects for improving the technology. Material and Methods: A search to identify relevant papers was conducted for sources using open electronic databases, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results and Discussion: During the study, the most common conditions of the hydrogenation reaction were established. The most important characteristics of the catalyst were determined by the activity, durability, selectivity, and stability of the formation of isomers. The formation of trans isomers of fatty acids, which reduces the quality of fat, has been identified as the main disadvantage of step-by-step hydrogenation. Factors contributing to the formation of trans isomers included high temperature, catalyst properties, and high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the feedstock. Step-by-step hydrogenation was identified to be the most characteristic of the soybean industry and for the production of confectionery and baking fats with specified properties. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate the potential of step-by-step hydrogenation to produce edible fats with a certain melting point and organoleptic characteristics after solving the cis/trans-isomerisation problem.

Elucidating the impact of bacterial lipases, human serum albumin, and FASII inhibition on the utilization of exogenous fatty acids by Staphylococcus aureus.

Incorporation of host-derived exogenous fatty acids (eFAs), particularly unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), by Staphylococcus aureus could affect the bacterial membrane fluidity and susceptibility to antimicrobials. In this work, we found that glycerol ester hydrolase (Geh) is the primary lipase hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters and, to a lesser extent, triglycerides and that human serum albumin (HSA) could serve as a buffer of eFAs, where low levels of HSA facilitate the utilization of eFAs but high levels of HSA inhibit it. The fact that the type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) inhibitor, AFN-1252, leads to an increase in UFA content even in the absence of eFA suggests that membrane property modulation is part of its mechanism of action. Thus, Geh and/or the FASII system look to be promising targets to enhance S. aureus killing in a host environment by restricting eFA utilization or modulating membrane properties, respectively.

Evaluation of the Quality and Lipid Content of Artisan Sausages Produced in Tungurahua, Ecuador.

The consumption of sausage worldwide increases every year; because of this increase, artisanal products have appeared and are intended to be perceived as natural and healthy. Obesity and cardiovascular diseases associated with consuming meat and meat derivatives have been estimated to be the leading cause of death in several countries. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality, lipid content, and presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, contributing to demonstrating the real nutritional value of artisanal sausages produced in Ecuador. Sausages from 10 factories in Ambato, Pelileo, and Píllaro, located in Tungurahua, Ecuador, were evaluated. The pH and acidity, color, proximal, sensory, microbiological, and lipid content were assessed. The pH and acidity showed a slight variation in all of the samples. Proximal analysis (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) established that the artisan sausages did not differ from the type of sausages reported in the literature. Microbiological analyses showed a good microbial quality, and there was no presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteria, molds, or yeasts. The sensory attributes were similar for all of the sausages; the panelists did not notice any strange taste or odor. The lipid content showed that the artisanal sausages contained the highest percentage of palmitic, stearic, elaidic, and linolelaidic fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids were the most prevalent in all of the sausages collected from different locations. The results showed that the nutritional, microbiological, and sensory quality of the artisanal sausages did not show any parameter that would allow them to be classified as different or as having a better nutritional value.