Unsaponifiable Matter Content Research Articles

The in vitro effects of black soldier fly larvae (Hermitia illucens) oil as a high-functional active ingredient for inhibiting hyaluronidase, anti-oxidation benefits, whitening, and UVB protection.

Objective: Larvae of Hermitia illucens, or black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), have been recognized for their high lipid yield with a remarkable fatty acid profile. BSFL oil (SFO) offers the added value of a low environmental footprint and a sustainable product. In this study, the characteristics and cosmetic-related activities of SFO were investigated and compared with rice bran oil, olive oil and krill oil which are commonly used in cosmetics and supplements. Methods: The physicochemical characteristics were determined including acid value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and water content of SFO. The fatty acid composition was determined using GC-MS equipped with TR-FAME. The in vitro antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH, FRAP and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Antihyaluronidase (anti-HAase) activity was measured by detecting enzyme activity and molecular docking of candidate compounds toward the HAase enzyme. The safety assessment towards normal human cells was determined using the MTT assay and the UVB protection upon UVB-irradiated fibroblasts was determined using the DCF-DA assay. The whitening effect of SFO was determined using melanin content inhibition. Results: SFO contains more than 60% polyunsaturated fatty acids followed by saturated fatty acids (up to 37%). The most abundant component found in SFO was linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6 cis). Multiple anti-oxidant mechanisms of SFO were discovered. In addition, SFO and krill oil prevented hyaluronic acid (HA) degradation via strong HAase inhibition comparable with the positive control, oleanolic acid. The molecular docking confirmed the binding interactions and molecular recognition of major free fatty acids toward HAase. Furthermore, SFO exhibited no cytotoxicity on primary human skin fibroblasts, HaCaT keratinocytes and PBMCs (IC50 values > 200μg/mL). SFO possessed significant in-situ anti-oxidant activity in UVB-irradiated fibroblasts and the melanin inhibition activity as effective as well-known anti-pigmenting compounds (kojic acid and arbutin, p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides scientific support for various aspects of SFO. SFO can be considered an alternative oil ingredient in cosmetic products with potential implications for anti-skin aging, whitening and UVB protection properties, making it a potential candidate oil in the cosmetic industry.

Lipid Composition and Physicochemical Parameters of Flaxseed Oil (Linum usitatissimum L.) from Bulgaria

Flaxseed oil is a prevalent food supplement. On one hand, vegetable oil is used in the food industry and pharmacy due to its health benefits; on the other hand, it has an application as a lubricant oil. The fatty acid composition of the investigated oil was determined as follows: the main fatty acids were α-linolenic (57.5%), oleic (17.5%), linoleic (12.5%), palmitic (6.0%), and stearic acid (4.3%). The content of unsaponifiable matter was 1.4%. The total sterol content was determined (0.5%), with identified β-sitosterol (79.7%) as a main component, followed by stigmasterol. The content of tocopherols was found to be 243 mg/kg. The compound γ-tocopherol predominated (68%) in the tocopherol fraction, followed by γ-tocotrienol (32%). Some physicochemical indicators were also determined—density, surface tension, and dynamic and kinematic viscosity—at the following temperatures: 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C. The increase in temperature led to a decrease in all indexes and good linear dependence was observed. The determined physicochemical indicators provided information about the stability of flaxseed oil, which is very important considering its use in food and technical products.

Effect of Refining and Fractionation Processes on Minor Components, Fatty Acids, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Shea Butter.

Shea butter is becoming increasingly popular in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. This work aims to study the effect of the refining process on the quality and stability of fractionated and mixed shea butters. Crude shea butter, refined shea stearin, olein and their mixture (1:1 w/w) were analyzed for fatty acids, triacylglycerol composition, peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), unsaponifiable matter (USM), tocopherol and phytosterol content. Additionally, the oxidative stability, radical scavenging activity (RSA), antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated. The two main fatty acids in the shea butter samples were stearic and oleic. The refined shea stearin showed lower PV, FFA, USM, TPC, TFC, RSA, tocopherol and sterol content than crude shea butter. A higher EC50 was observed, but antibacterial activity was much lower. The refined olein fraction was characterized by lower PV, FFA and TFC in comparison with crude shea butter, but USM, TPC, RSA, EC50, tocopherol and sterol content was unchanged. The antibacterial activity was higher, but the antifungal activity was lower than those of crude shea butter. When both fractions were mixed, their fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition were similar to those of crude shea butter, but other parameters were different.

Integrated Approach to Spent Coffee Grounds Valorization in Biodiesel Biorefinery

With the increasing consumption of coffee beverages, an increased amount of food waste—spent coffee grounds (SCG)—is generated and disposed into landfills or combusted in incinerators. SCG are characterized as a highly polluting substance with partial toxicity due to the presence of caffeine, tannins, and polyphenols. It also contains 15% of oil on average, and its potential for biodiesel production is thus considerable. The aim of the presented work is to evaluate the possibility and technical potential of biodiesel production from the SCG oil (SCGO) by esterification and transesterification reaction. According to the characterization of the studied SCGO, this stream must be adjusted and purified to be utilized in the existing biodiesel production plant. Fatty acids (FA) represent 85.85% of the SCGO, with two dominant FAs—linoleic and palmitic acids. The necessity of removal and disposal of unsaponifiable matter, which accounts for 15% of the SCGO content, must be highlighted when producing biodiesel from the SCG. The objective of this research was the comparison of different biodiesel production processes, where a two-step transesterification process has been identified as the most successful method for biodiesel production from the SCGO with the highest ester content of 89.62% and the lowest content of unsaponifiable and unidentified matter in the final product. The novelty of the analyses is a characterization of the d unsaponifiable matter present in the SCGO, and the article highlights the importance of progression to be considered when evaluating the technical potential of the SCG biodiesel production integrated into a biorefinery. Nevertheless, the SCG biodiesel can contribute to fulfilling the mandatory share of advanced biofuel in the fuel energy mix given by national legislation and contribution to the circular economy approach of biorefineries.

Arctigenin-Enriched Burdock Seed Oil (ABSO): A New Skin Brightening Botanical Extract

The Arctium lappa L. plant, commonly known as burdock, has been used therapeutically for hundreds of years. Arctigenin (ATG) is an active ingredient in burdock, albeit at low quantities or mostly in the form of acrtiin (arctigenin-4-glucoside). ATG has been touted for its anti-inflammatory properties in many cell types and disease states; however, its role in skin and melanin production has not been extensively studied. Our aims for this study were to develop a burdock seed extract enriched for ATG that is amenable to quasi-drug development, determine in vitro brightening activity, and evaluate safety and skin brightening efficacy clinically in human subjects. Arctiin and ATG content were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro studies utilized EpiDermTM tissues for skin irritation test, and MelanoDermTM tissues for melanin reduction capacity. A 45 subject clinical study was performed in adult subjects ranging in age from 30 to 60 years old (mean = 41.9 ± 6.7) to test the safety and skin brightening potential of 1% ABSO lotion. We demonstrate by HPLC that ABSO is a natural extract that contains ~5-times more arctigenin than BSO. Furthermore, ABSO inhibits melanin production better than BSO and retains the same melanin-reducing capacity as synthetic ATG in vitro in MelanoDerm™ 3D skin cultures. ABSO also adheres to quasi-drug criteria according to the Japanese Standards of Quasi-Drug Ingredients as determined by infrared absorption spectrum method, unsaponifiable matter, heavy metal and arsenic content, and acid, saponification, and iodine value methods. Clinical assessment of 1% ABSO lotion shows it is well-tolerated in human skin and demonstrates improved brightness and skin tone evenness. ABSO is a natural arctigenin-enriched burdock seed extract that reduces melanin content in vitro and clinically improves skin brightness.

Physicochemical characterization of microwave-stabilized rice bran oil from Ethiopian small-scale rice-processing plants

Rice bran is one of the main byproducts of rice-processing industries, making approximately 10% of the total mass of rice kernels. It is rich in bioactive phytochemicals, which have several health benefits. Among others, rice bran contains 10%–23% oil, constituting the major bioactive elements of the bran. The aim of this work is therefore to evaluate rice bran oil obtained from Ethiopian small-scale rice-milling plants for suitability of human consumption. The rice bran was stabilized using microwave heating to inactivate endogenous lipase enzymes that would otherwise cause rancidity of the oil and render it inedible. The oil was then extracted and evaluated for its physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant activity using standard methods. The result of the work confirmed that the rice bran oil from Ethiopian rice-milling plants has physicochemical characteristics that satisfy the acceptable threshold values set by various organizations. Interestingly, the oil contained a substantial fatty acid profile (high amount of unsaturated fatty acids) and a high content of unsaponifiable matter which contributes to the claimed health benefits of the oil. In addition, it exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (95.319%) at a concentration of 18 mg/ml, which also essentially contributes to its health benefits. Proper integration of rice milling with byproduct utilization such as rice bran oil production will contribute to the efforts to alleviate the oil scarcity in the country.

Statistical FT-IR Spectroscopy for the Characterization of 17 Vegetable Oils.

Vegetable oils have been utilized for centuries in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, and they contribute beneficially to overall human health, to active skincare, and to effective treatments. Monitoring of the vegetable oils is carried out by the methods described in the European Pharmacopeia, which is time-consuming, has poor repeatability, and involves the use of toxic organic chemicals and expensive laboratory equipment. Many successful studies using IR spectroscopy have been carried out for the detection of geographical origin and adulteration as well as quantification of oxidation parameters. The aim of our research was to explore FT-IR spectroscopy for assessing the quality parameters and fatty acid composition of cranberry, elderberry, borage, blackcurrant, raspberry, black mustard, walnut, sea buckthorn, evening primrose, rosehip, chia, perilla, black cumin, sacha inchi, kiwi, hemp, and linseed oil. Very good models were obtained for the α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid contents, with R2 = 1.00; Rv2 values of 0.98, 0.92, 0.89, and 0.84 were obtained for iodine value prediction, stearic acid content, palmitic acid content, and unsaponifiable matter content, respectively. However, we were not able to obtain good models for all parameters, and the use of the same process for variable selection was found to be not suitable for all cases.

Physicochemical and rheological characterizations of Cocos nucifera L. and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) oils for black hair shampoo formulation

Black hair suffers from a lipid deficiency, either on the surface with a decrease in sebaceous secretion or in depth with a lack of covalent bonds between the lipids and the cuticular cells. The result is a porous cuticle, a dull, rough hair that is difficult to untangle and breaks easily. The aim of this study was to evaluate properties of oils extracted from Cocos nucifera and Elaeis guineensis intended for the formulation of shampoos for black hair. Physicochemical and rheological analyses were carried out. Both oils showed a refractive index of 1.45 and melting points of 28 °C and 30 °C for coconut oil and palm kernel oil, respectively. The relative densities, moisture contents, saponification indexes, peroxide values, unsaponifiable matter contents, para-anisidine values were relatively similar while iodine and acid values were different. Both oils are rich in lauric, oleic and linoleic acids. These oils exhibited a Newtonian behavior and a dominant elastic nature after their melting temperature in the study conditions. They could constitute active ingredients for the formulation of shampoo for black hair in view of their different characteristics.Keywords: Physico-chemical analyses, rheological parameters, Cocos nucifera oil, Elaeis guineensis oil.

Assessment of Quality of Shea Butter Sourced from Organic and Inorganic Fields

The objective of the study was to compare selected physical and chemical composition of shea butter processed from nut sourced from inorganic and organic fields. The treatments were O (shea butter processed from nut picked from organic fields) and N (shea butter processed from nuts picked from inorganic fields). These treatments were arranged in a Complete Randomized Design and were replicated four times in the laboratory for studies of free fatty acids (FFA), pH, peroxide value, insoluble impurities, unsaponifiable matter, and moisture content. The study revealed that organic shea butter had lower free fatty acids (FFA), lower moisture content, lower pH, less unsaponifiable matter, less insoluble impurities and lower peroxide value as compared to inorganic shea butter shea butter. The lower FFA value of organic shea butter indicates that it can be used for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and for direct consumption. Hence higher chances that organic shea butter and attract premium prices in both local and international markets. The study also revealed that there was a positive relationship between; unsaponifiable matter and moisture content. Insoluble impurities had a very strong correlation with unsaponifiable matter and moisture content. A very strong positive correlation was observed between peroxide value and unsaponifiable matter, moisture content, and insoluble impurities. For good quality butter, nuts should be sourced from organic fields.

Characterization of the Chemical Composition of Chinese Moringa oleifera Seed Oil

AbstractThis work focused on physicochemical property assaying, fatty acid composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles, and unsaponifiable matter composition of the Chinese Moringa oleifera seed oil. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in approximate nutritional components between M. oleifera seeds from China and India, while variations in the mineral element contents are significant. Both the Soxhlet extraction method and the aqueous enzymatic extraction method were adopted to extract oil from Chinese M. oleifera seeds. Oil yield obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method was higher than that obtained using the aqueous enzymatic extraction method. While both the iodine value and unsaponifiable matter content of the aqueous enzymatic extracted oil were a little higher than that of the Soxhlet extracted oil. Both oils possess a very low acid value and peroxide value, suggesting their good quality as edible oil. Fatty acid composition results indicated that this oil was especially high in oleic acid. Characterization of the TAG composition was achieved by a two‐dimensional high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupling of nonaqueous reverse‐phase and silver ion HPLC with the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry method. A total of 22 TAG including 16 regioisomers were determined. Composition results of unsaponifiable matters revealed that this oil possesses a number of phytosterols, in which β‐sitosterol and stigmasterol are most predominant.

Quality Evaluation of Canola Oils and Deodorizer Distillate during Industrial Processing

Aim of present study was to evaluate quality of three collected sets of canola oil containing crude oil, neutralized oil, bleached oil, deodorized oil and canola oil deodorizer distillate (DD) form three different edible oil processing industries. Physiochemical properties such as moisture, color, free fatty acid (FFA), acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (AV), total oxidative (totox) value, saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), unsaponifiable matter and soap content were evaluated. The results of the present study indicated that each stage of processing has different impact on the determined quality parameters. Overall processing was well controlled and final product i.e. refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) canola oil was found to be fit for human consumption. Only soap contents should be further controlled during neutralization process to avoid extra processing time and losses in the bleaching process. High FFA contents in DD samples indicated that it could be used as a potential and cheap source for biodiesel production.

Composition of ghee prepared from camel, cow and buffalo milk

Samples of milk from camel, cow and buffalo were analysed for fat contents Cream was separated from the respective milk and ghee was prepared by employing direct cream method. Yield of ghee was measured and recovery of fat obtained was estimated. The samples of ghee were analysed for selected compositional attributes. Yield of ghee and recovery of fat from camel milk was substantially lower compared to that from cow milk as well as buffalo milk. The content of unsaponifiable matter, cholesterol and FFA of ghee from camel milk was significantly lower (p>0.05) compared to ghee prepared from cow as well as buffalo milk. On the other hand, moisture content of ghee from camel milk was intermediate to that of the ghee from buffalo and cow milk.

Physico-Chemical Characteristic and Fatty Acids Compositions of Cottonseed Oils

In this study, three cotton genotypes of species Gossypium hirsutum L., Cukurova 1518, PAUM 15 and BA 119 were investigated for their some physicochemical properties of oils such as free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, total carotenoid and tocopherol contents and fatty acids composition in Cukurova region in Turkey. Seed oil content ranged 17.2-19.6% and PAUM 15 was found to be genotype with the highest oil content. The range of other physicochemical properties and their values are as follows; free fatty acids 1.7-2.8%, peroxide value 5.3- 6.0 meq O2 kg-1, unsaponifiable matters 2.1-2.3%, iodine value 102-110, total carotenoid content 119-140 mg kg-1, total tocopherol content 887-920 mg kg-1, linoleic acid 52.00-55.82%, palmitic acid 24.85-25.63%, oleic acid 14.06-17.00%, stearic acid 3.01-3.13% in the cottonseed oils. PAUM 15 was determined to be more suitable for food consumption as edible oil due to its highest oil content and quality characteristics than the others genotypes.

Physicochemical and thermal characteristics of Australian chia seed oil.

Physicochemical and thermal characteristics of Australian chia seed oil (CSO) were studied. The specific gravity, viscosity and refractive index of CSO at ambient temperature were 0.93, 43.2mPa.s and 1.48, respectively. The acid, peroxide, saponification and iodine values and unsaponifiable matter content of CSO were 2.54gKOH/kg oil, 4.33meqO2/kg oil, 197gKOH/kg oil, 204gI2/kg oil and 1.12%, respectively. α-linolenic acid is the most abundant fatty acid comprising (64.39% of total oil) followed by linoleic acid (21.46%), while saturated fatty acid content is less than 10%. This CSO contained twelve triacylglycerols (TAGs) out of which trilinolenin (αLnαLnαLn) was the most abundant comprising 33.2% of total TAG. Melting point and melting enthalpy of CSO were -34°C and 77.48J/g, respectively. CSO remained stable up to 300°C with negligible degradation. Due to these physicochemical and thermal properties, CSO is an excellent source of essential fatty acids for food industries.

Process optimization and characterization of fragrant oil from red pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) seed extracted by subcritical butane extraction

Red pepper seeds account for 450-500 g kg-1 of the total pepper weight and are often discarded as waste. In this study, process optimization and characterization of fragrant oil from roasted red pepper seed extracted by subcritical butane extraction were carried out. The optimal conditions of extraction were a temperature of 74.61 °C, a time of 68.65 min and a liquid/solid ratio of 30.24:1. The oil had a refractive index (25 °C) of 1.471, a relative density of 0.900, an acid value of 1.421 mg g-1 oil, an iodine value of 127.035 g per 100 g, a saponification value of 184.060 mg KOH g-1 , an unsaponifiable matter content of 12.400 g kg-1 , a peroxide value of 2.465 meq. O2 kg-1 and a viscosity of 52.094 cP. The main fatty acids in the oil were linoleic acid (72.95%) followed by palmitic acid (11.43%) and oleic acid (10.00%). The oil showed desirable thermal and oxidative stability. A total of 19 volatile compounds, mostly aldehydes and alkenes, were identified from the oil. The results indicated that the method is appropriate for the preparation of fragrant red pepper seed oil, and the oil is suitable for used as edible oil. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Profile of Phoenix Tree Seed and its Oil

AbstractVarious components of Phoenix tree (Firmiana simplex) seed were determined. Oil, protein, moisture, ash, and fiber accounted for 27.8 ± 0.3, 19.7 ± 0.4, 7.5 ± 0.2, 4.4 ± 0.3, and 31.23 ± 0.93 % (w/w) of the seed, respectively. The acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, and unsaponifiable matter content of Phoenix tree seed oil extracted using the Soxhlet method were 3.73 ± 0.02 mg KOH/g, 1.97 ± 0.21 mmol/kg, 183.74 ± 2.37 mg KOH/g, and 0.90 ± 0.05 g/100 g, respectively. The total tocopherol content was 54.5 ± 0.5 mg/100 g oil, which consisted mainly of δ‐tocopherol (29.5 ± 0.6 mg/100 g oil) and γ‐tocopherol (13.8 ± 0.8 mg/100 g oil). Linoleic acid (L, 30.2 %), oleic acid (O, 22.2 %), and sterculic acid (S, 23.2 %) were the main unsaturated fatty acids of Phoenix tree seed oil. The saturated fatty acids included palmitic acid (17.4 %) and stearic acid (St, 2.9 %). The work shows the first report of sterculic acid in seeds of this species. This oil can be used as a raw material to produce sterculic acid.

Extraction and Characterization of Montmorency Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) Pit Oil

AbstractMontmorency sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) pit oil (CPO) was extracted and characterized by various methods including: GC, LC–MS, NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). The oil gave an acid value of 1.45 mg KOH/g, saponification value of 193 mg KOH/g and unsaponifiable matter content of 0.72 %. The oil contained oleic (O) and linoleic (l) acids as the major components with small concentrations of α‐eleostearic acid (El, 9Z,11E,13E‐octadecatrienoic acid) and saturated fatty acid palmitic (P) acid. The CPO contained six major triacyglycerols (TAG), OOO (16.83 %), OLO (16.64 %), LLO (13.20 %), OLP (7.25 %), OOP (6.49 %) and LElL (6.16 %) plus a number of other minor TAG. The TAG containing at least one saturated fatty acid constitute 33 % of the total. The polymorphic behavior of CPO as studied by DSC and XRD confirmed the presence of α, β′ and β crystal forms. The oxidative induction time of CPO was 30.3 min at 130 °C and the thermal decomposition temperature was 352 °C.

Composition of Rice Bran Stearin from Various Refineries Across China

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the composition of rice bran stearin (RBS) from various refineries across China. Here, we report the physicochemical parameters of RBS. The slip melting point ranged from 20.8 to 35.3 °C. The free fatty acid content (0.05–0.27 %) and peroxide value (0.34–3.70 mequiv oxygen/kg) was quite low, indicating that the RBS was of good quality. The iodine value ranged from 85.8–102.9 g/100 g, indicating a high unsaturated bond content. There was a significant difference in the unsaponifiable matter content (1.20–3.87 %) among RBS samples. The oxidative stability index (OSI) ranged from 0.56 to 5.85 h. The palmitic acid content in RBS refined by molecular distillation was significantly higher than the RBS that was refined physically and chemically. The major triacylglycerol was LLO/OLL, PLL/LPL, OLO, PLP, OOO and POO (L, linoleic acid; O, oleic acid; P, palmitic acid). RBS contained high levels of micronutrients, including total tocopherols (23.3–117.9 mg/100 g), oryzanol (0.1–2.1 %), and total sterols (682.9–1787.3 mg/100 g). Moreover, three different kinds of solid fat curves were distinguished. The results presented here are probably the first report regarding RBS on an industrial scale, meanwhile the potential utilization of RBS is discussed.

Biochemical Studies on Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil

The purpose of the present study was to examine the physico-chemical properties, fatty acids composition, unsaponifiable matter, tocopherols and phenolic content of Moringa oleifera seed oil from Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. In addition, biological evaluation of this oil was determined. Moringa oil showed a better overall quality, its, acid, peroxide, iodine, saponification values. Sterol fraction was found rich in ?-sitosterol (45.11), stigmasterol (19.20%), campesterol (16.90%) and ?5-avenasterol (10.00%). The major fatty acids were identified as oleic acid (65.00%). These results strongly suggested in potential use Moringa oil as non - conventional seed crop for high quality oil.

Physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid positional distribution and triglyceride composition in oil extracted from carrot seeds using supercritical CO2

New Zealand carrot seed oil extracted by supercritical fluid CO2 was analyzed for its fatty acid composition, color, quality, melting and crystallization, triglycerides fatty acid composition and positional distribution of the fatty acids. The oil was yellowish in color and its peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, free fatty acid content, acid value, conjugated diene and triene value, unsaponifiable matter content and polar compound level were all lower than the maximum limits of guidelines for edible oils. The melting and crystallization profiles of carrot seed oil were assessed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Both of them occurred in two distinct regions which are related to the fatty acid composition. The major fatty acid of carrot seed oil was oleic acid (81.5±1.7%; p<0.05). Four major triglyceride peaks were collected via high performance liquid chromatography, identified by electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy and confirmed by gas chromatography. They were trilinoleoyl-glycerol (LLL)/linolenoyl-linoleoyl-palmitoyl-glycerol (LnLP), dilinoleoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (LLO)/dilinoleoyl-palmitoyl-glycerol (LLP), dioleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (LOO)/linoleoyl-palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (LPO) and trioleoyl-glycerol (OOO). Saturated fatty acids in carrot seed oil predominated at sn-1,3 positions, while polyunsaturated fatty acids were found mostly at the sn-2 position with C18:1 being more evenly distributed.