Content Of Oxygenated Compounds Research Articles

Co-pyrolysis of soybean soapstock with iron slag/aluminum scrap, and characterization and analysis of their products

Soybean soapstock (SS) is one of the main solid wastes produced in the refinery of edible oil processing. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of SS with iron slag (IS) and aluminum scrap (AS) was carried out in a tubular furnace. The gas, liquid and solid products were characterized and the char yield decreased with increasing IS/AS ratio. IS and AS can improve the gas yield, and when the ratio of SS/IS was 1:0.25, the total pyrolysis gas and hydrogen contents were significantly increased. The content of oxygen compounds in pyrolysis oil decreased during co-pyrolysis, while AS promoted the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil. The co-pyrolysis reaction can be divided into four stages, the weight loss rate reaches the maximum at the third stage (390℃-575℃). The molar ratio of H/C was lower for pyrolysis, indicating good stability of pyrolysis char owing to the high degree of carbonization and aromaticity. The possible co-pyrolysis reaction mechanism was explored.

Оцінка впливу експлуатаційних параметрів на роботу авіаційного газотурбінного двигуна

This paper considers the possibilities of improving the reliability and efficiency of the aircraft engine, which are one of the main indicators of quality and require high-quality fuel. Modern gas turbine engines (GTE) are much more powerful and economical compared with those produced 50 years ago. Nevertheless, manufacturers are constantly working to improve gas turbine engines with the main emphasis on their fuel efficiency. Mechanical impurities present in the fuel can clog the fuel filters, thereby cutting off the fuel supply. The presence of resins in the fuel leads to the formation of various deposits on engine parts, and the content of sulfur, acids and alkalis increases the corrosiveness of the fuel. The completeness of combustion and the tendency of carbon formation are the main performance characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels, which are of great practical importance in improving the efficiency and service life of the engine. Currently, there are many options for improving technical and economic indicators. The proposed ways to prepare a better fuel mixture before supplying it to the engine. The preparation of aviation fuel is carried out because of the electrophysical effects on the fuel. The electrophysical effect on the fuel is determined by a magnetic installation with a sign-changing magnetic field. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of electrophysical impact on the completeness of combustion of aviation fuel and carbon formation in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine engine. The method allows to give a comparative assessment of the completeness of combustion and carbon formation of fuels for engines with a small amount of fuel consumed for testing. It has been established that under electrophysical action on aviation fuel, the fuel combustion efficiency increases by 10...12 %, carbon formation in the gas turbine engine combustion chamber decreases by 20...25 %. The positive effect on the combustion process in the previous phases decreases the afterburning phase, therefore, a decrease in the temperature of the exhaust gases, a decrease in the concentration of nitrogen oxide by 12...16 %, carbon monoxide by 0.64...0.7 % and hydrocarbon by 25...35 %. After the electrophysical impact and the fuel running time, the content of resinous compounds increased four times, the content of oxygen compounds decreased by ~23 %, and the content of sulfur compounds decreased by ~25 %.

Destruction of Oil Pollution on Soils by Ameliorant Based on Peat

Biodestruction of crude oils of various chemical types recovered from different regions has been studied. Soil pollution with crude oil and oil products results in serious ecological problems in oils fields, that is especially characteristic for the North regions. Degradation of crude oil components was caused by the<br />communities of micro-organisms obtained from various peat samples of the Tomsk Oblast. The microorganisms were activated by mineral systems. Oil destruction level was defined by gravimetric determination after extraction from soils by methylene chloride; the elemental composition was also determined. The study has revealed that the efficiency of oil degradation ranges from 60% to 80% depending on peat sample<br />and ambient conditions. In general, the content of alkanes (linear + cyclic) and aromatic hydrocarbons with alkyl chains decreased as a result of crude oil destruction. The content of oxygen compounds decreased 2-3 times. As to nitrogen-containing compounds they completely disappeared in the biodegraded samples.

Variability in essential oil composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) grown under North Western Himalayan Region of India

Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.; Lamiaceae) is one of the most important herb known for its essential oil richness and extensive use in folk medicine. The essential oil from aerial parts of S. officinalis L. collections grown under temperate climate of Uttarakhand, India, was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The essential oil content of S. officinalis was found to vary between 1.11 to 2.76% on dry weight basis. A total of 35 compounds were identified, representing 94.21 to 99.36% of the total oils. The range of major constituents present among six sage collections were: α-thujone (21.43 to 40.10%), β-thujone (2.06 to 7.41%), camphor (11.31 to 37.67%), 1,8-cineole (4.47 to 9.17%), α-humulene (4.58 to 9.51%), camphene (1.89 to 7.04%), viridiflorol (2.14 to 5.56%), α-pinene (1.55 to 6.17%), β-pinene (1.68 to 3.49%) and β-caryophyllene (1.06 to 5.59%). The essential oil composition of sage collections showed presence of larger quantities of the oxygenated terpenes (59.43 to 70.68%) as compared to monoterpene hydrocarbon (13.41 to 17.01%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (7.78 to 15.36%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2.14 to 7.73%). The presence of comparatively high concentration of oxygenated compounds mainly thujones, 1,8-cineole and camphor in sage oils may be attributing its carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, and astringent properties. Hence, these sage collections may be exploited for various biological and therapeutic applications. Key words: Salvia officinalis, essential oil, composition, Lamiaceae, terpenes, thujones.