Content Of Methyl Chavicol Research Articles

Effect of Mulching and Nutrition on Essential Oil Yield, Quality and Nutrient Uptake in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Bengaluru to investigate the influence of different mulches and nutrition on essential oil yield, quality and nutrient uptake in sweet basil. The treatment combinations consisted of four different mulches viz., no mulch, black plastic, silver plastic and organic mulch (spent lemon grass) each with four different nutrient levels viz., 100 percent Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), combination of 75 percent RDF with humic acid, 75 percent RDF with microbial consortia and 75 percent RDF, humic acid and microbial consortia. Use of black plastic mulch recorded maximum essential oil content (1.13 %), yield (97.21 kg/ha), nitrogen (54.56 kg/ha), phosphorous (37.71 kg/ha) and potassium (57.85 kg/ha) uptake. Application of 75 percent RDF with humic acid resulted in maximum essential oil content (1.21 %) whereas, 75 percent RDF with humic acid and microbial consortia recorded maximum essential oil yield (79.03 kg/ha), phosphorous (24.82 kg/ha) and potassium (48.88 kg/ha) uptake. Maximum nitrogen uptake was found in plants applied with 100 percent RDF. Among interaction, maximum essential oil content (1.44 %) and yield (109.92 kg/ha) was noticed in combination of black plastic mulch with 75 percent RDF and humic acid. The highest methyl chavicol content (73.85%) was observed in plants grown on black plastic mulch along with application of 75 percent RDF and microbial consortia.

Effect of NPK-SRFS on the Growth, Yield and Essential Oil Composition of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.).

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i> L.), an aromatic herb, is considered one of the most important crops with essential oils as well as other bioactive compounds. Basil leaves have tremendous pharmaceutical benefits and are used for foods. Slow-release fertilizers have been developed to optimize the fertilization of crops. This work aims to discover the effect of NPK Slow-Release Fertilizer Coated by Starch (NPK-SRFS) at different rates on growth, yield and essential oil components of basil grown on the field in Northern Vietnam. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Basil seedlings, sown from seeds, were used as plant materials. NPK-SRFS was stocked in the Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi Pedagogical University 2. The experiments were designed in a fully randomized block model, consisting of four treatments with different rates of NPK-SRFS. Each treatment had three replicates with an area of 8 m<sup>2</sup>. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was being used for statistical analysis (p = 0.05). <b>Results:</b> All 3 NPK-SRFS treatments significantly increased the number of buds and leaves per plant compared to the control. However, NPK-SRFS at different rates affected diversely plant height and leaf area of the basil. F5.0 and F10 treatments accelerated chlorophyll content as well as Fv/Fm value in comparison with none NPK-SRFS treatment. The application of NPK-SRFS at different rates caused slightly different changes in basil essential oil composition, especially the content of Methyl Chavicol, the most abundant oxygenated monoterpene and α-trans-Bergamotene, the most abundant sesquiterpene hydrocarbon. <b>Conclusion:</b> The present study provides further insight into the influence of NPK-SRFS on the growth, yield and essential oil components of basil.

Genotype selection over years using additive main eff ;ects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model under the ascendancy of genetic diversity in the genus Ocimum

The genus Ocimum plays a vital role in food, flavor, and fragrance. The impactful phenylpropanoids and terpenoids class provide a range of odor for flavor applications. In the present investigations, the genetic diversity estimated on the forty-three genotypes belongs to the five Ocimum species. The Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis used across the years on the selected diverse genotypes. This study's objectives were 1) Selection of diverse Ocimum genotypes through genetic diversity and, 2) to understand genotype × environment interactions accurately in the selected genotypes for the different economic traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomized completely block design with three replications. Results revealed significant environmental influence on the essential oil yield and other essential oil yield contributing traits. Genotypes, years, and genotype × year interactions also influenced most of the economic traits. The economic characters alone were not enough to predict essential oil yield. Based on the genetic diversity and mean performance of essential oil yield eleven genotypes namely G1, G7, G10, G11, G14, G16, G19, G23, G30, G37, and G38 were selected from the set of forty-three genotypes of Ocimum. The Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis is used for a further selection of the stable genotypes. The essential oil of different Ocimum genotypes indicated different major aroma chemicals such as estragole, (-) linalool, β-ocimene, and chavibetol, etc. The present study identified the genotypes, namely G1 for high fresh herb yield; G38, G7, G1, G37, and G23 for the high essential oil yield; G30 and G16 for high methyl chavicol content (%), and G38 for high (-) linalool content and high essential oil yield with high stability in the North Indian plains.

Intercropping System and N2 Fixing Bacteria Can Increase Land Use Efficiency and Improve the Essential Oil Quantity and Quality of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.).

Intercropping fodder plants with medicinal plants, in addition to enhancing productivity, can remarkably reduce the population of weeds, pests and diseases and for naturally meeting of livestock medicinal needs. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate biological yield, essential oil (EO) composition and yield of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) treated with N2 fixing bacteria in additive intercropping with forage maize during the 2018 and 2019. Treatments were arranged in factorial split-plot-in time in randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors were 100% chemical fertilizer (N), N2 fixing bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter chroococcum), integration of N2 fixing bacteria + 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer and control. The cropping pattern factor included of sole cropping basil and the additive intercropping of maize + 25% basil, maize + 50% basil, maize + 75% basil, and maize + 100% basil. The results indicated that the highest essential oil yield (30.8 kg ha−1) and essential oil percentage (0.75%) were obtained in sole cropping with A. brasilense and A. chroococcum + 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer application in second harvest in 2019. In both cropping systems, the N2 fixing bacteria application significantly increased fresh and dry yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) as compared to control plants. In both years of experiments could remarkably vary depending on type of treatment. In both years, eight constituents including methyl chavicol (17.24–51.28%), Z-citral (neral) (8.33–24.3%), geranial (10.2–31.3%), (E)-caryophyllene (1.05–5.64%), α-trans-bergamotene (0.53–1.7%), α-humulene (0.4–1.69%), germacrene-D (0.2–1.88%), and (Z)-α- bisabolene (1.16–3.86%) were the main constituents of EO. The highest content of methyl chavicol was found through sole cropping of sweet basil with nitrogen chemical fertilizer followed by sole cropping of sweet basil with an integration of A. brasilense and A. chroococcum + 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer in 2018 and 2019. Intercropping system and N2 fixing bacteria can be effective in reducing chemical fertilizer consumption and environmental pollution and achieving the sustainable agriculture goals.

Genetic and chemotypic variability in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) germplasm towards future exploitation

The present investigation was conducted to estimate the genetic diversity in Ocimum basilicum germplasm consisting of sixty accessions using Mahalanobis D2 analysis. All the Ocimum accessions were grouped into seven diverse clusters and there was no parallelism observed between the genetic divergence and geographical origin. Maximum inter cluster distance was found between cluster II and cluster VII (200.71) and minimum between cluster I and II (26.61). Among the nine economic characters, leaf area was found to be the major contributor towards genetic divergence (16.01%) followed by oil yield (15.12%); however, the lowest contributing character was plant height (4.26%). Chemical characterization of the accessions was also carried out based on the percentage of different components of the essential oils present in them. A six-membered cluster exhibited the maximum content of methyl chavicol in the essential oil. Some accessions were found to be highly rich in linalool and can be used for selection of linalool rich chemotype/lines. Some accessions exhibited linalool along with methyl cinnamate. An accession OB 28 was found to be rich in methyl cinnamate and methyl eugenol. Therefore, new chemotypes of Ocimum can be exploited in the hybridization program possessing different combinations of essential oils.

Ontogenetic and trans-generational variation of essential oil composition in Agastache rugosa

Agastache rugosa is an important medicinal and aromatic crop cultivated in East Asia and an ornamental in other temperate regions. The factors influencing the diversity of volatile profiles in this and many other aromatic plants remain largely undiscovered. In this study, a relationship between the age of mother plants and the volatiles profile of the progeny was investigated using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, both in plants cultivated conventionally for three years and in vitro shoot cultures.The essential oil contains a major phenylpropanoid methyl chavicol (estragole) as well as minor mono- and sesquiterpenoids but the composition is very variable. The variability of composition in the progeny was indeed different in plants obtained from seeds coming from one-, two- and three-year old parents but also between young (one-year-old) and older (two- and three-year-old) plants. The quantitative variation among individuals was mainly in the content of methyl chavicol (from ca. 1% up to over 90%), menthone/isomenthone pair in leaves (from traces to 59%), and additionally pulegone (traces to 51%) in inflorescences. Limonene was least variable averaging between 8% and 25%. The variability tended to decrease and the proportion of methyl chavicol increased along with the age of parent plants. Two- and three-year-old plants were also producing higher yields of essential oil with average of 2.1% and 2.6%, respectively, compared with 1.2–1.9% in one-year old plants.In conclusion, the comparative analysis of essential oil and headspace revealed that volatile organic compounds profile of A. rugosa was dependent on the age of parent plants.

Chemotypic characterization and development of morphological markers in Ocimum basilicum L. germplasm

Significant variations are observed in the content and composition of the essential oils obtained from different Ocimum species based on their distinct morphological characters and harvesting seasons. Various germplasms of Ocimum basilicum grown in India were compared for the essential oil content and composition to identify the superior germplasm rich in desirable chemical components, such as methyl chavicol and eugenol, that could be exploited for commercial cultivation in western plains of India. The essential oils were extracted using hydro distillation and chemically characterized on Gas Chromatograph–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS). Colour of the leaves varied from green to purple-green with bunchy, individual and intermediate type of panicles. Maximum oil per cent in leaf was observed in DOB-1 (0.70%), followed by DOB-5 (0.61%) at stage II. Leaves harvested at stage II gave higher essential oil yield than harvested at stage I. The content of methyl chavicol increased at full flowering (stage II), while content of Eugenol and methyl eugenol increased at onset of flowering (stage I). Majority of the germplasm were found to be rich in methyl chavicol, except DOB-4 which was rich in methyl cinnamate. The intensity of purple leaf colour was observed to be positively correlated in lines rich in methyl chavicol. Maximum methyl cinnamate (DOB-4) content, leaf size and average minimum plant height were found positively relationship. Such relationship has become a key factor field nose needs to be properly understood and superior lines DOB-1 and DOB-5 further used in improvement programme.

Productivity and essential oil quality assessment of promising accessions of Ocimum basilicum L. from north India

The essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. finds an extensive use in food-flavour, fragrances and cosmetics. In order to explore promising genotypes of Ocimum basilicum for quality production of essential oils, a field experiment was conducted to assess the productivity and essential oil quality of two accessions of Ocimum basilicum (OB-1G and OB-5P) in comparison of an existing prevalent variety of Ocimum basilicum (CIM-Soumya) in the subtropical agroclimatic conditions of north India. Yield and quality attributed were assessed in different harvesting stages (half bloom, full bloom, and seed setting stages) of two cropping seasons (spring-summer and rain-autumn). Significant variations in respect of the essential oil content, fresh herb yield, essential oil yield, methyl chavicol content and methyl chavicol yield were noticed among the investigated O. basilicum taxa. Methyl chavicol (56.1–89.7%) and linalool (1.0–33.7%) were the major constituents of the essential oils. The essential oils of O. basilicum accessions possessed significantly higher content of methyl chavicol (OB-1G: 80.7–89.7%; OB-5P: 81.6–88.9%) as compared with check variety (CIM-Soumya: 56.1–67.6%). Consequently, Significantly higher methyl chavicol yield (96.8kgha−1) was found in OB-1G, followed by 91.3kgha−1 in OB-5P; with lowest (84.9kgha−1) in check variety. All examined taxa produced significantly higher methyl chavicol at full bloom stage in rain-autumn cropping season as compared with spring-summer season. Moreover, the accessions, OB-1G and OB-5P produced 14.0% and 7.5% more methyl chavicol, respectively as compared with the check variety.

In vitro flowering, glandular trichomes ultrastructure, and essential oil accumulation in micropropagated Ocimum basilicum L.

The aromatic and medicinal properties of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) are related to the unique essential oil chemistry in different cultivars. This study describes efficient micropropagation and in vitro flowering protocols from shoot tips and reveals information on seed germination capability, glandular trichomes ultrastructure, and essential oil content and composition at different plant developmental stages from micropropagated O. basilicum ‘Sweet Thai’, chemotype methyl chavicol. Shoot tips from 2-mo-old aseptic seedlings were induced to proliferate shoots on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) and gibberellic acid (GA3) either alone or in combination with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Maximum shoot formation was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 BAP. The micropropagated plants were successfully acclimatized ex vitro with an 80% survival rate. All of the micropropagated plants flowered in vitro on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 GA3. Relative to the mother plant, in vitro plants flowered at a younger stage of plant development but showed a lack of seed formation, fewer fully filled peltate glandular trichomes, lower essential oil content, and higher methyl chavicol content. Ex vitro plants flowered at an intermediate stage of plant development and formed seed with nearly the same seed germinability, essential oil content, and methyl chavicol content as the mother plant.

Registration of variety CIM – Sharda: An early maturing, methyl chavicol rich and high essential oil yielding of basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Basil belongs to the family “Lamiaceae”. The essential oil of basil obtained via hydro- or steam distillation of leaves or whole aerial biomass is used for flavouring foods, preparation of dental and oral hygiene products, fragrances, social/religious rituals and traditional medicines. Methyl chavicol – one of the important constituent of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum is widely used by the aroma, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries after its conversion into trans-anethol. The new variety of O. basilicum (CIM - EOH-1, now christened as CIM-Sharada) has been developed by CSIR-CIMAP through intensive breeding efforts for improved herb and essential oil yield coupled with high methyl chavicol content (85-89%). The potential herb yield of this new variety is 280-290 q/ha and oil yield 200 kg/ha. The variety mature in a short duration of 80-90 days and hence, fits very well into crop rotation/intercropping cycle between wheat and paddy along with other vegetables crops for small and holders. It is ideally suited for rain fed cultivation. The unique leaf morphology and high survival in winter season are the two main distinctive features of this variety to satisfy DUS criteria.

Essential oil composition from sweet and bitter fennel fruits from Serbia

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. There are two types that have commercial importance, sweet fennel Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce, and bitter fennel – Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of essential oil of the fruits of these two varieties. Plants were grown in the experimental field in Mosorin for two years and from the produced fruits, essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method according to Clevenger apparatus, while the essential oil components were determined through GC/MS.Sweet fennel (variety “Fino”, Austrosaat AG, Austria) and bitter fennel (variety “Vojvođanski”, Dr Josif Pancic, Serbia) grown in Serbia, as most abundant compound of the essential oil had trans-anethole. In the var. dulceits part was from 77.2-80.0%, while the content of methyl-chavicol was 2.22.7 %, and fenchone 3.9-5.1%. The var. vulgarehad 61.1-67.1 % trans-anethole and fenchone 22.6-26.6 % depended on the year.

Evaluation of methyl chavicol concentration by different evaporation processes using central composite experimental design

This work describes methyl chavicol enrichment from basil essential oil by wiped film evaporation (WFE) and compares its performance with published data obtained by short path evaporation (SPE). The main difference between these processes is that the WFE presents an external condenser, while the SPE uses an internal one. The evaporation processes comparison was performed based on methyl chavicol concentration level and amount of produced material. Through central composite experimental design, the influences of evaporator temperature, condenser temperature, and feed flow rate on distilled percentage and methyl chavicol concentration at the residue stream were studied. Response surface methodology based on five level-three variable was used to describe the individual and interactive effects between factors on the process. From experimental data, models were built up to describe distilled percentage and methyl concentration at the residue stream in function of operating conditions. Results showed that, in the studied range, similar methyl chavicol concentration (near to 89%) was reached using both WFE and SPE processes, however, at different operating conditions. While higher concentrations of methyl chavicol were obtained at 28°C and 0.133kPa using WFE, similar methyl chavicol content was obtained at 70°C and 1.33kPa using SPE. However, WFE presented higher separation efficiency because, although similar concentration levels were reached using both equipments, the amount of produced material in the residue stream was 10% higher in WFE.

Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its active principles exert their antifungal activity by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity

The increasing incidence of drug-resistant pathogens and host toxicity of existing antifungals attracts attention toward the efficacy of natural products as antifungals in mucocutaneous infections and combinational therapies. The composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum sanctum (OSEO) was studied. On GC–MS analysis, OSEO showed a high content of methyl chavicol (44.63%) and linalool (21.84%). Antifungal activity of OSEO and its two main constituents was determined against sixty clinical and five standard laboratory isolates of Candida. OSEO, methyl chavicol and linalool showed inhibitory activity toward all tested strains. The mechanism of their fungicidal action was assessed by studying their effect on the plasma membrane using flow cytometry, confocal imaging and determination of the levels of ergosterol, a fungal-specific sterol. Propidium iodide rapidly penetrated a majority of yeast cells when they were treated with OSEO concentrations just above MIC, implying that fungicidal activity resulted from extensive lesions of the plasma membrane. OSEO and its components also caused a considerable reduction in the amount of ergosterol. The present study indicates that OSEO, methyl chavicol and linalool have significant antifungal activity against Candida, including azole-resistant strains, advocating further investigation for clinical applications in the treatment of fungal infections.

Variability in the Chemical Compositions of the Essential Oils of Five Ocimum Species from Tropical African Area

As part of our research on aromatic plants from Africa, we have analyzed, via GC and CG/MS, the essential oils from fresh leaves of five Ocimum species from tropical Africa: Ocimum basilicum L., O. gratissimum L., O. americanum L. (syn: O. canum Sims), O. lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. and O. minimum L. The chemical compositions of O. basilicum, O. gratissimum and O. minimum essential oils could be related to some chemotypes already defined for these three species: linalool- or methyl chavicol-types for the first species, thymol- or eugenol- or ocimenes/far- nesenes-types for the second one; finally, a high content of methyl chavicol (34.3%) and linalool (17.8%) was found in O. minimum oil, similar to that already described for a Brazilian species. On the other hand, an essential oil dominated by 1,8-cineole was described for the first time for a sample of O. americanum. Finally, the oil of O. lamiifolium, which was rich in sabinene, is chemically described for the first time.

Essential Oil Yields and Quality of Fennel Grown in Nova Scotia

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted at two sites in Nova Scotia during 2001 and 2002 to assess the potential to grow fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) as an essential oil crop in the Maritime region of Canada. Three cultivars—`Shumen', `Berfena', and `Sweet Fennel'—and two seeding dates—24 May and 8 June—were evaluated. Essential oil yields and composition were determined and compared to commercially available fennel essential oil from the U.S. The highest herbage yields were produced by `Shumen' from the earlier seeding date. Essential oil content and yields were lowest in `Sweet Fennel' and highest in `Shumen'. The major component of the essential oil was anethole, 47% to 80.2%. Other major components of the essential oil were methyl chavicol, fenchone, α-phellandrene, α-pinene, ortho cymene, β-phellandrene, fenchyl acetate, β-pinene, and apiole. The essential oil composition was unique to each cultivar. The highest methyl chavicol content was in `Shumen', while the highest concentration of phellandrene, fenchyl acetate and apiole were detected in `Sweet Fennel' oil. Fenchone, ortho cymene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, and α-pinene were the highest in `Berfena'. The composition of the oil was similar to the commercially purchased oil and met industry requirements of oil composition. The results suggest there is potential to grow fennel as an essential oil crop in Nova Scotia.

Extraction of fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds with supercritical CO 2: Comparison with hydrodistillation

Ground fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds, growing wild in Montenegro, were extracted with supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2) at a flow rate of 0.2 kg CO 2/h under varying extraction conditions in order to determine yield, composition and organoleptic characteristics of extract. The extracts obtained were compared to fennel seed oil isolated by hydrodistillation. In the SC-CO 2, extracts as well in the hydrodistilled oil, the major compounds were trans-anethole (68.6–75.0%) and (62.0%), methylchavicol (5.09–9.10%) and (4.90%), fenchone (8.40–14.7%) and (20.3%), respectively. With pressure varying from 80 to 150 bar and temperature varying from 40 to 57 °C, it was found that, for the selected herb material, the optimal conditions of SC-CO 2 extraction (high percentage of trans-anethole, with significant content of fenchone and reduced content of methylchavicol and co-extracted cuticular waxes) are: pressure, 100 bar; temperature, 40 °C; extraction time, 120 min. Organoleptic tests confirmed that hydrodistilled oil possessed a less intense fennel seed aroma than extracts obtained by SC-CO 2.

High Pressure-Temperature Processing as an Alternative for Preserving Basil

In this study the effect of sterilisation by high pressure (HP) on the quality of basil was compared to conventional processing techniques. By means of freezing, or blanching followed by drying, microbial reduction of spores was maximal one-log. Pulsed HP-temperature treatment yielded a reduction of the natural occurring flora of more than 3 log CFU/g product. The essential oil content in basil consisted mainly of methylchavicol and linalool. HP sterilisation preserved these compounds in contrast to the equivalent conventional heat sterilisation process, which reduced the linalool and methylchavicol content to respectively 21 and 3% of the original amount. Drying and freezing also resulted in a significant reduction of the essential oil content.

Effect of Different Transplanting Dates and Harvesting Stages on the Quality of French Basil Oil

ABSTRACT The effect of different transplanting dates and harvesting stages on the physico-chemical properties of French basil (Oci-mum basilicum L.) oil was tested. Treatments consisted of 5 transplanting dates and 3 harvesting growth stages. The specific gravity of herb oil did not change due to different transplanting dates, but each time delay in transplanting increased the optical rotation of the herb oil. The linalool content in herb oil also increased with delay in planting. Cineole and methyl chavicol content of herb oil were not affected by transplanting date. A delay in harvesting from vegetative to full flowering stage increased the optical rotation of herb oil, but decreased the ester value.

Effects of drying and storage of herbs and spices on the essential oil. Part I. Basil, ocimum basilicum L.

AbstractA large sample of fresh basil, Ocimum basilicum L., was dried at 45°C for 12 hours and stored. After three, six and seven months, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oil were performed by steam distillation and GC‐MS. The principal components found in the essential oils were: methylchavicol, eugenol, linalol and 1,8‐cineole: the content of methylchavicol and eugenol decreased drastically after drying and storage, while that of linalol and 1,8 cineole increased over the same period. The losses of total essential oil after drying were 19%, 62% and 66% at three, six and seven months storage respectively. Several types of reaction seemed to take place during drying and storage.

Composition of the essential oil of the rhizome of Amomum pavieanum pierre & gagnep

AbstractThe essential oil isolated from rhizomes of Amomum pavieanum Pierre & Gagnep., which are used as seasoning agent in Thailand, was analysed by capillary GC. Forty‐one components of the oil were identified, among which were many trace components. The identity of the components was confirmed by GC‐MS using an ion trap detector. The oil was characterized by a high content of methylchavicol (92%).