Contemporary Theory Of Metaphor Research Articles

A Cognitive -Semantic Study of Love Metaphor in Mawlawi Poems

This study is entitled "A Cognitive Semantic Study of Love Metaphor in Mawlawi Poems". It is an attempt to construe the semantic aspects of Mawlawi's poetic texts in light of the cognitive semantic approach. The study, through a linguistic and cognitive analysis, clarifies the way meaning is constructed in the selected poems. It adopts the theoretical framework proposed by the cognitive semantic theory of metaphor. That is, according to the cognitive theory of metaphor, it explores the metaphorization of LOVE in the selected poems. In cognitive approach to metaphor, an abstract concept named the target domain is understood in terms of another called the source domain (usually concrete). The source domain is a conceptual domain used metaphorically so as to understand the abstract target concept, i.e., the target domain is a conceptual domain interpreted through the source domain. The current study investigates the ways in which LOVE as an abstract target concept is construed in terms of other source conceptual domains. That is, the primary aim of the study is to scrutinize how LOVE is metaphorized in the poems, what are the source domains the poet relies upon so as to interpret the target domain of LOVE. In other words, what are the more concrete conceptual source domains that are metaphorically used in order to comprehend the abstract target concept of LOVE? Accordingly, the recent study is mainly concerned with conceptualization (the way LOVE is conceptualized) which is the cognitive processes of meaning-making. This means that, it illuminates meaning construction process in Mawlawi literature. The study first provides a brief introduction to Cognitive Linguistics and then the nature of meaning in cognitive semantic approach is highlighted. Following this, the cognitive approach to metaphor is presented. The last section is devoted to elucidating the metaphorical structuring of LOVE in Mawlawi's poems based on the contemporary theory of metaphor.

Research Front and Future Prospect: A Bibliometric Study of Metaphor Comprehension

Metaphor comprehension is an important component in the process of constructing metaphorical thinking. Therefore, the topic of “metaphor comprehension” should be a crucial part of metaphor studies. This study uses Bibliometrix to conduct a bibliometric study of research on metaphor comprehension from 2013 to 2023, focusing on the knowledge structure, the hot spots, and the research fronts. The co-citation analysis shows that the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor (CTM) in Cognitive Linguistics has provided the dominant knowledge foundation for the research of metaphor comprehension. A large number of hypotheses from CTM not only provide theoretical guidance for the current understanding of metaphor but also provide a reference for experimental paradigms. The coupling analysis shows that most of the influential studies in the time span have conducted empirical studies, demonstrating the explanatory power of empirical results and the interdisciplinary trend of metaphor in psychology and neuroscience. In the past decade, theoretical approaches to metaphor comprehension have been divided into linguistic and interdisciplinary categories, in which different experimental paradigms and conditions were used to reveal the comprehension mechanism. However, while providing insights for metaphor comprehension study through the existing research results, the bibliometric analysis reflects that researchers should fully consider the gap between metaphor in use and metaphor in experiments. This may be mediated through the progress of metaphor comprehension models in different contexts. This study suggests that future research on metaphor comprehension should enrich their theoretical models, properly use or combine research methods and designs, and look into different types of research objects.

Envisioning the Semantics of Kinyarwanda causative and applicative morphemes in the Cognitive Grammar Theory

This paper uses the Cognitive Grammar Theory to examine the semantics of Kinyarwanda causative and applicative. The study was motivated by the fact that Kinyarwanda verb extensions, particularly the causative and applicative, have multiple sociocultural interpretations of meanings, which is a typical characteristic of Cognitive semantics. The study was couched in the interpretivism paradigm, which looks for culturally derived interpretations historically situated in the surroundings of humans. A qualitative approach was used to analyse the meanings of Kinyarwanda words used by Nyarwanda native speakers. Data was collected from focus group discussions involving six Kinyarwanda speakers. Four were monolinguals; the rest were multilingual, speaking Kiswahili, English and Kinyarwanda. The data were presented using Leipzig glossing rules, and illustrations were used to show more than one meaning in the derived verbal lexemes. Thus, data analysis was used using cognitive grammar theoretical apparatuses, which account for multiple meanings of the derived lexemes. The study found that the causative and applicative verb extensions attached to the verb root have multiple senses that line with Cognitive Grammar Theory, whose major assumption is that words have multiple conceptualisations. For instance, the derived verb vugisha had four meanings: speak to, make or cause to talk, disgusting and switching on something (such as in radio receiver or electricity). As the presence of different meanings in the same word causes ambiguity, further research can be carried out on Kinyarwanda ambiguity under the contemporary theory of Metaphor.

Metaphoric beliefs of students engaged in dynamic mathematics lessons

Students’ beliefs and attitudes have a direct impact on their behavior and engagement in the learning of mathematics. This study examined students’ beliefs of dynamic mathematics lessons through the lens of the contemporary theory of metaphor. Participants of the study were grade 10 students in a Macao private secondary school. 51 students attended dynamic inquiry-based lessons and used dynamic geometry software. After the lessons, students’ attitudes of the dynamic lessons were uncovered using open-ended questions and a Likert-item questionnaire. Students held a polarized view regarding the dynamic mathematics lessons claiming they were rewarding but challenging. In order to develop students’ positive attitudes towards the dynamic mathematics lessons, teachers should plan more diversified pedagogy to meet the different learning approaches of students.

A spring of living waters in a pool of metaphors: The metaphorical landscape of 1QHa 16:5–27

This research article focuses on the use of the water metaphor in column 16 of the Hodayot. Previous scholarship has often concentrated on the garden metaphor in this section, particularly on its intertextual links with the book of Isaiah. By drawing on contemporary metaphor theory, in particular blending theory, I show how the author of the Hodayot creates poetry through a multiple blended network of garden and water metaphors, and how aspects of the linguistic form of the poem, in particular the phrase מבוע מים חיים‘well of living waters’, can be read as an expression of this blend. The aim of this study is to contribute (1) to the study of the Hodayot and its poetic practices, against older dismissals of the poetic quality of the Hodayot, and (2) to our understanding of semantic constellations and the conceptual world of ancient Judaism.Contribution: This article fits within the scope of HTS’s theme ‘Historical Thought and Source Interpretation’ as it contributes to our insights into ancient Jewish thought through the interpretation of a religious source text using metaphor theory.

Curative or beauty treatment? Language and manipulation in leaflets of medical devices

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to examine the mechanisms of potential (cognitive) manipulation used in the leaflets of selected medical devices. The assumption is that in the texts under analysis some of the Gricean conversational maxims are violated in an attempt at discursive manipulation or can be perceived as violated by the reader, which is favoured by activation of certain idealized cognitive models (ICMs). For the purposes of the study leaflets of four antifungal medical devices – their English- and German-language versions – are examined. The theoretical basis is mainly centred on the Gricean notion of implicature and the contemporary theory of conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The texts are analysed at relevant sub-tiers (for instance metaphor-metonymy conceptual tier) of particularly the sectional and conceptual tier. The examination of the selected leaflets reveals that the texts evoke certain ICMs whose presence seems to result – in 3 out of 4 leaflets – from, to a large extent, the intention to at least bend some Gricean maxims. Hence, the reader might be under the impression that the product does something that is not explicitly promised.

Metafora na razmeđu koncepata, jezika i diskursa

U ovom se radu izlaže „treći put“ u često suprotnim shvaćanjima metafora kao konceptualne odnosno diskursne pojave. Metafora se sagledava kao sposobnost metaforizacije koja je zajednička i globalna, ali koja na presudan način ovisi o lokalnim faktorima. Ističu se jezični čimbenici koji utječu na metafore: eksplicitnost odnosno implicitnost, različita metaforičnost različitih gramatičkih oblika i leksičke značajke izraza koji se odnose na izvornu domenu. Na diskursnoj razini govori se o grozdovima metafora i ulozi metafora u stvaranju emocionalnog stila. Navedeni se elementi smještaju među suvremene teorije metafore, posebice trodimenzionalnu teoriju metafore Gerarda Steena i Kövecsesev kontekstualni model metafore. Na kraju se izvlače metodološke posljedice opisanog „trećeg puta“ za istraživanje metafora.

Maniheist Uygurca Metinlerde Bir Kavramsal Metafor Örneği

Felsefi ve derin bir kavram olan metafor, araştırmalarda genellikle benzetmeyle ilgili edebî bir mesele olarak incelenmiştir. Kavramsal metafor görüşü, geleneksel metafor araştırmalarının seyrini değiştirmiştir. Çağdaş metafor kuramında, kavramsal metaforlar ve dilsel metaforlar birbirinden ayrılmıştır. Soyut düşünce ürünü olan kavramsal metaforlar, dilde çeşitli örneklerle dilsel bir metafor olarak görünürler. Bu çalışmada, kavramsal metaforların Maniheist çevreye ait Eski Uygur Türkçesi metinlerdeki dilsel örnekleri tanıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu metinlerde bulunan bazı çok anlamlı sözcüklere metaforik kullanım açısından yaklaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, sözcükler değerlendirilirken, sözcüklerin tarihî Türk dillerindeki anlamları göz önünde tutulmuştur.

A Conceptual Study of Metaphors in Moroccan Tachelhit Variety

This paper investigates conceptual metaphors in the Moroccan Tachelhit variety in the light of the contemporary theory of metaphor advanced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The main objective of this research is to find out the conceptual differences between Tachelhit and English language. It also aims at contributing to the field of metaphor in Tamazight linguistics as well as filling the gap that exists in the literature. This qualitative research adopted content analysis as a technique with which data is collected, categorized, and analyzed. This research shows that metaphor can be used as a tool to examine the cultural groupthink of communities. The main findings of the present study include the conceptual differences between Tachelhit and English in metaphors such as: TIME IS A HUMAN BEING, NEWS IS A HUMAN BEING, DIRECTNESS IS UP, WORDS ARE LIQUID, HUNGER IS A KILLING THING, WEAKNESS IS EMPTINESS, GOODNESS IS A STRAIGHT LINE, MONEY IS DIRT, USEFULNESS IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT and REPUTE IS A DELICATE OBJECT; which are all examples of conceptual metaphors that exist in Tachelhit. This research paper also demonstrates that metaphor can structure gestures the way it structures metaphoric linguistic expressions. Conceptual metaphors are vital elements that need be taken into consideration in intercultural as well as intracultural contexts to overcome communication failures.

A Conceptual Study of Metaphors in Moroccan Tachelhit Variety

This paper investigates conceptual metaphors in the Moroccan Tachelhit variety in the light of the contemporary theory of metaphor advanced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The main objective of this research is to find out the conceptual differences between Tachelhit and English language. It also aims at contributing to the field of metaphor in Tamazight linguistics as well as filling the gap that exists in the literature. This qualitative research adopted content analysis as a technique with which data is collected, categorized, and analyzed. This research shows that metaphor can be used as a tool to examine the cultural groupthink of communities. The main findings of the present study include the conceptual differences between Tachelhit and English in metaphors such as: TIME IS A HUMAN BEING, NEWS IS A HUMAN BEING, DIRECTNESS IS UP, WORDS ARE LIQUID, HUNGER IS A KILLING THING, WEAKNESS IS EMPTINESS, GOODNESS IS A STRAIGHT LINE, MONEY IS DIRT, USEFULNESS IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT and REPUTE IS A DELICATE OBJECT; which are all examples of conceptual metaphors that exist in Tachelhit. This research paper also demonstrates that metaphor can structure gestures the way it structures metaphoric linguistic expressions. Conceptual metaphors are vital elements that need be taken into consideration in intercultural as well as intracultural contexts to overcome communication failures.

Old Testament Conceptual Metaphors and the Christology of Luke’s Gospel

Gregory R. Lanier is Assistant Professor of New Testament and Dean of Students at Reformed Theological Seminary in Orlando, FL. A recent graduate of Cambridge University, this work is an adaption of Lanier’s dissertation under the guidance of Simon Gathercole. Lanier’s work falls within the cross-sections of early Christology, the use of Israel’s Scriptures in the NT, and contemporary metaphor theory (CMT). Specifically, Lanier focuses on the use of four metaphors drawn from the OT and Jewish tradition and their use in Christologically significant ways in Luke 1:68–69; 1:78–79; 13:34; 20:17–18. His thesis is as follows: “Luke re-maps these metaphors to conceptualize Jesus’ identity in terms that are reserved for deliverer-figures in some cases in OT/Jewish tradition, but uniquely for the God of Israel in others” (p. 2). It is important to note that, in Lanier’s analysis, he is focusing on Christological metaphors that have not been commented on ad nauseum and do not present themselves as obvious titles. Lanier is concerned to explain away the ambiguity of four central metaphors.To make his argument, Lanier divides the subject matter into six chapters. Chapter one defines the contours of his arguments. He begins with an overview of Luke’s Christology, which leads to how this NT subfield has been affected by paying attention to OT influences. The introduction concludes with an explanation of conceptual metaphor theory. It is important to note Lanier’s definition of metaphor and subsequent interpretation. He states, “A metaphor, then, is the cognitive ‘mapping’ or drawing of correspondences from the source domain to the target domain, such that interpreting a metaphor requires unpacking these mappings” (p. 21). Lanier analyzes the four Lukan passages and their respective metaphor/domains in an easy-to-use pattern throughout chs. 2–5. Each chapter begins with preliminary questions such as “What is Luke quoting?” and “How has the metaphor been interpreted?” and then follows with an examination of passage-specific problems. The second section of each chapter is devoted to establishing the conceptual metaphor. This section examines the source domain(s), source-target mappings, and conceptual metaphors. The third section of the chapter delves into the actual Lukan text. Here, Lanier works through the context of the respective metaphors. Chapter 2 examines Luke 1:68–69 and its horn metaphor, ch. 3 examines Luke 1:78–79 and the metaphor of dawn/divine visitation, ch. 4 examines Luke 13:34 and its mother bird metaphor, and ch. 5 examines Luke 20:17–18 and its metaphor of the stone. In ch. 6, Lanier closes his study with a summary of his findings and suggests that each metaphor evinces a “divine identity Christology.” By this, Lanier is arguing that these metaphors help to define Jesus’s divine identity and suggest a “higher” Christology than is normally assumed among Luke’s commentators.This volume is a helpful read for several reasons. First, Lanier speaks to a timely and ongoing conversation. The debates concerning the Christology of the respective authors of the Gospels are voluminous. Aspects of this debate have been underdeveloped, and Lanier’s analysis is a helpful contribution to an ignored angle of the debate. Second, Lanier focuses his study on a small sample set of passages that have not been met with any sort of interpretive consensus. He wrestles with the current literature and provides an up-to-date and thorough analysis. Third, Lanier is implementing exciting, new hermeneutical strategies (CMT) to familiar texts. One point of contention is the comparison of CMT and intertextuality. Lanier differentiates the two categories of interpretation but settles back into wording that is used by both sets of users. It is not clear at the practical level how the two methods are different. He also critiques the intertextual method for its lack of controls, but it does not seem self-evident how CMT uses controls to define the source domains or pick the primary evidence from the OT/Jewish Greek sources other than linguistic parallels. On the other hand, drawing a wider net for domains/sources makes the investigation of Luke’s sources more thorough and less likely to miss something. Although not necessary to make the point, Lanier includes graphics throughout the book depicting subjects such as the Akkadian king Naram-Sin with a horned crown and a wall mural of the Egyptian goddess Isis, ca. 1300 BC. These are especially helpful for those attempting to wrap their minds around the dense argument. The pictures also help to bring life and vividness to the metaphorical domains he is arguing.Overall, Gregory Lanier’s volume is an important resource for those in Synoptic scholarship. Proponents of a “high Christology” will find a helpful ally in Lanier. His proposals for understanding metaphors is advancing the conversation on understanding how authors use their materials. Specifically, Lanier brings new light and specificity to Luke’s metaphorical representation of Jesus. Students of CMT will also find a helpful model for how to implement this emerging methodology to the biblical text.

To “Face the Powder” or “Powder the Face”? Contemporary Metaphor Theory and the Art of Chinese to English Translation

ABSTRACT In this article, we examine how cognitive metaphor theories might contribute to the theory and practice of poetry translation. We focus on translations from Chinese to English by Xu Yuanchong, both because he is regarded as one of China’s premier translators and because he has published a detailed theoretical framework and justification for his translations. We argue that Xu’s theory and practice of translation is based on a traditional approach to figurative language in which metaphor is regarded as purely decorative, adding no independent meaning. By identifying underlying conceptual metaphors and potential perceptual simulations in both the original Chinese and Xu’s translations, we show that the metaphors Xu substitutes for those in the original poem (often in place of sparser, more ambiguous language), changes and limits potential meanings in ways that are sometimes subtle but in other cases quite striking. We argue that contemporary cognitive linguistics theories, particularly Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and Perceptual Simulation Theory, can contribute in important ways both to creating and to evaluating translations of Chinese poetry into English.

Digital Storytelling in Teaching and Research

This extended entry will draw from Contemporary Metaphor Theory in order to explicate the meaning of the term, based on applications in education that use digital storytelling to frame teaching and research. To this end, I will discuss digital storytelling as a phrase where the noun (storytelling) is used metaphorically and is modified by the adjective (digital) that designates the target domain of the utterance. According to metaphor theorists, a metaphor occurs when we talk about something by means of something else and, therefore, a stretch or twist is required for sense making. This metaphorical twist involves a movement to a target domain (in this case: telling stories) to explain what, for instance, technologically-enhanced practices in the field actually mean nowadays.In this sense, ‘digital storytelling’ is a 21st century metaphor that signifies mapping of two domain areas in the meaning making process. In this mapping, ‘digital’ signals the comparison between the domain of technology and that of telling stories. Digital storytelling involves multiple modes of expression through language and other symbols and media. However, contrary to traditional visual and cinematic storytelling, digital technologies have offered the possibility for interactive ways of telling stories online through the use of web-based platforms and internet services. A contemporary definition of digital storytelling should take into account these dimensions. If, for example, we consider storytelling to be an essential feature of education, the perspective on education changes. In this way, digital storytelling can possibly be a novel metaphor, given that it attributes novel meanings to the field. In this paper, dimensions of these possibilities will be discussed.

Theory of a practice: A foundation for Blumenberg’s metaphorology in Ricoeur’s theory of metaphor

Hans Blumenberg is celebrated for demonstrating that metaphors have had a more foundational influence than concepts on European intellectual history. Many acknowledge that his insights might have achieved even greater impact if he had articulated a more explicit theory of metaphor. In 1960 Blumenberg discusses the historical formation of metaphors that have given rise to meaningful discourses on metaphysical abstractions, like God, existence, or Being, but he does not develop a general model of metaphoric language, and his work rarely engages with other contemporary theories of metaphor. During Blumenberg’s lifetime, French and German postwar philosophers rarely cited one another. Yet French hermeneutics, and the work of philosopher Paul Ricoeur in particular, may have strongly influenced Blumenberg’s research group, Poetik und Hermeneutik. This paper is an attempt to recuperate intellectual affinities between Blumenberg and Ricoeur, in order to demonstrate that Ricoeur’s claims about metaphor provide the theoretical background for a fuller appreciation of Blumenberg’s metaphor analyses.

Possible Selves, Body Schemas, and Sādhana: Using Cognitive Science and Neuroscience in the Study of Medieval Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā Hindu Tantric Texts

In recent decades, historians of religions have turned to, and developed, entirely new methodologies for the study of religion and human consciousness. Foremost among these are a collection of approaches often termed the “cognitive science of religion” (CSR), typically drawing on cognitive science, neuroscience, linguistics, and contemporary metaphor theory. Although we are still “early” in this enterprise, I hope to show how a meaningful dialogue between religious studies and contemporary neuroscience and cognitive science can help us to better understand some intriguing mystical texts and practices from a tradition of medieval South Asian Hinduism. Known collectively as the Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyās, these followers of transgressive and antinomian Tantric Yoga provide excellent examples for exploring the nature of religion, ritual, consciousness, embodiment, identity, gender, emotions and sexuality. This paper will show how the study of these rich materials from seventeenth through eighteenth century Bengal in northeastern South Asia can be enhanced using insights from the philosopher Shaun Gallagher and the neurologist Patrick McNamara.

The rhetoric of contemporary metaphor theory

The rhetoric of contemporary metaphor theory

Метафора в терминосистеме банковского дела

Contemporary theory of metaphor highlights its cognitive nature as opposed to traditional view of metaphor as rather a trope. We address the status and significance of conceptual metaphors in English banking terminology. A large-scale corpus analysis of English banking discourse (1888728 words) is conducted to determine how this trope is used. The application of a cognitive approach to a banking discourse has led to identification of metaphoric structures characterizing banking discourse. We confirm the use of terminology system corpus for (organic, mechanical, military, liquid, sports) metaphor models. We prove that banking discourse is highly metaphoric and borrows metaphors from multiple terminological domains. We establish the evolution of certain metaphors. We define the connections between concept areas of cognitive maps. We also prove that not all semes are transferred from the source to the target area, which confirms the connection at the conceptual level. Special attention is paid to the nexus of banking institution and social and political aspects of national cultures. This in turn allows to substantiate and test the theory of conceptual metaphor, and also served as means for a detailed study of conceptual metaphors as a culturally determined phenomenon in language. Given that metaphor is a dynamic cognitive mechanism, we detect diverse ways of metaphorization.

What Can the Prophet Muhammad’s Metaphors Do?

The current article approaches the issue of the persuasiveness of metaphors in The Prophet Muhammad’s Tradition. The main concern of the article is to show that the Prophetic metaphors are discursively practiced by the Prophet for the function of persuading his audience to accept Islamic laws, and introduce rites and rituals, and to prohibit the unlawful. Through a survey of instances of metaphoric scenarios and images, and in reference to the contemporary cognitive theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980), the article demonstrates that the persuasiveness of the prophetic metaphors is primarily evoked by disambiguation, arousing the emotions, and implicit threat.

The metaphorical representation ofdepressionin short, wordless animation films

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) claims that human beings can only understand abstract, complex phenomena by metaphorizing them in terms of concrete, more basic phenomena – and do so systematically. Unsurprisingly, therefore, expressing a state of ‘depression’ often draws on metaphors. Such metaphors, however, are not necessarily verbal in nature. In this article, the authors analyse the metaphors used to communicate depression in nine short, wordless animation films. They conclude that these films feature two dominant metaphors: depression is a dark monster and depression is a dark confining space, proposing that these two can be understood as linked on the basis of Lakoff’s ‘duals’ theory discussed in ‘The contemporary theory of metaphor’ (1993). Finally, the authors argue that the medium of animation has affordances for presenting conceptual metaphors that are not available to language. The article will primarily benefit metaphor scholars, since the further development of CMT crucially requires that not only verbal manifestations of conceptual metaphors are examined but also visual and multimodal ones. Moreover, it needs to be established to what extent such metaphors draw on a limited set of embodied source domains, as CMT would predict. The authors hope that their findings will also be relevant to anyone with an interest in the representation of depression.

METAPHORICAL CONCEPTULIZATIONS OF ANGER IN ENGLISH AND FULFULDE

This study, using Lakoff’s (1993) Contemporary Metaphor Theory, compared metaphorical conceptualizations of anger in two typologically unrelated languages, namely, English and Fulfulde, with a view to finding out whether they have similar or different anger conceptual metaphors, and whether the languages differ in the way they elaborate the conceptual metaphors they share. In gathering the data, the researchers employed a focus group discussion in which native Fulfulde speakers living in Dukku Local Government Area, Gombe state, Nigeria participated. The discussion was carried out with ten different groups of participants who live in Dukku and its rural areas, each group comprising ten people. However, only the data that were found representative of all the ten groups were selected for analysis. In line with Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) developed by Pragglejazz Group (cited in Kovecses 2010a), Fulfulde conceptual metaphors for anger were identified from the selected data, and were compared with those of English. It was found out that the two languages share these conceptual metaphors (ANGER IS HOT FLUID IN A CONTAINER; ANGER IS FIRE; ANGER IS AN OPPONENT IN A STRUGGLE; ANGER IS DANGEROUS ANIMAL), although with some differences in metaphorical elaborations and specifications of some source domains. Moreover, it was discovered that Fulfulde has some conceptual metaphors not found in English and vice versa. The Fulfulde conceptual metaphors for anger are ANGER IS HEART; THE HEART OF AN ANGRY PERSON IS UP; WHEN ANGER COOLS THE HEART GOES DOWN; ANGER IS DANGEROUS TO THE ANGRY PERSON. The study concluded that the existence of similar conceptual metaphors in the two languages supports the claim of some cognitive linguists that some conceptual metaphors are universal (Kovecses, 2005; Lakoff, 1987). Article visualizations: