Contemporary Object Relations Theory Research Articles

Challenges for the Future of Psychoanalysis.

This paper summarizes the current crisis of psychoanalysis in its relations to the scientific and cultural environment. It proposes tasks to assure the survival and contributions of psychoanalysis as science, profession, and humanistic discipline. It proposes emphasis on empirical research in the boundaries with the neurosciences and social psychology, and the development of an infrastructure for research linked to its educational program. It proposes renovation in training, abolishment of the training analysis system, and systematic teaching and research on the psychoanalytic psychotherapies focused on specific pathologies. This overall proposal stresses the need to collaborate and potentially integrate psychoanalytic institutions within university settings, and the development of active interdisciplinary engagements with other sciences and the community at large. Finally, it stresses the role of contemporary object relations theory to reunify the presently diverging schools of psychoanalytic theory and technique.

Christian anti-Judaism and early object relations theory

The central ideas of early object relations theory are heavily inflected with Christian anti-Judaism, particularly as found in the work of Ian Dishart Suttie, now credited as the founder of this tradition. The critique of Freud launched by Suttie repudiates Freudian theory as a “disease” inextricably connected to Freud being a Jew. Suttie’s portrayal of Judaism both conforms to and replicates those theological commitments that privilege a triumphalist, supersessionist Christianity that breaks with Judaism, understood as devoid of love, ethics, and social justice interests. The paper argues that the elements organizing the central concepts that structure Suttie’s Christian prejudice constitute distorting ideological interests that circulate and shape important strands of contemporary object relations theory. Central to the authors discussed is a repudiation of Freud’s theory of unconscious drives on the basis of privileging love and intersubjectivity as the motivators of human psychological development made possible by Jesus and Christianity. The paper demonstrates that contemporary object relations theory remains heavily indebted to Suttie while remaining oblivious to his explicit anti-Judaism.

Attachment and Object Relations in Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Implications for Therapeutic Process and Outcome

This article presents a therapeutic approach for patients with severe personality disorders, transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP), a manualized evidence-based treatment, which integrates contemporary object relations theory with attachment theory and research. Case material is presented from a narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) patient in TFP whose primary presenting problems were in the arena of sexuality and love relations, and whose attachment state of mind showed evidence of oscillation between dismissing and preoccupied mechanisms. Clinical process material is presented to illustrate the tactics and techniques of TFP and how they have been refined for treatment of individuals with NPD. The ways in which conflicts around sexuality and love relations were lived out in the transference is delineated with a focus on the interpretation of devalued and idealized representations of self and others, both of which are key components of the compensatory grandiose self that defensively protects the individual from an underlying sense of vulnerability and imperfection.

The concept of the death drive: A clinical perspective

This paper discusses Freud ’s theory of the death drive in the light of clinical experience with severely self‐destructive personality disorders, and contemporary object relations theory. Repetition compulsion, sadism and masochism, negative therapeutic reaction, suicide in depressed and in non‐depressed patients, and destructive group processes are explored from this perspective. The paper concludes that the concept of the death drive is clinically relevant, but that this condition needs to be traced to the general dominance of aggressive affects as the primary etiological factor; only under severely pathological circumstances does this dominance lead to a focused drive to self‐destruct.

Gay Subjects Relating: Object Relations Between Gay Therapist and Gay Client

SUMMARY This paper discusses the development of object relations theory which, in Britain, was developed as an extension of Freudian psychoanalysis by such thinkers as Melanie Klein, Fairbairn, Winnicott and their followers and later supported by research from attachment theorists like Bowlby. Object relations theorists made a shift from the conception of a drive-based psyche to one that was primarily motivated towards relationships. Contemporary object relations theory acknowledges the primacy of relationships, which results in the close attention and utilisation of the constantly active system of transference, counter transference, and projective identification in the space between therapist and client. This paper examines object relations in the context of its unique challenges for gay male therapists working with gay male clients in the gay therapeutic dyad. This paper reviews the legacy of homo-negativity in the therapeutic process. It then explores how knowledge of object relations theory can be useful for therapists working within a gay therapeutic dyad.

The Influence of Joseph Sandler's Work on Contemporary Psychoanalysis

This overview stresses Joseph Sandler's integration of classical ego psychology with contemporary object relations theory. As part of this integration, Sandler clarified the origins and internal structure of the superego as a consequence and development of the representational world. The representational world, in turn, derives from the internalization of significant self- and object representations in the context of affect activation as fundamental motivational factors. Sandler described the transformation of internalized object relations into an unconscious template, expressed in repetitive behavior patterns, and the reactivation of its constituent object relations in the transference. In differentiating the present and past unconscious in the transference, Sandler described the role responsiveness of the analyst in the psychoanalytic situation as a specific countertransference reaction that facilitates the analysis of the object relationships activated in the transference. Sandler also explored the relationship between affects and drives and the neuropsychological capacities represented by affective and cognitive developments that jointly determine the structural characteristics of the mental apparatus.

Contributions of Object Relations Theory and Self Psychology to Relational Psychology and Group Psychotherapy

ABSTRACTObject relations theory and self psychology are psychoanalytic perspectives that are especially concerned with interpersonal relations and their mental representations. Object relations theory began as an intrapsychic “singleton” psychology with the work of Freud and Melanie Klein. It subsequently evolved into a multiperson psychology with the work of Bion on groups, as well as the clinical and theoretical contributions of Winnicott and Fairbaim. Kohutian self psychology, which emerged later, has been interested in the relations between the self and significant others as mirroring and idealizing “selfobjects.” Stolorow's “intersubjective perspective” emerged from self psychology as a full-fledged multiperson point of view. This article considers the significance of contemporary object relations theory and self psychology as relational, multiperson perspectives in terms of their application to group psychotherapy, focusing upon the group-as-a-whole, projective identification, transitional space and object, and self/selfobject relations as particularly useful constructs. A clinical vignette is provided.

The psychoanalytic vocation: Rank, Winnicott, and the legacy of Freud

Object relations, which emphasizes the importance of the preoedipal period and the infant-mother relationship, is considered by many analysts to be the major development in psychoanalytic theory since Freud. In this reinterpretation of its history Peter L. Rudnytsky focuses on two pivotal figures: Otto Rank, one of Freud's original and most brilliant disciples, who later broke away from psychoanalysis, and D. W. Winnicott, the leading representative of the Independent tradition in British psychoanalysis. Rudnytsky begins with an overview arguing that object relations theory can synthesize the scientific and hermeneutic dimensions of psychoanalysis. He the uses the ideas of Rank and Winnicott to uncover the preoedipal aspects of Sophocles' Oedipus the King. After an appraisal of the relationship between Rank and Freud, he turns to Rank's neglected writings between 1924 and 1927 and shows how they anticipate contemporary object relations theory. Rudnytsky critically measures Winnicott's achievement against those of Heinz Kohut and Jacques Lacan, the founders of two competing schools of psychoanalysis, and compares Winnicott's life and work with Freud's. Next, using both published and unpublished accounts by the psychotherapist Harry Guntrip of his analyses with W. R. D. Fairbairn and Winnicott, he probes the personal and intellectual interactions among these three British clinicians. Rudnytsky concludes by advancing a psychoanalytic theory of the self as a rejoinder to the postmodernism that is the dominant ideology in literary studies today. In two appendices he makes available for the first time an English translation of Rank's Genesis of the Object Relation and a 1983 interview with Clare Winnicott.

Theory, culture, and behavior: Object relations in context

The purpose of this article is to explore aspects of contemporary object relations theory in relation to sociocultural variations in family constellation, childrearing practices, and race and ethnicity. The theoretical framework for this exploration derives from Winnicott's concept of the “potential space” between person and environment as the location of cultural experience. The author argues that Winnicott's ideas provide a clinically useful way to think about transactions between the internal world of object relations and the external world of cultural diversity. The article concludes with some implications for social work practice.

Masters of the Universe: Children's Toys as Reflections on Contemporary Psychoanalytic Theory

The emergence of contemporary object relations theory and self psychology as potent theoretical forces has led to rich discussion with far-reaching implications for clinical, developmental, and metapsychological theory. This article examines these developments using as a medium the Masters of the Universe figures and stories, which have captured the imaginations of a broad spectrum of phallic-oedipal and oedipal-aged children. A series of interrelated theoretical questions will be discussed: (1) the nature and character of aggressive drives and whether these are innate and instinctual or disintegration products secondary to emphatic failure; (2) the extent of internalization of mental representations at this point in development; and (3) the status of Kohut's "grandiose self" and "idealized object" vis-à-vis traditional perspectives on phallic-oedipal and oedipal development.

The interplay of therapeutic and developmental process in the treatment of children: An application of contemporary object relations theory

L'auteur met en rapport le developpement affectif de l'enfant avec les processus mis en jeu lors de la cure psychanalytique de ce meme enfant. Il envisage successivement l'alliance therapeutique et le developpement affectif