Contemporary Emigration Research Articles

Między Wschodem a Zachodem (pisarze czwartej fali emigracji rosyjskiej)

Between the East and the West (Writers of the Fourth Wave of Russian Emigration) This article attempts to define the phenomenon of the fourth wave of Russian emigration in relation to writers leaving their homeland after the symbolic collapse of the USSR, or who are descendants of representatives of the third wave. The characteristics of contemporary emigration that differ from previous waves of refugees and the reasons for leaving their homeland are indicated here. The destinations of emigrants (USA, Canada, Switzerland, Israel) that shape the specifics of the mental landscape of the newcomers, the barriers, the borders that they have to overcome in order to establish good relations with the citizens of their host countries are also included. Indeed, the aim of multiculturalism is not to tear down walls, but to build bridges. In this respect, dialogue and the associated language as a fundamental distinctive feature of culture that determines the identity of each person is of paramount importance. The current of post-memory, autobiographical and memoir literature, promoted by many emigrants, is linked to identity and its recovery. As far as young emigrants are concerned, they have to live in a global village, in a specific uniformity introduced by the 21st century, which makes mobility one of the most important values.

Rodzina i jej doświadczenie emigracyjne w kontekście wielokulturowości. Wybrane zagadnienia

The article addresses issues related to migration/emigration of individuals and their families, and draws attention to the specificity and size of contemporary emigration, emphasizing the importance of the unique historical context of modern relocation of people, both the propagation of the COVID-19 pandemic and the huge wave of refugees from war-torn Ukraine. The aim of the study was to discuss selected correlates important for contemporary migration/emigration that shape the identity of the family and its members residing in a culturally diverse environment. Multiculturalism as a value in itself is generally not questioned today, but the practice of everyday life shows that for many people it is a real practical challenge. Therefore, subjective and social determinants of learning and assimilating culture as well as building family and individual identity were distinguished. The value of the process of education and family upbringing as a factor supporting the process of adaptation to the conditions of multiculturalism was also emphasized.

Dimensions of emigration policy: An indexing exercise for polities across three regions

AbstractSpecialized indices of immigration, immigrant integration policies, and citizenship policies are expanding the confines of our knowledge in the field of comparative migration policies. Emigration policies, however, have garnered less attention. We address this gap in the literature, by using a new data set to create an index that measures contemporary emigration regulations of 32 polities across three regions in the world (Asia, Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean). Based on this exploratory exercise, we examine the assumptions about emigration controls and policies being a matter of the past or belonging to non‐democratic regimes. We find that emigration policies go beyond the mere regulation of the right to exit. Different components across a continuum from restriction to encouragement of emigration suggest different rationales and purposes of states, even if the hardest forms of emigration control, such as exit bans are absent in the studied sample.

The Multifaceted Problems of the Diaspora as Revealed in the Novel Kadavucheetu

In primitive society, people migrated from one place to another, either individually or in ethnic groups, due to herding, hunting, and natural disasters. Subsequently, while immigration continued in the Sangam period, the kappiyam period, and the Bhakthi period, the background of migration over time began to intensify due to poverty, ethnic strife, and political crises. From the novel 'Kadavucheetu' by the expatriate Tamil novelist V. Jeevakumaran that contemporary emigration is very painful and has caused many losses in life. The study identifies the biological problems faced by Tamils who fled their homeland to Sri Lanka, lost their ties, lost their possessions and fled to Denmark as refugees, and their multiple losses, as shown in the passport novel.

The Ideal Type of Innovative School That Promotes Sustainability: The Case of Rural Communities in Catalonia

In Spain, the evolution of rural areas has followed very different paths depending on the area. While some areas have experienced a continuous demographic decline, others, like Catalonia, have followed the opposite trend thanks to internal and, to a lesser extent external, immigration. This article presents a detailed and original study of the evolution of the population in rural areas during the period 1979–2005, explaining the main reasons for this migration process and later establishing that schools act as an important pole of attraction for young couples with a high degree of cultural diversity. It presents an innovative and inclusive school model that ensures educational success of all the children and respects the cultural idiosyncrasy of the students and families. The three objectives mentioned correspond to three consecutive research projects, each of which provides complementary information to the previous one and all of which shed light on the relationship between demographic revival, cultural diversity and inclusive rural schools. They also pay special attention to factors that make this revival possible. The first objective, approached from a qualitative perspective, shows that, in contrast to the most alarmist theses, there was demographic growth between 1975 and 2005, which was especially notable between 2000 and 2005. The second objective, approached from a qualitative perspective, explains that while young couples emigrate to rural areas for diverse reasons, these reasons can be organized into subjective and structural factors, the school being one of the most important. The third objective, based on a case study of six “alternative” rural schools, proposes an ideal type of school based on the most radical innovative and inclusive principles. This article provides a detailed analysis of demographic evolution in rural Catalonia during a period in which we lacked data, and it expands the sociological factors explained until now regarding contemporary emigration to rural areas. Finally, from a socio-educational perspective, it provides complementary knowledge with regards to rural schools, analyzing the characteristics of “alternative” rural schools and presenting a school prototype that aims to be radically innovative and inclusive.

Value Сhanges in Contemporary Emigrant Literature: To Have or to Be?

The author of the article, based on the method of imagological analysis, discusses the competing scenarios of a contemporary person’s existence – to have and to be, which emerge in their especially relevant forms in the contemporary prose by Lithuanian and Latvian emigrants.The prevailing economic causes of emigration determine the predominance of having in the contemporary emigration literature. Consumption as an impetus for happiness is more typical of former societies of lack, who do not yet understand the imagological nature of such happiness – the illusiveness of possessing. In the social structure of the host countries, Lithuanian and Latvian emigrants are usually the disadvantaged class, and therefore their desire to flaunt externally, to demonstrate their superiority by externals, is eminently obvious. They strengthen their symbolic power and self-realization by displaying themselves wearing demonstrative emblems in the form of expensive items, cars, and bright makeup. The article identifies other contemporary changes of values that have emerged in the literature written by emigrants: the shredded concept of freedom, loss of dignity and self-worth for the sake of money, and imperatives of bondage (dog imagotopics). The tendencies of such behavior (distorted conception of power, dominance, prestige, dignity, and freedom) unveil the general common problems of post-Soviet societies, revealing the erosion of existence, the distorted values, and sometimes the reverse of these two social forms, when possessing finds itself in the place of being. The new egoistical ideals of freedom, which contemporary emigrants cling to, testify to endangered social thinking, the weakening of the national mentality, and the entrenching self-centeredness.The model of being, which is alternative to having, is less frequent in the narratives of emigration, and usually manifests itself as a companion of academic emigration. The paradigm of being focuses on cultural rather than material or physical property, as well as on active self-realization and inner personal development.

Historical and Contemporary Korean Emigration: a Comparative Analysis of Ten Waves of Korean Migration

Migration trends and patterns often reflect a country’s social relations at home and abroad. At the risk of overgeneralization, ten waves of Korean emigration with historical significance have been identified and organized in chronological order from the 1860s to 2010s for comparison, including the emigrant identities, settlement regions, emigration motivations, and migration classifications. While the temporal and spatial context of migration decisions varies, each wave has demonstrated how the Korean migrants respond to the internal and international political-economic environments as a survival strategy. Korean emigrants’ social class, the choice of destinations, the length of sojourn, and the nature of migration are all further diversified from historical to contemporary emigration. Korean settlement experiences with country-specific details in regions of significant Korean emigrant dominance are further investigated. The new concept of “liquid migration,” with flexibility, fluidity and hybridity, is also increasingly evident in the shifting patterns and trends of contemporary Korean emigration.

Italian Non-Fiction Literature Towards the Phenomenon of Contemporary Emigration From Africa and the Near East on the Apennine Peninsula

Italian Non-Fiction Literature Towards the Phenomenon of Contemporary Emigration From Africa and the Near East on the Apennine Peninsula

Suvremeno iseljavanje iz Hrvatske u Irsku s posebnim osvrtom na mlade iz Slavonije

Suvremeno iseljavanje iz Hrvatske u Irsku s posebnim osvrtom na mlade iz Slavonije

Sytuacja zawodowa i edukacyjna emigrantów polskich

Opracowanie stanowi próbę zweryfikowania funkcjonujących powszechnie przekonań na temat współczesnej emigracji Polaków. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań autor koncentruje się na określeniu rzeczywistej sytuacji zawodowej i edukacyjnej osób migrujących i konfrontuje je z opiniami na ten temat, jakie często są lansowane przez media lub inne ośrodki opiniotwórcze. Okazuje się, że obraz polskiej emigracji nie jest jednorodny, a funkcjonowanie naszych rodaków na obczyźnie uwarunkowane jest wieloma czynnikami, występującymi w różnych konfiguracjach.

Zastosowanie wybranych metod grupowania danych w badaniu przestrzennego zróżnicowania zjawisk społeczno-ekonomicznych na przykładzie mobilności zewnętrznej w Polsce w latach 1989-2002

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of some methods of grouping data in a spatial analysis of socio-economic phenomena on the example of the analysis of temporary emigration from Poland in the years 1989-2002. The study aimed at assessing spatial differentiation at a high level of detail, i.e. accounting for local differences. For temporary emigration, this kind of assessment was made possible by the results gathered by the National Census of Population in 2002.The paper shows examples of analyses of mobility territorial differentiation, where selected optimization-iterative and hierarchical methods of grouping were applied. The elements in the grouping space were units of territorial division covering the following breakdowns: gmina (municipality), poviat (district) and sub-region.During the socio-economic transition period following the year 1989 temporary emigration in Poland was a phenomenon which varied considerably in regional and local dimension, as has been confirmed by the findings of the studies conducted. A pronounced spatial dispersion was found not only in terms of its level and intensity, but also in terms of diversification of the demographic and social structure of the phenomenon. The application of the adopted methods of data classification made it possible to assess in detail the spatial differentiation of temporary emigration in Poland according to the breakdowns covering the minor, yet numerous, territorial units, as well as to visualize the results using map charts.The temporal scope of the study was limited to the years 1989-2002 because of the nature of the source material used and a lack of comparable statistical data on the post-accession and contemporary emigration.

The Effects of Brain Drain Phenomenon under the Greek National Health System

The phenomenon of the brain drain is a form of contemporary emigration consisting of the best section of the human capital of the country. The loss of productive dynamism at the highest level stymies the future prospects of the country. The National Health System is damaged immediately by the phenomenon as the country is deprived of talented young physicians, the very staff who comprises the “cadets” of the public health system. Motivation theories and empirical researches and motivation incentives in medical sector, are the basic tools of administration for the treatment of the phenomenon. Observing from the perspective of the administration of the hospital, it is understood that there is a wide range of actions that can act as a brake on the exodus of young scientists. A specific incentives package is proposed for implementation from the management.

Editorial

Editorial

“A Small House or Hut, Placed on the Borders of the Sea”: Imperialism, Radicalism and Domesticity in Elizabeth Inchbald's Nature and Art

This article argues that Elizabeth Inchbald's novel Nature and Art (1796), written amidst the political fervor of the French Revolution, exposes links between radical and imperial politics in the Romantic era. The author suggests that the novel has much in common with contemporary emigration and colonization plans, such as the proposal for a British colony on the African island of Bulama and the Pantisocracy scheme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey. Moreover, the author contends that the domestic scene that concludes the novel, which some scholars have identified as a conservative retreat from its otherwise radical politics, in fact highlights the importance of the domestic sphere to these colonization plans, ultimately naturalizing British cultural authority even as it critiques that authority. Nature and Art circulated at a time when the coercive power dynamics of the second British Empire assumed the guise of “natural order”, and the author suggests that it reminds one of the symbolic power of the heterosexual household in the formation of these ideologies.

Geografski vidiki sodobnega izseljevanja iz Slovenije

Prispevek obravnava sodobne trende izseljevanja iz Republike Slovenije od osamosvojitve do leta 2010. Orisane in ovrednotene so demogeografske značilnosti Slovencev, ki so se preselili v tujino in predstavljeni rezultati spletne ankete, narejene med sodobno slovensko diasporo. Slovenija je ponovno emigracijska država, vendar glavnega ciljnega območja selitev ni mogoče določiti.

Inequality and Internal Migration in China: Evidence from Village Panel Data

This paper analyzes the impact of rural-to-urban migration on income inequality and gender wage gap in source regions using a newly constructed panel dataset for around 100 villages over a ten-year period from 1997 to 2006 in China. Since income inequality is time-persisting, we use a system GMM framework to control for the lagged income inequality, in which contemporary emigration is also validly instrumented. We found a Kuznets (inverse U-shaped) pattern between migration and income inequality in the sending communities. Specifically, contemporary emigration increases income inequality, while lagged emigration has strong income inequality-reducing effect in the sending villages. A 50-percent increase in the lagged emigration rate translates into one-sixth to one-seventh standard deviation reduction in inequality. These effects are robust to the different specifications and different measures of inequality. More interestingly, the estimated relationship between emigration and the gender wage gap also has an inverse Ushaped pattern. Emigration tends to increase the gender wage gap initially, and then tends to decrease it in the sending villages.

"Puentes de papel": apuntes sobre las escrituras de la emigración

La emigración contemporánea se presenta a los ojos del historiador como uno de los más potentes productores de escritura a lo largo de la historia. Junto a los millones de hombres y mujeres corrientes que cruzaron el océano desde finales del siglo XVIII hasta la década de los 60 del siglo XX, fueron también millones las cartas, las tarjetas postales, las fotografías, los diarios, los libros de cuentas y un sinfín de escritos personales y burocráticos, los que cruzaron el Atlántico. Las escrituras personales se convierten hoy en fuentes indispensables para el estudio del fenómeno migratorio y permiten volver la mirada hacia sus verdaderos protagonistas, para comprender, en suma, que sus testimonios no sólo nos hablan de su experiencia, sino que son el producto y la consecuencia directa de la misma.

Politics and nationality in contemporary Soviet-Jewish emigration, 1968-89

Part 1 Survey of Soviet Jewish history - precursors of the emigration movement: the early Soviet period Stalinism, 1930-1953 the roots of anti-zionism and anti-semitism in the post-war period contemporary status of Jewish culture. Part 2 The birth of the Jewish emigration movement: post-war revival of Jewish national consciousness emigration policy prior to 1968 the birth of the contemporary emigration movement and the Soviet response the anti-zionist campaign of the 1970s The Soviet exit visa application process the education tax. Part 3 Post-zionist emigration: the drop-out phenomenon - causes and effects application related obstacles to emigration visa application denials under international law the Helsinki final act the second decade - the halting of emigration, 1980-86 a new beginning, perestroika emigration during 1987-1989 Part 4 Soviet Germans - a brief history an introduction to their emigration: German immigration to Russia early nationality policy and the Soviet Germans World War II and its aftermath Chancellor Adenauer's visit to Moscow the Soviet German experience since 1965 a comparison of Germans, Jews, and their emigration. Part 5 The domestic context of Soviet emigration policy: Soviet Jewish emigration policy - 1970-1973 Soviet Jewish emigration policy - 1974-1979 Jewish and German emigration - 1980-1986 Gorbachev's objectives and post-1986 emigration.

Social characteristics and destinations of recent emigrants from selected regions in the West of Ireland

This paper examines the social characteristics and destinations of just under 1200 recent emigrants from selected urban and rural areas in the west and south-west of Ireland. It calls for a community-centred, regional approach to counteract the aspatial element in national accounts and cost-benefit analyses of recent emigration. It suggests that the incidence of emigration may vary regionally and socially, and that young adults in the west of Ireland may now regard this country and Great Britain as an integrated labour market for skilled and unskilled labour. Media coverage and recent literature suggest that contemporary emigration is qualitatively different from earlier outflows. The findings of this survey suggest that the qualitative aspects of recent emigration can be exaggerated and that it may be premature to talk of the modernisation of Irish emigration.