Contactless IC Card Research Articles

A Fully Integrated Low-Cost HF Multistandard RFID Reader SoC and Module for IoT Applications

The deployment and application of large-scale Internet of Things require a large number of 13.56-MHz radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader chips with lower cost. The existing RFID reader module needs to integrate multiple chips, such as microcontroller and high-frequency (HF) RFID reader IC on a single printed circuit board (PCB), which has the bottleneck of cost, power consumption, stability, and reliability. In order to adapt to the development trend of high integration, miniaturization, and low-power consumption of RFID reader, this article proposes a fully integrated low-cost RFID reader System-on-a-Chip (SoC), which integrates RF transceiver and analog circuit, baseband protocol processing, microcontroller, memory, and interface circuit into a single chip. The proposed reader IC supports communication protocols, such as ISO/IEC 14443 Type A and Type B, ISO/IEC 15693, and ISO/IEC 7816. The reader can communicate with contact and contactless IC cards. The modulation depth of the transmitter circuit ranges from 1% to 100%, and the maximum transmitting current is 126 mA. The receiver circuit is composed of I/Q clock generation, switched capacitor sampling circuit, variable gain amplifier (VGA) with filter, comparator, and pulse shaping circuit, which has good anti-noise performance. This 13.56-MHz RFID reader SoC is fabricated in a 180-nm CMOS process and is housed in a 64-pin QFP package. The total area is 8.75 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , including 1.47 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for analog and RF circuits.

JCS/JHRS 2019 guideline on non-pharmacotherapy of cardiac arrhythmias.

JCS/JHRS 2019 guideline on non-pharmacotherapy of cardiac arrhythmias.

基于驾驶员身份认证的车载酒精检测系统设计

近年来，我国机动车数量快速增长，交通事故成为危害公众安全的重要因素。事故成因包括超速、酒驾、疲劳驾驶等。本设计以单片机为控制核心，结合非接触式IC卡技术、GSM技术、传感器技术以及CAN总线技术，研究设计了一套基于驾驶员身份认证的酒精检测系统，通过IC卡绑定驾驶员与驾驶行为，通过酒精传感器对驾驶员入驾状态进行检测，根据检测结果进行预警，降低涉酒类交通事故的发生率。 In recent years, with the rapid growing of the quantity of motor vehicles in China, the traffic accident has become an important factor endangering the public security. The accident causes mainly include speeding, drunk driving and fatigue driving. The research shows that enhancing superintendency strength can effectively reduce the illegal operations of drivers. With the single chip processor as the core, combining with contactless IC card technology, GSM technology, sensor technology and controller area network bus technology, the study designs a set of the responsibility identification of driving system, which binds drivers and driving behavior through the IC card, automatically monitoring the driver status by using alcohol sensor before driving. According to the results of the detection, it gives the warning, and reduces the incidence of traffic accidents.

Student Attendance Management System Based on Campus Smart Card Platform

Traditionally most of the student attendance monitoring in colleges has manual based solutions, which are of low efficiency and poor accuracy. Using the contactless IC card technology, student attendance management system based on campus smart card platform has been realized, which will provide effective and accurate answer for monitoring absences with reduced workload. This system has achieved good practical performance, improved management quality and efficiency, and also accelerated the application of information technology.

The Design of Contactless IC Card Reader in ETC

The device has the 13.56MHz radio frequency identification (RFID) reader feature, and it can be used in the reading and writing in the aspect with purchase secure access module (PSAM) card, embedded secure access module (ESAM) card and dual-interface user card in the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) industry. This article focuses on the design of the antenna and external matching circuit of the contactless IC card reader, lists software architecture and communication process, and obtains the optimum matching circuit through analyzing the data got from Agilent vector network analyzer

Design and Implementation of Derivation Cryptographic Algorithms in Embedded Contactless IC Card System

The paper studied the security measures of contactless IC card system. Derivation cryptographic algorithms were used in the embedded IC card system to generate multi-application cipher key, providing an effective solution for the applications with high security requirements.

Development and evaluation of urban road pricing system based on active DSRC and contactless IC cards

Development and evaluation of urban road pricing system based on active DSRC and contactless IC cards

A process of researching and making an information-box using the contactless IC card

A process of researching and making an information-box using the contactless IC card

Error estimation of load switching signal from contactless IC card and proposal of approximation method for discrete Fourier transform

AbstractISO drafts for identification cards, namely, contactless integrated circuit cards, provide detailed methods for measuring load‐switching (LS) signals that transmit data from a card to a reader‐writer, to assure the interchangeability of cards and/or reader‐writers. They recommend a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) program for the LS‐signal spectrum and provide the maximum permissible measurement error. However, the influences of inherent error in DFT and also of the inaccuracy of measuring instruments have not been clarified. Therefore, under the present circumstances, correct LS‐signal spectra are not obtained. Furthermore, the measurement error cannot be accurately estimated. This paper, first, derives an equation for estimating the error caused by measuring instruments. Second, it proposes a DFT approximation method, called the DFT averaging method, which compensates for the natural defect that prevents DFT from getting correct spectra because the ratio of the DFT window period to the LS‐signal cycle is not a round integer. Experimental verification with quasi LS‐signals generated by circuits showed that the theoretical and experimental values of LS‐signal spectral error were very similar. The DFT averaging method applied to real LS‐signals from contactless IC cards usefully decreased the spectral error from 19% to 1%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(11): 26–40, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20419

A Desktop Screen Sharing System based on Various Connection Methods

Recently it became very common to use information devices such as PCs during presentations and discussions. In these situations, a need arises for techniques that allow a smooth switch of presenters without changing cables, or an easy screen sharing in case of remote videoconferences.In this paper, we propose a desktop screen sharing system that can be used for such purposes and situations. For that, we designed an automatic control of connections in the VNC system that can be operated remotely over the network. We also suggested an interface that assigns a role such as “Screen sender" or “Screen receiver" to each terminal. In the proposed system, while sharing a screen between multiple terminals, one can easily display and browse the screen without having to understand how the others are connected. We also implemented a “role card" using contactless IC card, where roles are assigned only by placing the card in the IC reader.

RFID를 위한 내장형 비접촉(Type-B) 프로토콜 지원 모듈 설계 및 구현

RFID의 대표적 예인 비접촉식 IC 카드는 현재 교통 및 출입 통제 시스템 등에 널리 사용되고 있으며, RF 기술의 발달과 사용자 편의성 요구의 증대로 인해 점점 더 보편화되는 추세에 있다. 본 논문은 비접촉 IC 카드를 구현하기 위해 필요한 내장형 비접촉 프로토콜 처리용 하드웨어 모듈에 관한 것으로서 아날로그 회로부와 특화된 디지털 로직부로 구성된다. 그리고 비접촉 IC 카드 설계시 아날로그 회로, 디지털 로직, 그리고 소프트웨어가 담당한 기능을 잘 구분하여 설계할 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. In recent, as a typical example of RFID, the contactless IC card is widely used in traffic, access control system and so forth. And its use becomes a general tendency more and more because of the development of RF technology and improvement of requirement for user convenience. This paper describes the hardware module to process embedded contactless protocol for implementation contactless IC card. And the hardware module consists of analog circuits and specific digital logic circuits. This paper also describes more effective design method of contactless IC card, which method separates into analog circuit parts, digital logic circuit part, and software parts according to the role of the design parts.

The secret‐key block cipher MKC1

AbstractThis paper proposes a new secret‐key block cipher algorithm called MKC1. MKC1 is a Feistel‐type block cipher with variable block length, key length, and number of rounds. The merits of this algorithm are that numerous structures can be formed by selecting the encryption functions and that cellular automata, which can ensure an immense number of structures, and power functions over a finite field, which have strong resistance to differential and linear attacks, are used for the encryption functions. These features increase MKC1's resistance to exhaustive key searches and analytical cryptanalysis. In addition, rules that are relatively powerful as encryption functions among the total of 256 rules for one‐dimensional, two‐state, neighborhood‐three cellular automata were found to practically correspond to Class 3 of Wolfram's classification scheme. The results of computer experiments indicate that MKC1 is several times faster than DES. The industrial value of this algorithm was confirmed by implementing it in an automatic electronic ticket system using a contactless IC card. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(2): 68–83, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10123

B603 AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM AND INTRODUCTION OF CONTACTLESS IC CARD "Suica"

Suica is our contact-less IC card's nickname : Super Urban Intelligent Card. There are two types of IC Card : One for Suica IO (SF) Card and the other for Suica Commuter Pass, which has a function of stored fare card and Commuter Pass, which has a function of stored fare card and commuter pass. There are 6.54million Suica holders (about 3.3million Suica Season Pass holders and 3.21million Suica IO Card holders) as of 16m June 2003.

Automatic Fare Collection System and Introduction of Contactless IC Card, “Suica"

“Suica" is our contact-less IC-card's nickname: Super Urban Intelligent CArd. There are two types of Suica: 4.5 million Suica Commuter Pass with the stored fare (SF) function and 2 million Suica IO (SF) Cards have already been procured for ticket gate system. Suica can be used without taking the card from the pass-case, and the necessary fare will be extracted from the card automatically at the gate. Suica can be used repeatedly with the re-writing and reloading function. Suica Pass can be re-issued with the remaining stored fare when it is lost. There are 5.84 million Suica holders (about 2.94 million Suica Season Pass holders and 2.9 million Suica IO Card holders) as of 24, March 2003. Average reloading value amount is about 3, 000 Yens. There are almost 3 million transactions (not including the usage of Suica Pass inside the pass zone).

Advanced LSI embedded with FeRAM for contactless IC cards and its manufacturing technology

High performance LSIs embedded with ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) for contactless IC cards are now commercially available. The emphasis is placed on the materials solution with SrBi2(Ta,Nb)2O9 (SBTN) which enables to exploit the potential performance of FeRAMs for composite logic/microcontroller LSIs operating at high speeds and low powers. The leading-edge 0.6-μm and double-level-metal FeRAM technology produces microcontroller-embedded LSIs with 14-kbit or 64-kbit FeRAM. A mature 0.8-μm and single-level-metal process has been built to maximize the die yield. Yields exceeding 90% indicate the excellent process stability. Product qualification data have proven the robust FeRAM technologies.

Development of a memory label system for consumer VCRs

Development of a memory label system for consumer VCRs is described. The memory label is attached to a video cassette, and it carries an index as well as other information related to the contents of programs recorded on the video cassette. Memory labels are based on contactless IC card technology that has been discussed in ISO for a potential standard. By inserting the video cassette in the VCR, the contents of recorded programs can immediately be displayed on the screen. The memory label system offers customers easy operation for their VCRs.

Integrated ferroelectrics as a strategic device

The ferroelectric memory is the most suitable device for memory embedded applications. Its manufacturing process makes it more compatible with the standard CMOS process than the traditional non-volatile memory processes, due to device operation voltage requirements. In addition, it provides clear advantages such as non-volatility, lower power consumption, higher endurance on writing cycles and higher writing speed. The most significant benefits of the embedded ferroelectric memory are shown on contactless smart IC cards and RF-ID cards without battery backup, which will expand the electronic ID market in a variety of applications. A super high integration chip will not be produced without having any redundancy circuit on it. If the ferroelectric memory technology is applied to FPGA (field programmable gate array), however, this problem will be solved. The ferroelectric memory technology will lead to a new semiconductor device architecture, and will take the major place in the coming multi-media era.

New Railway Ticket System Using Contactless IC Cards

New Contactless IC cards have been developed for realizing new railway ticket systems in Japan. There are two types of cards, one card uses midium wave radio and includes a microprocessor, another card uses microwave and includes an ASIC chip. Several tests are executed for the evaluation of these cards. The results shows that the new system has enough ability to realize more user services, good performance operation and several countermeasures for dishonest users.