Contact Time Research Articles

Biosorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R textile dye using Clostridium beijerinckii by biorefinery approach.

The current study proposes RBBR biosorption by Clostridium beijerinckii DSMZ 6422 biomass remaining after biobutanol production from pumpkin peel (PP) by a zero-waste approach. Efficient biobutanol production was achieved by investigating initial PP concentrations (5-20% without or with enzymatic hydrolysis) and fermentation time. According to this, the highest concentrations of biobutanol and total ABE were obtained as 4.87g/L and 8.13g/L in the presence of 10% PP without enzymatic hydrolysis at 96h. Furthermore, based on the zero-waste approach, C. beijerinckii DSMZ 6422 biomass obtained after biofuel production was used as a biosorbent for the removal of RBBR dye. Response surface methodology (RSM), commonly utilized for the experimental design, was used to specify the optimized biosorption conditions of RBBR, including initial dye concentration (50-200mg/L), initial pH (2-6), biosorbent concentration (1-3g/L), and contact time (0-240min). The highest biosorption under optimized conditions with RSM was 98% in the presence of 194.36mg/L RBBR and 2.65g/L biosorbent at pH 2 and 15min. This is the first report in the literature about the biosorption of RBBR dye by anaerobic C. beijerinckii biomass after the biobutanol production process. This study also shows the efficient usage of agricultural and microbial wastes in different areas based on zero-waste applications.

Sorption of chromium from aqueous solutions using Fucus vesiculosus algae biosorbent

The presence of heavy metals in wastewater is an environmental concern and the current treatment procedures are very expensive so it is necessary to find effective and inexpensive biosorbents. In this study, Fucus vesiculosus was used as a biosorbent for the biosorption of Cr(III) ions from the aqueous solutions. Biosorption parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial concentrations of Cr(III) had the most impact on the sorption process. The required pH value for sorption was 5, the biosorbent dose was 4.0 g/L, the contact time was seen to occur after 90 min, and the Cr(III) removal decreased from 98.9 to 92%. The maximum biosorption capacity of chromium was 14.12 mg/g. FTIR analysis of Fucus vesiculosus biomass before the sorption process contains carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, alkyne, and carbonyl groups, and according to the analysis after the sorption process, it was found that Cr(III) metal ions were incorporated within the sorbent during the interaction with (=C–H) active functional groups. The biosorption data were found to be perfectly suited by Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model. According to the results of this study, Fucus vesiculosus is an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(III) from aqueous solutions.

Amino-functionalization of PVA/TiO2-CeO2 nanohybrid adsorbent for the removal of selenium ions from aqueous solutions: Equilibrium and kinetics studies

ABSTRACT In this study, a hybrid nanoadsorbent (HnA), (PVA/TiO2-CeO2), was synthesized and amino-functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to produce AHnA, for use in an advanced selenium adsorption study focusing on nonlinear equilibrium and kinetics models. AHnA was characterized using XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX elemental analyses, as well as BET-BJH techniques. According to the FTIR results, APTES has successfully cross-linked the PVA chain and introduced amine groups on the surface. Moreover, the modification resulted in an increase in the total pore volume from 0.0061 cm3/g in HnA to 0.021 cm3/g in AHnA. Several adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the impact of varying contact times within a pH range of 1 to 8 and concentrations ranging from 5 to 200 mg/L, using a One-Variable-At-a-Time (OVAT) procedure. Accordingly, a dosage of 2 g/L of modified nanocomposite exhibits optimal performance for removing selenium from a 20 mg/L solution at an acidic pH of 3 during 300 minutes of contact with selenium ions, while conforming to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The assessment of various nonlinear isotherm models for analyzing equilibrium data revealed that the experimental data of selenium adsorption conformed to a generalized isotherm, showing a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 17.643 mg/g.

Dynamic behavior of droplet impacting on superhydrophobic cylinder with different macro-ridge orientations

This study visually observed the dynamic behavior of water droplets impacting superhydrophobic cylinders with no texture, azimuthal macrotexture, and axial macrotexture. High-speed images were analyzed to compare droplet evolution, contact time, and the effect of impact velocity across surface configurations. Results showed droplet behavior differed significantly based on surface texture. On smooth cylinders, droplets spread, retracted, and rebounded as expected. However, when impacting cylinders with azimuthal ridges, droplets ruptured along the texture after reaching maximum spread and retracting briefly. Axial texturing caused droplets to burst into two during retraction. Contact time reduced more for axial versus azimuthal texturing. Rupturing transitions occurred for increasing Weber numbers with azimuthal texturing only. In summary, macro-ridge orientation and impact velocity influenced droplet dynamics and contact time upon impact. Further studies could advance understanding of surface tensions and inertial effects to inform both theory and applications of textured surfaces.

Facile and efficient sequestration of uranium using biomass from Saudi Arabia’s local date palms waste

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has announced to utilize its domestic resources to enhance its future nuclear power capacity to a total of 17.6 GW by 2040. This ambitious plan is followed by mining and extraction of uranium from various approaches both physically and chemically. Therefore, an economical and efficient approach was devised for harvesting uranium content from aqueous solutions by using two bio-sorbent, i.e., date pit sawdust (DPS) and date palm biowaste (PDB). The DPS and PDB were analyzed with BET surface area, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, pHPZC and XRD techniques to examine the surface area, porosity, functional group on surface, morphology, point of zero charge of the materials and nature of materials respectively. Effect of parameters like sorbent dose, solutions pH, concentrations and time of contact on adsorption were studied in a batch method. The findings indicated that both DPS and PDB exhibited significant sequestration of U(VI) with maximum adsorption observed at 6 pH. However, PDB exhibited the maximum sorption percentage (78.80 %) and capacity (3.25 mg/g), followed by DPS (70.5 %, 2.47 mg/g, respectively), for uranium sequestration.

Nanoparticle Assisted Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction for Azo Dye Determination in the Industrial Sewage.

Currently, one of the significant environmental problems is the presence of azo dye materials in water sources. In this study, for the first time, a fast and sensitive sample preparation approach using nanoparticle-assisted fabric phase sorptive extraction (NFPSE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography was examined to remove some azo dyes such as methyl red and sunset yellow from aqueous solutions. Primarily, the significance of several parameters affecting NFPSE, such as fabric type, the kind of sorbent, the number of contacts with sol-gel and the time of contact, was investigated. In addition, experiments were performed to determine the effect of different adsorption parameters, such as sample volume, adsorption time, adsorbent value, desorption time, ionic strength and pH. It was found that the calibration curve was linear within two ranges of concentrations (0.05-0.1 and 0.5-15ng/L for methyl red; 0.05-0.5 and 0.5-15ng/L for sunset yellow) with correlation coefficients better than 0.9683. The limit of detection was 0.014ng/L for methyl red and 0.015ng/L for sunset yellow. Repeatability Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) with three replicated experiments was 1.5-10% for methyl red and 2.5-5.8% for sunset yellow. Relative recovery percentages of 88-96% for methyl red and 62-92% for sunset yellow were obtained in the samples. Moreover, the results have shown that acceptable accuracy, precision and linearity make the "fabric phase sorptive extraction" a proper method for the determination of dyes from industrial sewage samples.

Anisotropy of surface morphology of carbonate rocks after reaction with acid

AbstractIn acid fracturing, acid is injected into artificial fracture to dissolve the rock, and the rock surface is shaped into the non-uniform morphology. This non-uniform morphology is the main cause of fracture conductivity after acid etching. The effects of acid type, flow rate, contact time and rock type on the non-uniform morphology of acid-etched rock surface have been studied. However, when the direction of acid flow is determined, the difference of dissolution characteristics in different directions of rock surface is not investigated. In this paper, acid rock reaction experiment and analysis of rock surface morphology after acid etching are carried out by using rock samples with flat surface. The difference of morphological characteristic parameters of rock surface in different directions under the condition of acid flow is discussed. It was found that the mean drop height, drop height range and roughness coefficient increase with the increase of acid rock reaction rate on flat rock surface. The morphological characteristic parameters of acid-etched rock face of limestone are greater than those of dolomite, which is conducive to forming acid-etched channels. According to the statistics of all experimental data, the larger average drop height of rock surface is distributed in the direction of parallel acid flow, the larger drop height range is distributed in the direction of vertical acid flow and other directions, and the larger roughness coefficient is distributed in other directions.

Nitrate removal from aqueous solution using fuller’s earth and modified fuller’s earth

ABSTRACT Water, a vital resource for ecosystems and human populations, is facing increasing nitrate contamination due to agricultural runoff, industrial discharge and improper waste disposal. The present study focuses on the efficacy of nitrate removal through adsorption using fuller’s earth (FE) and modified fuller’s earth (acid-treated) (MFE) as adsorbents. The impact of initial pH (2.0–7.0), contact time (5–240 min), adsorbent dosage (1–30 g/L), initial nitrate concentration (50–250 mg/L) and temperature (30–50°C) on nitrate removal using fuller’s earth were studied. The maximum nitrate removal was observed at pH 2.0, and equilibrium was reached in 120 min at 30℃. The Freundlich isotherm best fit the equilibrium data. The maximum nitrate uptake of fuller’s earth and modified fuller’s earth were 84.75 mg/g and 85.47 mg/g, respectively. Nitrate removal by FE and MFE followed a second-order kinetic equation. Thermodynamic studies showed spontaneity and the exothermic nature of the nitrate adsorption process. ∆H° values were −44.96 and −42.63 kJmol−1 for FE and MFE and ΔS° was −85.11 and −74.52 Jk−1mol−1 for FE and MFE, respectively. FE, known for its exceptional adsorption capacity owing to its porous structure and high ion-exchange capacity, has demonstrated a remarkable affinity for nitrate ions in batch studies.

Torrefaction of Cassia fistula seeds for sequestration of aqueous and gaseous pollutants: Experimental and computational approach

Contamination of water bodies due to pharmaceutical pollutants including antibiotics is growing day by day due to enhanced consumption of these molecules. Biochar is a competent material for wastewater treatment due to ease of preparation as well as high adsorption capability towards desired pollutants. Cassia fistula biochar (CFB) was prepared by torrefaction process in an inert atmosphere. Owing to a large surface area of 672.3 m2/g, the purpose of this work is to carry out adsorption studies of three antibiotics, namely, ciprofloxacin (CFX), levofloxacin (LVX) and diclofenac sodium (DFC) in aqueous phase as well as for the sequestration of carbon dioxide in gaseous phase. The batch adsorption studies were carried and effects of various operational conditions were studied. The maximum adsorption capacities for CFX, LVX, and DFC were found to be 607.86 mg/g, 68.27 mg/g and 160.51 mg/g respectively under the optimum pH 6.0 for all the three adsorbates, contact time of 60 minutes for CFX, LVX and 20 minutes for DFC at room temperature condition of 298 K. Various operational parameters were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Isotherm and kinetics studies for the adsorption of all three drugs followed Langmuir model (R2 >0.99) and pseudo-second order kinetics (R2 >0.95). Thermodynamic studies show the adsorption of all three drugs were enthalpy driven spontaneous processes. Fixed bed studies were performed showing the applicability of CFB for larger sample volumes. DFT calculations showed strong attractive interaction of CFB with all the three drug molecules. The same material has been applied for capture of carbon dioxide at different temperatures. The CO2 capture studies showed maximum adsorption capacity of 64.78 cc/g at 273 K owing to activation of CFB with high CO2 selectivity of 14.29 with respect to nitrogen. Hence, a multipurpose adsorbent has been thoroughly studied with environmental sustainability factor of 0.03.

Trimethoprim Removal from Aqueous Solutions via Volcanic Ash-Soil Adsorption: Process Modeling and Optimization

Antibiotic contamination of water sources is a significant environmental and public health concern. This contamination is classified among the most dangerous types of pollution currently because of their harmful effects. Therefore, it is essential to identify effective and environmentally friendly ways to deal with those dangerous compounds. Within this context, this work looked into whether soils made from volcanic ash could be used as cost-effective adsorbents to remove the antibiotic trimethoprim (TRM) from aqueous solutions. To examine the impacts of the main operating parameters on TRM removal, which are the initial antibiotic concentration (C), contact time (t), stirring speed (S), and solid-to-liquid ratio (R), a Central Composite Design (CCD) based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed. Full quadratic polynomial models were used to correlate the experimental data, allowing for the estimation of each factor’s influence. With a predicted removal efficiency of 77.59%, the removal process optimization yielded the following set of optimal conditions: C = 4.5 mg/L, t = 45.5 min, S = 747 rpm, and R = 0.04 g/mL. Experiments conducted under predicted ideal conditions supported both the result and the previously developed model’s capacity for prediction. Additionally, the adsorption mechanism was also proposed based on the characterization of the adsorbent before and after the treatment. The study’s findings provide the possibility of using soils formed from volcanic ash as a cost-effective adsorbent material for the removal of TRM and likely other similar pollutants from contaminated waters.

The Optimization of Aerobic Bacteria Inactivation in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fillets using Micro-Nano Bubbles of Carbon Dioxide and Shelf-Life Extension

This study aims to examine the influence of NaOCl, NaCl and contact time on the inactivation of aerobic bacteria in tilapia fillets treated with micro-nano bubbles of CO2 (CO2 MNB) in a washing process of fish fillets, and compared to soaking with tap water and untreated fillets for their shelf-life extensions. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design was used to compare and predict of the inactivation effects. The fish fillets were soaked in a NaOCl solution before washing with a NaCl solution and CO2 MNB produced from an MNB generator system, maintaining the liquid temperature in the range of 4–7 °C for all experiments. According to the regression analysis from the experimental design, aerobic bacteria inactivation was reduced by 1.509 log CFU/g at 100 mg/L NaOCl, 10%w/v NaCl, and a contact time of 32 min with CO2 MNB. The experimental value of the reduction of aerobic bacteria by 1.503 ± 0.009 log CFU/g (before washing 5.623 log CFU/g; after washing 4.120 log CFU/g) was found after treatment under the aforementioned condition. The number of aerobic bacteria counted on the tilapia fillets treated with the upper condition after being stored at 4 ± 2 °C for 7 d was below the acceptable limits, but untreated and treated with tap water had bacteria counts exceeding the upper microbial limit (6 log CFU/g). The combined results showed that the NaOCl, NaCl solution and CO2 MNB treatment could extend the storage time by more than 7 d.

Highly efficient removal of methyl iodide gas by recyclable Cu0-based mesoporous silica

Developing recyclable adsorbents for co-capture of I2 and CH3I gas is a meaningful and challenging topic. Herein, Cu0-based mesoporous silica (C-S) materials were synthesized and applied for CH3I capture for the first time. Factors (Cu0 content, temperature, contact time and CH3I concentration) affecting the adsorption behavior were investigated. The results demonstrated that the CH3I adsorption capacity of the obtained C-S materials reached up to 1060 mg/g at 200 ℃. Furthermore, the C-S material exhibited excellent reusability (91.3 %, 5 cycles). It was found that Cu0 could cleave the carbon iodine bonds, causing CH3I to dissociate into •CH3 and I-. Then the Cu+ converted from Cu0 reacted with I- to achieve the purpose of CH3I capture. The adsorption mechanism of CH3I on the C-S materials could be concluded that Cu0 reacted with CH3I form CuI (Cu + CH3I → CuI + •CH3). This work suggested that the obtained C-S materials could be promising adsorbents for CH3I capture.

Green synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles using Eucalyptus globulus leaves for water treatment and agronomic valorization.

This work presents a new process, based on the green nanoparticles Fe3O4 and magnetization coupling for the treatment of saline well water. In this context, iron nanoparticles were synthesized using Eucalyptus globulus leaves. The nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared for identification. Batch experiments were conducted to illustrate the optimal parameters related to contact times and the mass of nanoparticles. The latter marked an optimal contact time of 100min and a mass of 56mg/L accompanied by a magnetic treatment for a contact time of 48min. The results showed a significant (R2 = 0.93) water salinity reduction (67%) and a potential for improvement in the germination of tomato seeds (81%) through the investigation of the evolution of the length of the roots, the stems, and the number of germinated seeds.

Mechanism of arsenic removal using brown seaweed derived impregnated with iron oxide biochar for batch and column studies

Water contaminated with arsenic presents serious health risks, necessitating effective and sustainable removal methods. This article proposes a method for removing arsenic from water by impregnating biochar with iron oxide (Fe2O3) from brown seaweed (Sargassumpolycystum). After the seaweed biomass was pyrolyzed at 400 °C, iron oxide was added to the biochar to increase its adsorptive sites and surface functional groups, which allowed the binding of arsenic ions. Batch studies were conducted to maximize the effects of variables, including pH, contact time, arsenic concentration, and adsorbent dosage, on arsenic adsorption. The maximum arsenic adsorption efficiency of 96.7% was achieved under optimal conditions: pH 6, the adsorbent dosage of 100 mg, the initial arsenic concentration of 0.25 mg/L, and a contact time of 90 min. Langmuir and Freundlich’s isotherms favored the adsorption process, while the kinetics adhered to a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the controlling step. Column studies revealed complete saturation after 200 min, and the adsorption behavior fits both the Adams–Bohart and Thomas models, demonstrating the potential for large-scale application. The primary mechanism underlying the interaction between iron-modified biochar and arsenic ions is surface complexation, enhanced by increased surface area and porosity. This study highlights the significant contribution of iron-modified biochar derived from macroalgae as an effective and sustainable solution for arsenic removal from water.

Synthesis of Activated Charcoal from Coconut Shell for the Removal of Crude Oil Spill

Crude oil spills have devastating effects on the environment, particularly aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of the present research is to determine whether dry coconut shells can be used as raw materials to make activated charcoal (AC) via pyrolysis and whether they can be utilized as natural sorbents to clean up crude oil spills. The UV-Vis spectrum of the synthesized CSAC shows distinct peaks at 230 and 260 nm, whereas the activated charcoal exhibits peaks at 231 and 261 nm. The FTIR spectra of the synthesized CSAC reveal a medium broad absorption peak at 3307.2 cm⁻¹, while the raw coconut shell's FTIR spectra show a medium sharp peak at 2945.3 cm⁻¹. The SEM images highlight the unique structural properties of CSAC, showcasing high porosity, varied pore sizes, rough surface topography, and the presence of micropores and mesopores. The chemical activation significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent, creating CSAC with a much better adsorption capacity for crude oil removal, having a maximum adsorption capacity of 4840.0 mg/g and the highest percentage of crude oil removal at 99.9985%, as proven by batch experiments for different adsorbent dosages. The batch experimental results indicated that the percentage of crude oil removal increased with an increase in adsorbent dosage and contact time. Based on the correlation coefficients (R²) values (close to unity), it was generally observed that the plots match the Freundlich isotherm better than the Langmuir isotherm model. These findings have made the synthetic CSAC an attractive, useful, and environmentally friendly adsorbent.

Five-year follow-up of OCT-guided percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Compared with intravascular ultrasound guidance, there is limited evidence for optical coherence tomography (OCT) guidance during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. We investigated the role of OCT in guiding a reperfusion strategy and improving the long-term prognosis of STEMI patients. All patients who were diagnosed with STEMI and who underwent pPCI between January 2017 and December 2020 were enrolled and divided into OCT-guided versus angiography-guided cohorts. They had routine follow-up for up to 5 years or until the time of the last known contact. All-cause death and cardiovascular death were designated as the primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. A total of 3,897 patients were enrolled: 2,696 (69.2%) with OCT guidance and 1,201 (30.8%) with angiographic guidance. Patients in the OCT-guided cohort were less often treated with stenting during pPCI (62.6% vs 80.2%; p<0.001). The 5-year cumulative rates of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the OCT-guided cohort were 10.4% and 8.0%, respectively, significantly lower than in the angiography-guided cohort (19.0% and 14.1%; both log-rank p<0.001). All 4 multivariate models showed that OCT guidance could significantly reduce 5-year all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] in model 4: 0.689, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.551-0.862) and cardiovascular mortality (HR in model 4: 0.692, 95% CI: 0.536-0.895). After propensity score matching, the benefits of OCT guidance were consistent in terms of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.707, 95% CI: 0.548-0.913) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.709, 95% CI: 0.526-0.955). Compared with angiography alone, OCT guidance may change reperfusion strategies and lead to better long-term survival in STEMI patients undergoing pPCI. Findings in the current observational study should be further corroborated in randomised trials.

Enhanced removal of tetrabromobisphenolA (TBBPA) from e-waste by Fe–S nanoparticles and Fe–S/CuS nanocomposite with response surface methodology (RSM)

TetrabromobisphenolA is a well-known member of the brominated flame retardant group and is widely used as a highly effective fire-retardant additive in electronic and electrical equipment. TBBPA is commonly found in various environmental sources and can be harmful to human health. This study presents a simple approach to preparing a magnetic nanocomposite, offering a straightforward method that results in consistent quality and low resource consumption. The nanocomposite has a high surface-to-volume ratio for the removal of tetrabromobisphenolA. Various characterization techniques, including XRD, FTIR, EDX, FESEM, VSM, TEM, and BET analyses were used to characterize the Fe–S nanoparticles and Fe–S/CuS. The results showed that Fe–S/CuS nanocomposite successfully removed over 97% of the initial TBBPA (15 mg L−1) under optimized conditions determined by RSM, such as a contact time of 15 min, pH of 7, Fe–S/CuS nanocomposite dosage of 0.69 g L−1, and salt concentration of 0.10%. The RSM analysis provided a second-order polynomial model with a confidence level of 93% (F = 29.58; p < 0.0001) to predict the TBBPA removal efficiency at various concentrations. In the adsorption kinetic studies, the second-order kinetic model provided the best fit for the experimental data. Additionally, Fe–S/CuS nanocomposite shows great potential for practical applications and environmental remediation efforts, making it a valuable asset for real-sample use in environmental settings.

Immobilization of l-asparaginase on genipin cross-linked chitosan beads shows better acrylamide diminution in cassava chips: Process optimization and characterization.

Glutaraldehyde is the conventionally used cross-linker for the activation and cross-linking of support matrices used in enzyme immobilization. However, the toxic nature of glutaraldehyde makes it unsafe for food applications, propelling the need for nontoxic cross-linkers. Genipin reacts with the primary and secondary amines generating a dark-blue colored pigment and is an attractive alternative to glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker for enzyme immobilization. Apart from its excellent cross-linking properties, genipin possesses added advantages over glutaraldehyde such as proven health benefits, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The present study explores the application of chitosan beads cross-linked with the natural and nontoxic agent, genipin, for immobilizing l-asparaginase, aimed at its subsequent use in mitigating acrylamide formation in food products. The immobilized l-asparaginase exhibited improved functionalities such as stability, reusability, and reduction in acrylamide formation in deep-fried cassava chips. One of the limitations observed during application in the food process was the mechanical fragility of the chitosan beads during speedy stirring. This can be overcome by increasing the concentration and time of contact of the coagulant bath during the formation of chitosan beads. The drying of the enzyme-bound chitosan beads will also lead to shrinkage and prevent breakage during stirring. This study conclusively demonstrated the applicability of immobilizing l-asparaginase on genipin cross-linked chitosan beads in food-related processes.

Reliability of a kinetic and kinematic assessment procedure for kicks in combat sports

ABSTRACT Ensuring reliability of measurement instruments in combat sports is crucial for coaches and researchers, promoting their widespread use. This study assessed the reliability of a procedure that measures kinetic and kinematic variables in karate athletes’ roundhouse kicks. Twenty-four male karate athletes participated, performing three kicks initially and three 48 h later. Paired Student’s t-test found no significant differences between tests. Bland–Altman plot revealed few outliers. Strong agreement between test and retest was shown by Pearson correlations, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and Coefficient of Variation (CV) for impact force variables: r = 0.96; ICC = 0.93; CV = 0.12%, impulse: r = 0.95; ICC = 0.93; CV = 1.08%, attack time: r = 0.82; ICC = 0.70; CV = 0.14%, contact time: r = 0.72; ICC = 0.60; CV = 0.18%, return time: r = 0.80; ICC = 0.71; CV = 4.28%, and kick time: r = 0.84; ICC = 0.77; CV = 2.88%. No Smallest Worthwhile Changes (SWC) were observed, and Cronbach’s alpha indicated acceptable internal consistency. In conclusion, the procedure demonstrated reliability in terms of internal and measurement consistency, without random errors.

Green synthesis of Fe[sbnd]Ni[sbnd]Sn trimetallic oxides from Moringa oleifera for photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Red 6B dye

The nanocomposite FeNiSn trimetallic oxides were synthesized using an aqueous Moringa Oleifera leaf extract. The prepared nanocomposite was analyzed using SEM, FTIR, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, Zeta potential, and UV–vis analysis. A common Azo dye named Reactive Red 6B (RR-6B), widely applied in the dyeing industry and causing environmental pollution, was selected to examine the photodegradation of FeNiSn trimetallic oxides nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation, and it was shown that this dye could be successfully degraded by prepared nanocomposite. Effects of parameters such as inorganic salt concentration, H2O2 concentration, contact time, pH, and impact of different concentrations of catalyst and dye were examined to find out degradation conditions. This prepared nanocomposite was applied for the photodegradation of RR-6B dye, and 95 % degradation efficiency was obtained at pH 4, 10 mg of catalyst concentration, 10 ppm of dye concentration, and contact time of 2 h. Degradation kinetics were carried out using Langmuir-Hinshelwood and first-order reaction models. These results showed a facile technique for forming nanocomposite to efficiently degrade organic contaminants from wastewater, which directly impacts industrial wastewater treatment. The antibacterial activity was performed using the Time assay kill method for Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria. The results of antibacterial activity showed an inhibition effect on bacterial growth by trimetallic oxides NPs, suggesting their potential use in antimicrobial coatings and materials. These findings underscore the practical applications of our research, demonstrating its relevance and potential impact in real-world scenarios.