Contact Heat Research Articles

Experimental Research on Basalt Fabric-Based Composites for Protection Against Contact Heat

ABSTRACT The unique properties of basalt fibers, i.e. low thermal conductivity, thermal resistance up to 800°C, biodegradability, resistance to acids and alkalis, corrosion, ultraviolet radiation, and non-flammability, make them increasingly used in personal protective equipment. The design and production of basalt fabric-based composites were performed, and composite layers were directly modified by depositing thin coatings using the magnetron sputtering method. The designing and testing were performed in five stages. For direct basalt fabric modification and basalt fabric-based composites, resistance to contact heat was tested for contact temperatures of 100°C and 250°C. Moreover, the uncertainty budgets of the threshold time measurement results were determined and analyzed for all composites. New basalt fabric-based composites were designed to protect users from contact heat in hot work environments. As a result of the research, it was found that applying composite coatings: aluminum and zirconium dioxide or aluminum and zirconium dioxide and titanium dioxide to both composite layers proved to be effective in obtaining composites that guarantee perfect resistance to contact heat up to 250°C.

Lower thresholds and stronger adaptation to pain in musicians reflect occupational-specific adaptations to contact heat stimulation.

Extensive audio-motor training and psychological stress can cause professional musicians acute overstrain-injury and chronic pain, resulting in damaged careers and diminished quality of life. It has also been previously shown that musicians might perceive pain differently than non-musicians. Therefore, the aim of our study was to quantify differences between musicians and non-musicians regarding their subjective responses to painful contact heat stimuli and assess how emotional traits might influence these responses. Upon completing the StateTrait-Anxiety-Depression Inventory, 15 healthy musicians and 15 healthy non-musicians from German universities received 15 noxious contact heat stimuli at the dorsal side of each hand and foot. After each stimulation, participants were asked to provide a pain rating from 0 to 10. Musicians not only reported significantly higher pain ratings after the first stimulation but also showed a significantly higher degree of habituation compared to non-musicians. Additionally, musicians showed a significantly less pronounced difference regarding the pain rating of the hands compared to the feet than non-musicians. Trait anxiety and trait depression scores had no effect on the pain rating or the habituation. The more pronounced habituation of musicians might hint at a neuroplastic nociceptive alteration in musicians. The lack of significance between the psychological traits and their effect on the pain ratings is surprising but could be a result of both participant groups having stressful careers. The findings of this report justify musicians' repetitive sensorimotor training as an important model for plasticity and contribute to a better understanding of pain perception in musicians.

Efficiency of heat-treated sepiolite in the adsorption of Cd, Zn, and Co from aqueous solutions: A low-cost approach for wastewater treatment

This study investigated the adsorption of Cd, Co, and Zn ions onto unmodified and heat-treated sepiolite, focusing on the effect of contact time, initial pH, and heat pretreatments. Kinetic experiments were conducted in triplicate, and equilibrium experiments indicated that Co2+ had the highest adsorption preference, followed by Zn2+ and Cd2+. The adsorption efficiency for Co2+ significantly increased with higher initial pH, whereas Zn2+ and Cd2+ showed optimal adsorption at lower pH levels. Heat-treated sepiolite at 250 ℃ exhibited a higher surface area and adsorption capacity in comparison with unmodified and 150 ℃-treated sepiolite, which indicated the importance of heat pretreatment. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model better described the adsorption process, and it was confirmed chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. By increasing the contact time, adsorption rates enhanced, with equilibrium achieved within 480 min for all systems. Higher initial solute concentrations led to an increase in adsorption processes, with Co ions consistently showing higher adsorption efficiency in competitive multi-ionic solutions. Adsorption percentages varied with pH and thermal treatment, indicating the importance of these parameters in optimizing sepiolite’s adsorption capacity for heavy metal removal.

Steady-state thermal–hydraulic analysis of an NTP reactor core based on the porous medium approach

Nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) is a promising advanced technology which has attracted wide attention in recent years. The reactor core is an essential component of an NTP system and the corresponding thermal–hydraulic analysis is necessary. In this study, the porous medium approach was applied to the simulation of a two-pass NTP reactor core which consists of the porous prismatic cermet fuel elements. The thermodynamic property models of hydrogen and the fuel element materials were implemented, as well as the empirical correlations of the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor. The three-dimensional simulation of a single fuel element was carried out and the results were compared against another code. The code-to-code comparison verified the applicability of the porous medium approach. The three-dimensional model of the two-pass NTP reactor core was established and the steady-state simulation was carried out. The distribution patterns of the parameters are determined by the thermal–hydraulic characteristics of the reactor core, including the nonuniform heat release, contact heat conduction and folded-flow scheme. The full-core heat-flow adaptability analysis is realized, which provides a reference for the thermal–hydraulic safety analysis of the NTP reactor.

Intra-epidermal electrically evoked potentials are sensitive to detect degenerative cervical myelopathy suggesting their spinothalamic propagation

ObjectiveDegenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a centromedullary spinal cord disorder mainly affecting crossing fibers. While contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) are sensitive in detecting DCM by testing spinothalamic integrity, somatosensory evoked potentials (dSSEPs) show unaffected dorsal column conduction. Intra-epidermal electrically evoked potentials (IEEPs) have unknown spinal propagation after noxious stimulation. We investigated (1) the spinothalamic tract propagation and (2) the discriminative power in detecting spinal pathology of IEEPs compared to CHEPs and dSSEPs in DCM. MethodsDCM was diagnosed by neurological examination regarding stenosis (MRI). Stimulation of C6, C8, and T4 dermatomes yielded dSSEPs, CHEPs, and IEEPs. (1) Spinal propagation was assessed through concordant or discordant responses, and (2) discriminative power was determined using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). ResultsTwenty-seven patients (8F, 56 ± 12yrs) with DCM were analyzed and compared to age-matched healthy controls. IEEPs were abnormal in 43–54%, CHEPs in 37–69%, and dSSEPs in 4–12%. IEEPs showed high concordance with abnormalities of CHEPs (62–69%). ROC analyses showed good discriminative power of CHEPs and IEEPs contrary to dSSEPs. ConclusionsThe concordance of abnormal responses of CHEPs and IEEPs contrary to dSSEPs suggests spinothalamic propagation of IEEPs. SignificanceMinimal differences between CHEPs and IEEPs suggest complementary potential by the combined testing of spinothalamic tract integrity.

Cutting performance and wear mechanism of submicron and ultrafine Ti(C, N)-based cermets

The complex thermal-mechanical coupling among Ti(C, N)-based cermet tool, workpiece and chip affects immensely the tool life, machining quality and costs during high-speed cutting, which makes the investigation on wear mechanisms of tools quite important. In this work, submicron and ultrafine Ti(C, N)-based cermet tools were prepared by vacuum sintering technology, and the cutting performance of the tools was evaluated by continuous dry cutting. The aim of this work is to unravel the wear mechanisms of submicron and ultrafine Ti(C, N)-based cermet tools based on the cutting performance and wear characteristics of both the cutting tools and chips generated during high-speed cutting. The Vickers hardness, flexural strength and tool lifespan of ultrafine Ti(C, N)-based cermets are significantly superior to those of submicron Ti(C, N)-based cermets because of grain refinement strengthening and the improved distribution of metal phases. Tool wear depends to a large extent upon the contact states and heat transfer ability at different locations of the tool edge, which are characterized by simultaneous action and mutual transition from abrasive, adhesion, surface fatigue and oxidative wear. Overall, ultrafine Ti(C, N)-based cermet tools with excellent comprehensive properties exhibit a distinctly reduced tool wear at different wear regions.

Antinociceptive and anesthetic-sparing effects of levomethadone/fenpipramide cannot be enhanced by coadministration of metamizole in awake and anesthetized Beagles.

To determine the effect of levomethadone/fenpipramide and metamizole alone and in combination on acute nociception. 8 healthy, adult Beagles were used in 2 separate randomized, complete crossover, experimental trials (threshold testing and determination of minimal alveolar concentration [MAC]) with masked observers. In both trials, treatments were 0.2 mg·kg-1 levomethadone/fenpipramide (L), 75 mg·kg-1 metamizole (M), or their combination (LM). In conscious dogs, mechanical thresholds were determined using constantly rising force. Thermal thresholds were measured via ramped contact heat. The MAC of sevoflurane was determined using the bracketing method with electrical stimulus (50 V, 50 Hz, 10 ms) before and 1 and 4 hours after treatment. Mechanical thresholds in L and LM were significantly increased above baseline (BL) for 165 minutes and above M for 135 minutes. Percent thermal threshold excursion significantly increased above BL in L for 75 minutes and in LM for 135 minutes. In L and LM, the percent thermal threshold excursion was significantly higher than in M from 15 to 75 or 135 minutes, respectively. In L and LM, the MAC of sevoflurane was significantly reduced at 1 hour compared to BL and M. Duration but not the magnitude of thermal antinociception of levomethadone/fenpipramide was increased by metamizole. Mechanical antinociception in awake dogs and anesthetic-sparing effects of levomethadone/fenpipramide were not altered. Coadministration of levomethadone/fenpipramide and metamizole to increase antinociception is not justified.

Portable Flexible Spherical Origami Joule‐Heaters with Aerogel

AbstractTrending portable smart devices are providing great convenience to the daily life. Thermal conductivity is efficient for contact heat transfer. Unfortunately, existing rigid surfaces can hardly heat objects in arbitrary shapes. Herein, a flexible origami‐structure heater fabricated by scalable laser manufacturing with temperature feedback control is proposed. The thin film origami heater is designed as a pair of semispherical origami patterns, which can conform to the curved surface of food samples more effectively. Therefore, the heat conducting area is increased to generate a fast and even heating profile to the surface of the food samples. The outer aerogel provides high thermal insulation to prevent heat dissipation in the environment. As proof of concept, the heating device can cook quail eggs within 3 minutes at a constant temperature of 100 °C. The power consumption of this heater is as low as 18 W, which standard portable chargers can power. This work significantly promotes the usability of portable heaters for cooking spherical objects, providing more conveniences during outdoor hiking and even in outer space where water‐boiling is impossible without atmosphere and gravity.

Smoldering ignition and transition to flaming in wooden mulch beds exposed to firebrands under wind

Spotting ignition by firebrands is a significant fire spread pathway at the wildland-urban interface (WUI), where mulch products are commonly used as landscaping materials. Mulch is typically organic in nature, thus it may be easily ignited into a smoldering mode by firebrands and subsequently transition to flaming, leading to direct flame contact and radiant heat exposure to siding materials of adjacent structures. This work quantified the thresholds of smoldering ignition of four common types of commercially available mulch (black mulch (BM), forest floor (FF), redwood (RW), and fir bark (FB)) exposed to heating by smoldering firebrand piles, and their propensity for smoldering-to-flaming transition under external winds (up to 1.4 m/s). We found that there was a minimum mass of firebrand pile to achieve smoldering ignition of mulch (e.g., ∼0.1 g for FF). Beyond this minimum mass, the required wind speed to trigger smoldering ignition generally decreased as the mass of the firebrand pile increased, agreeing well with theoretical analysis. After smoldering ignition, smoldering-to-flaming transition could be observed when the wind speed exceeded a critical value (e.g., ∼1 m/s for FF), which was not affected by the initial spotting process. To achieve smoldering-to-flaming transition, the glowing mulch had to reach a critical temperature of around 850 °C. Mulch samples with larger particle sizes were more likely to smolder and transition to flaming, due to increased oxygen supply through larger inter-particle pores and channels and better firebrand accumulation due to a more crevice-like geometry on the fuel surface. This work advances the fundamental understanding of the ignition and burning behavior of landscaping mulches, and thus contributes to the prevention of extreme WUI fire events.

Thermal damage on rolling/sliding contact surfaces as produced by embedded particles

Embedded particles in rolling/sliding contacting surfaces like gears and rolling bearings are common. They come from either external contamination sources or final manufacturing process. In general they tend to be hard brittle particles that when overrolled they shatter and indent the steel surfaces leaving portions of the original particle embedded on the steel surfaces. In the present article their effect in the contact when sliding is present is analyzed, this includes the contact pressure, heat generated and contact temperature. It is known that in some cases thermal damage can be produced in the presence of these particles (micro-smearing or micro-scuffing). Here a model is developed and different particle materials and operating conditions are studied to determine when (from the thermal point of view) the situation can bring some risks.

Investigation of mixing and heat transfer characteristics of long-hole SK direct contact heat exchanger

In this study, in order to improve the efficiency of direct contact heat exchanger (DCHE), SK static mixers with different perforation index (PI) were applied. Numerical simulation (volume of fluid model) were used to investigate the performance of the static mixer, which shape was designed as long-holes, under fixed aspect and helical ratios. The feasibility and accuracy of numerical simulation results were verified by self-established direct contact heat transfer (DCHT) experimental platform. Under six different PI values (0 %, 10 %, 18 %, 26 %, 32 %, and 38 %), the heat transfer performance of DCHE was evaluated by applying two heat transfer mediums (THERMINOL62 and R141b). The results indicated that the gaseous working medium outlet temperature, turbulence intensity, turbulence kinetic energy, and volumetric heat transfer coefficient (VHTC) of the system showed an increasing trend as PI increased from 0 % to 32 %, then a decreasing trend can be observed from 32 % to 38 %. The maximum turbulence intensity and turbulence kinetic energy of 17.56 % and 0.015 m2/s2 can be found in PI = 32 %, as well as a maximum enhancement ratio of 49 % in VHTC compared to PI = 0 % can be achieved. In addition, only a small pressure drop increase is observed in PI = 32 % compared to PI = 0 %.

Research of hydrodynamic processes in the flow part of a low-flow thermopressor

This research explores the hydrodynamic processes within the flow section of a low-flow thermopressor as a jet-type heat exchanger that utilizes the instantaneous evaporation of highly dispersed liquid in accelerated superheated gas flow resulting in reducing gas temperature with minimum resistance losses in contrast to conventional surface heat exchanger. The efficiency of thermopressor, as a contact heat exchanger, is highly dependent on the design of the flow section and the water injection nozzle. Geometric characteristics perform a crucial role in shaping gas-dynamic processes along the length of the thermopressor's flow section, influenced by resistance losses and local resistance in the tapering and expanding channel segments. Therefore, the optimum thermopressor design has to ensure minimize pressure losses. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the prototype thermopressor models were simulated and the results were compared with experimental data. The empirical equations for local resistance coefficients of thermopressor diffuser and confuser were received to evaluate the impact of various design parameters. The obtained local resistance coefficients for the confuser ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 and for the diffuser – from 0.08 to 0.32. The practical recommendations on geometric and operating parameters and characteristics for enhancing the efficiency of hydrodynamic processes in thermopressor flow part were given.

Potential thresholds of critically increased cardiac-related spinal cord motion in degenerative cervical myelopathy.

New diagnostic techniques are a substantial research focus in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). This cross-sectional study determined the significance of cardiac-related spinal cord motion and the extent of spinal stenosis as indicators of mechanical strain on the cord. Eighty-four DCM patients underwent MRI/clinical assessments and were classified as MRI+ [T2-weighted (T2w) hyperintense lesion in MRI] or MRI- (no T2w-hyperintense lesion). Cord motion (displacement assessed by phase-contrast MRI) and spinal stenosis [adapted spinal canal occupation ratio (aSCOR)] were related to neurological (sensory/motor) and neurophysiological readouts [contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs)] by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. MRI+ patients (N = 31; 36.9%) were more impaired compared to MRI- patients (N = 53; 63.1%) based on the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) subscores for upper {MRI+ [median (Interquartile range)]: 4 (4-5); MRI-: 5 (5-5); p < 0.01} and lower extremity [MRI+: 6 (6-7); MRI-: 7 (6-7); p = 0.03] motor dysfunction and the monofilament score [MRI+: 21 (18-23); MRI-: 24 (22-24); p < 0.01]. Both patient groups showed similar extent of cord motion and stenosis. Only in the MRI- group displacement identified patients with pathologic assessments [trunk/lower extremity pin prick score (T/LEPP): AUC = 0.67, p = 0.03; CHEPs: AUC = 0.73, p = 0.01]. Cord motion thresholds: T/LEPP: 1.67 mm (sensitivity 84.6%, specificity 52.5%); CHEPs: 1.96 mm (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 65.6%). The aSCOR failed to show any relation to the clinical assessments. These findings affirm cord motion measurements as a promising additional biomarker to improve the clinical workup and to enable timely surgical treatment particularly in MRI- DCM patients. www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02170155.

A novel liquid air energy storage system with efficient thermal storage: Comprehensive evaluation of optimal configuration

Liquid air energy storage (LAES) stands out as a highly promising solution for large-scale energy storage, offering advantages such as geographical flexibility and high energy density. However, the technology faces challenges inherent in the cold and heat storage processes. While systems with liquid-phase medium can offer high efficiency, it comes with drawbacks including environmental pollution, safety concerns, and high costs. Alternatively, systems with solid-phase media in packed beds can address these issues, yet it profoundly weakens system performance. Compounding these issues, many current economic evaluations of LAES rely on inaccurate or outdated data, resulting in skewed assessments. In response to these challenges and to drive scientific evaluation and engineering advancements in LAES, this study introduces an innovative LAES system with efficient thermal storage (ETS-LAES). An original thermal storage method is introduced for the first time, based on gravity-driven solid-phase particle flow and gas-solid direct contact heat transfer. The study establishes thermodynamic and heat transfer models, along with a universally applicable economic evaluation model. The ETS-LAES system is comprehensively assessed utilizing different operational modes introduced in the study. Research findings showcase a round-trip efficiency (RTE) of 58.76%, currently standing as the highest RTE record for cold and heat storage based on solid-phase media. The economic evaluation reveals substantial advantages for the ETS-LAES system during the transition from demonstration projects to commercial projects and guides the selection of the scale for the LAES system. The levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for the ETS-LAES system can decrease to 0.0982 USD/kWh as the capacity increases to 1000MW, due to the use of inexpensive solid-phase thermal storage media throughout. The investment payback period (IPP) is halved compared to conventional LAES systems, indicating a strengthening of the profitability. The proposed solution in this study holds great potential, particularly in offering valuable insights into the practical implementation and commercialization of LAES.

Analysis of heat transfer coefficient and skid marks in a slab reheating furnace considering beam misalignment and contact heat conduction

Accurate analysis of slab heat transfer characteristics is crucial for optimal control of reheating furnaces. This paper established a half furnace model to describe the heat and mass transfer and slab step heating processes in a walking beam reheating furnace. The contact heat conduction and beams misalignment are fully considered. The distribution of total heat transfer coefficient and the effect of stepping strategies on skid mark severity are investigated. The results show that the contact thermal resistance accounts for 1/8 of the conductivity thermal resistance of skid buttons and welding pads and has a lighter effect on the skid marks. The misalignment of the water-cooled beams effectively eliminated the original skid marks and minimized the range of the new ones, but the new skid mark severity before discharge from the furnace remains at 121 °C. The total heat transfer coefficient showed a wave distribution on the slab bottom surface and varied in the range of about −0.72 to 1.71 due to the beam shielding. On the slab top surface, it followed a stepped distribution. Stepping while advancing in soaking zone effectively improve the new skid mark temperature and reduce the skid mark severity by 24 °C. Increasing the stepping number can also reduce the influence of skid marks on the temperature of slab end, thus improving the temperature uniformity of the slab head and tail.

Modeling heat and mass transfer in granular flows between vertical parallel plates

Gravity-driven granular flows between vertical parallel plates at elevated temperatures are integral in the development of the next generation of particle-based heat exchangers for concentrated solar power. Efficient modeling methodologies that accurately captures the heat transfer mechanisms of temperature-dependent granular flows are essential to effectively design and evaluate these heat exchangers. Transient, pseudo-one-dimensional heat and mass transfer models were developed for inlet flow temperatures between 473 and 1073 K. The mass transfer models for the granular flows were resolved using discrete element method simulation, providing detailed temporal and spatial distributions of flow parameters in good agreement with experimental measurements. The heat transfer model employed a one-dimensional, two-phase, continuum approach, and a system of non-linear differential equations was solved via finite difference method. The particle-to-wall contact heat transfer was determined with an effective thermal conductance model. Radiative heat transfer between particles and walls was also considered. The predicted particle and wall temperatures for two different channel widths of 6.4 and 2 mm were well-correlated to previously obtained experimental measurements with Pearson’s correlation coefficients greater than 0.91. A significant disparity in particle temperature of up to 72 K was observed when radiative heat transfer was omitted, and a maximum temperature difference of 11 K was observed when temperature-dependent granular flow properties were not considered. The model revealed that radiative heat transfer potentially contributed to > 30 % of heat losses in wider channels at high inlet temperatures, and conduction was the dominated heat transfer mechanisms in narrower channels (∼70 %) due to increased particle-to-wall contact. This accurate model, leveraging discrete element method in a streamlined approach, advances the understanding and modeling of heat transfer in granular flows at elevated temperatures, enabling more efficient and reliable solar thermal energy storage and transport.

Experimental Study of Thermal Contacts for the Enhancement of Interfacial Heat Transfer

Abstract The thermal management in high-performance electronic devices demands the enhanced rate of heat dissipation for controlling operational temperatures and achieving optimal functioning. There are many interfaces in the heat dissipation circuit where thermal interface materials are applied to enhance heat transfer rate. An experimental investigation is presented on metallic contacts to study the interfacial heat transfer with and without a thermal interface material. Thermal contact conductance is known to be an important parameter estimated for the analysis of interfacial heat transfer across the thermal contacts. Therefore, the thermal contact conductance has been evaluated to identify an effective thermal interface material suitable for the present range of contact pressure and heat flux conditions. Silicone grease is a widely used thermal interface material in electronic industry. Thus, commercially available Silicone grease is evaluated in different boundary line thicknesses for a range of contact pressure and mean interface temperatures. Further, a novel composite thermal paste has been prepared by mixing cupric oxide nanopowder and Silicone grease in three different mass concentrations. Eventually, the results for the new thermal paste showed improved thermal contact conductance and lower interfacial temperature drops as compared to Silicone grease for similar test conditions with few limitations.

Direct Numerical Simulation of single bubble dynamics in nucleate pool boiling with micro-region modeling and thermal coupling to a solid wall

In this study, we conduct two-dimensional, axisymmetric simulations to investigate the growth and departure of a single bubble, with a particular focus on the conjugate heat transfer between the fluid and the heating wall. A multiscale modeling approach is employed to account for nanoscale effects near the liquid-vapor-solid triple contact line (CL). At the macro (bubble size) scale, the interface dynamics is captured with the front-tracking method by using the open-source code TRUST/TrioCFD. The macro scale algorithm is coupled with a sub-grid micro-region model. It is driven by the wall superheating at the CL as input, and predicts the macroscopic apparent contact angle and heat fluxes. To validate our modeling approach, we first conduct quantitative comparisons using the data on the bubble growth experiment RUBI and its simulations. Next, an investigation of the case of water under atmospheric pressure and gravity is performed. Notably, we observe a significant spatial variation in temperature near the nucleation site during the expansion and contraction of the bubble base. This variation greatly affects the thermal boundary layers in the fluid and solid domains and the bubble growth, demonstrating the need to resolve the conjugate heat transfer in the considered cases.

The brain fMRI study of patients with Parkinson's disease and pain induced by contact heat stimulations

The brain fMRI study of patients with Parkinson's disease and pain induced by contact heat stimulations

Thermally conductive, electrically insulating, and radiative cooling PVDF/BNNS/Al2O3/cordierite nanocomposites

For now, the introduction of fillers with highly intrinsic thermal conductivity (TC) into polymers is the most effective way to prepare composites with excellent heat dissipation capability. However, reducing the filler loading without lowering the TC is the most challenging. In this article, patterned electrospinning and hot pressing were employed to prepare thermally conductive and electrically insulating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based composites containing 20 wt% boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) as the dominant filler and 5 wt% Al2O3 nanopowders as the auxiliary filler. We have proven “1 + 1>2″ in terms of enhancing the TC of composites at nanoscale by the synergistic effect of nanosheet and nanopowder. The results showed that the in-plane TC (8.55 W/(m·K)), volume resistivity (1.56 × 1015 Ω cm), and breakdown strength (406.2 kV/mm) of the composites were improved by 4759.1 %, 649.0 %, and 34.1 % compared with the neat polymer, respectively. Furthermore, the potential application of such composites in contact heat dissipation and radiative cooling was demonstrated by the experiment of integrating cordierite particles with high infrared radiation onto the films.