Contact Dermatitis In Workers Research Articles

DESCRIPTION OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS, USE OF PPE AND IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS IN BRATANG COMPOST HOUSES

Introduction: Compost house is one of the government's efforts to overcome the adverse effects of increasing the volume of waste; one of the large compost houses is the Bratang Compost House. One of the health risks faced by workers is irritant contact dermatitis. The purpose of this study was to individual characteristics and use of PPE with the incidence of irritant contact dermatitis in workers at the Bratang Compost House. Methods: The study was descriptive observational with a cross-sectional model. Calculation of RR values was used to see the characteristics of the relationship between the use of PPE and the incidence of irritant contact dermatitis in workers at the Bratang Compost House. Result: The results showed that there were 9 workers affected by irritant contact dermatitis and 6 workers who were not affected by irritant contact dermatitis. Most workers affected by irritant contact dermatitis were dominated by workers age less than 30 years old and have a service life of more than 5 years. The results of the calculation of RR values indicated that poor usage of PPE can increase the risk of developing irritant contact dermatitis. Conclusion: What needs to be done by workers is to increase awareness of the importance of occupational health and safety especially the usage of PPE. The thing that needs to be done by the manager of the compost house is to fix the physical environmental factors, conduct socialization of health risks in the workplace and provide PPE to improve the safety of workers.

The Effect Of Cyclohexanone Exposure On Incidence Of Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Background: Skin disorders or abnormalities occur in more than 35% of all occupational disorders. Contact dermatitis is the most recognized occupational disease in many countries (with irritant contact dermatitis accounting for 80% of the cases), yet these cases are often not reported. One of the causes of irritant contact dermatitis is Cyclohexanone, a chemical recognized as an oxidizing agent that can irritate the skin. This evidence-based case report aims to gather evidence about the effect of cyclohexanone exposure on the incidence of irritant contact dermatitis.Method: The case in this study is about a 37-year-old woman who worked as a logo printing operator in a shoe manufacturing company that is exposed to cyclohexanone and was diagnosed with irritant contact dermatitis. A literature search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest and performed with the hand searching method. The inclusion criteria included systematic review study, cohort study, case-control study, cross-sectional study, irritant contact dermatitis, cyclohexanone, and occupational. Then, critically appraised using relevant criteria by the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Result: Three relevant cross-sectional studies were found through literature searching and are critically appraised. The estimate’s magnitude and precision regarding the association between the exposure and outcome in the first study cannot be assessed; the study only stated no statistically significant p-value in the prevalence of occupational skin dermatitis between departments and the examination between departments. The second study showed that workers with solvent chemical mixture exposure, including cyclohexane, are correlated with skin symptoms, dry or itchy skin on the hands or arms, POR 1.46 (95% CI 1.06-2.01), and redness on hands or arms, POR 1.50 (95% CI 1.09-2.70). In comparison, the third study showed that workers with a high dermal single exposure to cyclohexane have a higher risk for the incidence of hand dermatitis OR 2.15 (95% CI 0.59-7.95) without any statistical significance.Conclusion: The available evidence from cross-sectional studies did not prove an association between cyclohexanone exposure and irritant contact dermatitis in workers; only one study shows a significant association statistically. However, it is recommended to provide tools to prevent direct contact with the chemical; workers should also wear appropriate protective gloves to avoid occupational irritant contact dermatitis. A better study design such as cohort or case-control is needed to provide substantial evidence that cyclohexanone exposure can cause irritant contact dermatitis in workers.

Evaluation of Chemical Glove Permeation Breakthrough Time on Biocide Glutaraldehyde Injection at PT. X Upstream Oil and Gas Production Facility

Microbiological contamination using biocide glutaraldehyde is one of the applications to maintain the integrity of pipelines and vessels in oil and gas production. PT. X’s data on the recording of occupational illness shows an incident that occurred in 2019 due to chemical mishandling. The incident resulted in an inappropriate selection of chemical gloves and caused seven cases of irritant contact dermatitis in workers who injected biocide containing glutaraldehyde. The purpose of this study is to evaluate permeation breakthrough time on three types of glove materials used in the glutaraldehyde biocide injection process. Data taken from replacement gloves for workers who carry out the glutaraldehyde injection process, technical data on three types of gloves used in production: butyl rubber with Viton® outer layer, 100% butyl rubber, and neoprene. Simulation calculated using NIOSH permeation calculator V.3.0.0. Result from technical data for butyl rubber with Viton®, butyl rubber BT >480 minutes, and ND for Neoprene. BT field used, butyl rubber with Viton®, butyl rubber 240 minutes, and neoprene 45 minutes. Based on simulation, open-loop BDT 4.6 minutes, SBT 4.83 μg/cm2/min, SSPR 661.648 μg/cm2/min, CP 1089.67, 4108.64 and 7369.79 μg/cm2; permeation rate 385.177 µg/(cm²*min). Closed-loop BDT 34.06 minutes, SBT 29.98 μg/cm2/min, SSPR 13.62 μg/cm2/min, CP 0.059, 356.73 and 1219.58 μg/cm2; permeation rate 10.597µg/(cm²*min). The use of gloves made of butyl rubber with Viton® and butyl rubber at PT. X is suitable for protecting workers to >30% glutaraldehyde, while a neoprene glove is not recommended.

Evaluation of Chemical Glove Permeation Breakthrough Time on Biocide Glutaraldehyde Injection at PT. X Upstream Oil and Gas Production Facility

Microbiological contamination using biocide glutaraldehyde is one of the applications to maintain the integrity of pipelines and vessels in oil and gas production. PT. X’s data on the recording of occupational illness shows an incident that occurred in 2019 due to chemical mishandling. The incident resulted in an inappropriate selection of chemical gloves and caused seven cases of irritant contact dermatitis in workers who injected biocide containing glutaraldehyde. The purpose of this study is to evaluate permeation breakthrough time on three types of glove materials used in the glutaraldehyde biocide injection process. Data taken from replacement gloves for workers who carry out the glutaraldehyde injection process, technical data on three types of gloves used in production: butyl rubber with Viton® outer layer, 100% butyl rubber, and neoprene. Simulation calculated using NIOSH permeation calculator V.3.0.0. Result from technical data for butyl rubber with Viton®, butyl rubber BT >480 minutes, and ND for Neoprene. BT field used, butyl rubber with Viton®, butyl rubber 240 minutes, and neoprene 45 minutes. Based on simulation, open-loop BDT 4.6 minutes, SBT 4.83 μg/cm2/min, SSPR 661.648 μg/cm2/min, CP 1089.67, 4108.64 and 7369.79 μg/cm2; permeation rate 385.177 µg/(cm²*min). Closed-loop BDT 34.06 minutes, SBT 29.98 μg/cm2/min, SSPR 13.62 μg/cm2/min, CP 0.059, 356.73 and 1219.58 μg/cm2; permeation rate 10.597µg/(cm²*min). The use of gloves made of butyl rubber with Viton® and butyl rubber at PT. X is suitable for protecting workers to >30% glutaraldehyde, while a neoprene glove is not recommended.

Determinan Dermatitis Kontak Pekerja pada Perusahaan Pembuatan Slat Pensil

Dermatitis is the 2nd rank of occupational disease after headache at PT.X (Slate pencil company). Dermatitis in PT X continues to increase every year, in 2017 there were 472 cases, 2018 there were 467 cases and in 2019 it rose to 574 cases. During the last 3 months of 2020, in July there were 30 cases, August there were 35 cases and in September it rose to 38 cases.Workers who suffer from dermatitis experience discomfort at work and experience difficulties and take a long time to complete work. In addition, the number of leave due to dermatitis also increased so that the company's productivity decreased. This study aimed to determine the determinants of contact dermatitis in workers at pencil slat manufacturing companies. This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The population were all workers totaling 210 people. The number of samples of 74 workers who were taken using purposive sampling method with the criteria of permanent workers. The exclusion criteria for this study were workers with contact dermatitis caused by factors other than sawdust. The data were collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. The results of the study showed that 56.8% of workers experienced contact dermatitis. The determinant factors are the use of PPE (p=0.010), Personal Hygiene (p=0.020), and Working Period (p=0.019). The unrelated factor was Age (= 0.481). Provision of personal protective equipment and supporting equipment for cleanliness of workers in the work area, as well as supervising or monitoring and giving sanctions to workers who do not comply with the use of complete personal protective equipment as well as maintaining personal hygiene.

Relationship Between Knowledge And Behavior Of Personnel Protective Equipment Usage With Contact Dermatitis In Oil Palm Pesticide Workers

Taylor et al., 2008 reported that 80% of occupational dermatoses were contact dermatitis. One of the chemicals that can cause skin disorders is pesticides that are often used in the community, especially oil palm plantation companies (PKS). The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is one risk control for contact dermatitis in workers. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and behavior of PPE usage with contact dermatitis in oil palm pesticide workers. The research design used was cross-sectional using a total sampling technique that is all workers giving oil palm pesticides in one PKS company in a district of 37 people. The variables used were contact dermatitis obtained from workers' medical records, knowledge using questionnaire instruments, and PPE usage behavior through observation for 3 days with random time. The results showed that 62.2% of workers giving oil pesticides had contact dermatitis, there was a significant relationship between the knowledge of the use of PPE and contact dermatitis (p value = 0.001) and there was a significant relationship between the behavior of PPE use with contact dermatitis (p value = 0,000) giver of palm pesticides. To reduce the occurrence of contact dermatitis can be done by increasing the knowledge and behavior of using PPE.
 Keywords : Contact dermatitis, pesticide, personnel protective equipment, palm oil

OVERVIEW OF WORKER CHARACTERISTICS, USE OF PPE, HYGIENE OF INDIVIDUALS, AND CONTACT DERMATITIS ON METAL COATING HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY WORKERS

ABSTRACTThe use of personal protective equipment and personal hygiene is a factor that affects the occurrence of contact dermatitis. The aim of this study is to describe characteristics of workers, use of PPE, personal hygiene, and contact dermatitis in workers. This research is descriptive research with cross sectional design. This research used total populated sampling with 20 respondents in metal household coating industry of Waru and Candi Subdistrict, Sidoarjo. The results showed that the majority of workers 55% were 26-35 years old, 50% with 2-3 years working years, 50% with contact frequency <150 times and >150 times, 30% with exposure time 3.25 hours/day, 5 hours/day, and 8 hours/day. The highest percentage of APD frequency glove use is often 66% of industry Y, frequency is sometimes 58% industry Z, and frequency is never 17% industry Y. The highest percentage of APD frequency boot APD often 50% in industry X and Y, frequency is sometimes 50% industry X, and the frequency is never 50% industry Y. Personal hygiene is done by 50% of industrial workers X, 17% of industrial workers Y, 58% of industrial workers Z and personal hygiene is not good done by 50% of industrial workers X, 83% Y, 42% of industrial workers Z. Contact dermatitis experienced 100% industrial workers X, 83% of industrial workers Y, and 83% of industrial workers Z in the form of skin irritation of hands and feet. The advice given is to provide counseling on matters that can cause contact dermatitis in workers. Key word : characteristics of workers, use of PPE, personal hygiene, contact dermatitis

Occupational allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in workers exposed to polyurethane foam

To evaluate sensitization to chemicals present in work environment after an outbreak of contact dermatitis in workers of vehicle equipment factory, exposed to polyurethane foam, based on 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). From among 300 employees, 21 individuals reporting work-related skin and/or respiratory tract symptoms underwent clinical examination, patch testing, skin prick tests, spirometry and MDI sIgE measurement in serum. Patch tests included isocyanates series, selected rubber additives, metals, fragrances, preservatives, and an antiadhesive agent. Clinical examination revealed current eczema in the area of hands and/or forearms in 10 workers. Positive patch test reactions were found in 10 individuals, the most frequent to diaminodiphenylmethane and 4-phenylenediamine (7 persons). Reactions to an antiadhesive agent were assessed as irritant (5 workers). Except for sensitization to common aeroallergens, no significant abnormalities were found in the remaining tests. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 7 workers, irritant contact dermatitis in 10 and coexisiting allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in 3 workers. In workers manufacturing products from polyurethane foam, attention should be paid to the risk of developing contact dermatitis. Skin problems in our study group were attributable probably to insufficient protection of the skin.

Factors Related to Contact Dermatitis on Workers at PT Inti Pantja Press Industrii

PT Inti Pantja Press Industri (IPPI) is an automotive manufacturing industry for car pressing body and car chassis. In the manufacturing process, its uses a variety of chemicals which may cause contact dermatitis for workers. There are other factors which may cause the contact dermatitis to workers worsen including indirect causes. The objective of this research is to investigate factors related to contact dermatitis in workers at PT IPPI. Research is conducted using a cross sectional design with quantitative approach which describe factors affecting the development of workers contact dermatitis. Research subjects are all the worker who uses chemicals during the work process (80 workers) consists from 4 (four) different sections: production (handwork), maintenance (plant service and die shop), quality control, and inventory finish part. Methodology used for data collection was using a questionnaire in which respondents were asked to fullfill a self-completion questionnaire. Results suggested that workers at PT IPPI experienced contact dermatitis are 39 workers (48,8%). There are 4 (four) factors were investigated using chi-square test (95% level of confidence) which are significantly related to contact dermatitis, including: type of work {p value 0,02, odds ratio 3,4 (1,305-8,641)}; age {p value 0,042, odds ratio 2,8 (1,136-7,019)}; working period {p value 0,014, odds ratio 3,5 (1,383-9,008)}; history of dermatitis at previous workplace {p value 0,042, odds ratio 5,9 (1,176-29,103)}. Factors which are not related to contact dermatitis are history of allergy, personal hygiene, and the use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment).

Physicochemical determinants of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) disposition in skin exposed to aqueous cutting fluid mixtures.

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is added to cutting fluid formulations to enhance the performance of metal machining operations, but this surfactant can cause contact dermatitis in workers involved in these operations. The purpose of this study was to determine how cutting fluid additives influence dermal disposition of 14C-LAS in mineral oil- or polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG)-based mixtures when topically applied to silastic membranes and porcine skin in an in vitro flow-through diffusion cell system. 14C-LAS mixtures were formulated with three commonly used cutting fluid additives; 0 or 2% triazine (TRI), 0 or 5% triethanolamine (TEA), and 0 or 5% sulfurized ricinoleic acid (SRA). LAS absorption was limited to less than a 0.5% dose and the additives in various combinations influenced the physicochemical characteristics of the dosing mixture. LAS was more likely to partition into the stratum corneum (SC) in mineral oil mixtures, and LAS absorption was significantly greater in the complete mixture. TRI enhanced LAS transport, and the presence of SRA decreased LAS critical micelle concentration (CMC) which reduced LAS monomers available for transport. TEA increased mixture viscosity, and this may have negated the apparent enhancing properties of TRI in several mixtures. In summary, physicochemical interactions in these mixtures influenced availability of LAS for absorption and distribution in skin, and could ultimately influence toxicological responses in skin.

Differences in Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Irritant Contact Dermatitis in Workers with Occupational Hand Dermatitis

Authors: J.K. Razavi, MD; R.A. House, MD; and D.L. Holness, MD Presenting Author: Jalees K. Razavi, MD; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health; St. Michael's Hospital University of Toronto; Toronto, ON, Canada

Occupational dermatitis from soldering flux among workers in the electronics industry

Although numerous occupational irritants and allergens have been known to cause contact dermatitis in the electronics industry, soldering flux is seldom mentioned. Soldering flux used in the electronics industry can cause both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Irritant dermatitis is commoner than allergic contact dermatitis. Aminoethylethanolamine, a constituent of some fluxes, is a sensitizer. Dermatitis tends to start over the periungual area and spread to the finger shafts and sometimes the wrists. The use of cotton gloves by workers appeared to aggravate the problem. Prophylactic measures are essential to prevent occupational contact dermatitis in workers handling flux in the electronics industry.