Contact Dermatitis In Children Research Articles

Examining the benefits of extended patch test series in children: a comprehensive analysis.

The growing presence of allergens in materials and scarce data on allergic contact dermatitis in children has increased our need to refine its diagnosis in this population. We aimed to analyze children's specific responsivity to highly reactive subcomponents of Fragrance mix I, Fragrance mix II, and Textile dye mix from the European baseline series. We retrospectively analyzed patch test records of children aged 2 to 18 who underwent patch testing with the European baseline series between 2014 and 2022 in Israel. A total of 367 children were included in the study. In all, 160 children had positive results; 43 patients reacted to one of the mixes, and 20 performed further testing. Eleven of them completed the extended series at the exact same times as the regular European series, which benefited children. Farnesol was the most reactive compound (30.8%). Performing the extended European series provides a more accurate and time-efficient allergic contact dermatitis diagnosis. Farnesol reactivity appears prominent in children and may justify tighter product regulations.

Exploring the relationship between allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis in children: insights from a retrospective patch testing analysis.

Recent years have seen significant exploration into the potential link between allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis, yielding contradictory findings. A retrospective cohort analysis of children aged 2 to 18 who underwent patch testing at the pediatric dermatology clinic at a tertiary medical center in Israel was conducted. Overall, 367 patients were included in the study, 31.6% of whom were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. 160 children (43.6%) exhibited a positive reaction to at least one compound in the European baseline series. There was no statistically significant difference in reactivity between children with atopic dermatitis and those without (P = 0.848). Sub-analyses based on ethnicity, gender, and age did not reveal significant differences in overall European baseline series reactivity (P = 0.612, P = 0.446, P = 0.488, respectively). Sensitivity was notably higher when patch readings were conducted 72 h after application compared to 48 h [0.95 (CI: 0.91-0.97) vs. 0.60 (CI: 0.55-0.66)]. Patch testing is imperative for suspected cases of allergic contact dermatitis in all children, regardless of their atopic background. Further research is warranted to potentially replace the traditional 48-h reading with a single 72-h reading in future guidelines, contributing to enhanced efficiency and cost-effectiveness in clinical practice.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Management and Emerging Allergens

Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Children: Clinical Management and Emerging Allergens

Prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis in children with and without atopic dermatitis: A multicenter retrospective case-control study.

As both allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis (AD) have similar clinical presentations and are characterized by spongiotic dermatitis on skin biopsy, many children with AD are not referred for patch testing and allergic contact dermatitis is underdiagnosed. To provide updated prevalence data of common contact allergens in children with and without AD. This is a retrospective case-control study using the Pediatric Allergic Contact Dermatitis Registry from 2018 to 2022. A total of 912 children were included (615 with AD and 297 without AD). Children with AD were more likely to have a longer history of dermatitis (4.1 vs 1.6years, P<.0001), have seen more providers (2.3 vs 2.1, P=.003), have greater than 1 positive patch test (PPT) result (P=.005), have a greater number of PPT results overall (2.3 vs 1.9, P=.012), and have a more generalized distribution of dermatitis (P=.001). PPT to bacitracin (P=.030), carba mix (P=.025), and cocamidopropyl betaine (P=.0007) were significantly increased in children with AD compared to those without AD. Technical variation between providers and potential for misclassification, selection, and recall biases. Children with AD are significantly more likely to have PPT reactions and should be referred for evaluation of allergic contact dermatitis and obtain patch testing.

Issues of pathogenesis and treatment of contact dermatitis in children of the first year of life

The article presents the pathogenetic features of dermatitis in children of the first year of life, features of the clinical picture and approaches to therapy. Contact dermatitis is a fairly common pathology in young children. Previously, it was believed that the clinical manifestations in this group of children were mainly associated with simple contact dermatitis (SCD), but in recent years, studies have shown that contact sensibilization is quite common, and currently the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is not uncommon, but timely anti-inflammatory therapy prevents the formation of a focus of chronic inflammation. The prevalence of SCD and ACD in children of the first year of life, as well as the severity of skin inflammation, is associated with the existing structural features of the skin. Changes in the structures of the epidermis and dermis, characteristic of this age period, lead to easier skin damage when exposed to various irritants, both mechanical and chemical in nature, and the penetration of allergens into the skin. The peculiarity of the structure of blood vessels and increased vascular permeability is an important factor in the development and longer existence of local inflammation. The main condition for the effectiveness of treatment of dermatitis is the cessation of exposure to the substances that caused their development, and the main means of treating these conditions are topical glucocorticosteroids (TGCS). The article discusses cases of SCD and ACD in children of the first year of life, in which methylprednisolone aceponate in the form of 0.1% cream was used for external therapy. The choice in favor of this TGCS was made due to the absence of halogens in the methylprednisolone aceponate formula, the possibility of use from 4 months of age and in sensitive areas. During treatment, all patients had a good clinical effect and no side effects. The use of methylprednisolone aceponate in the form of 0.1% cream for SCD and ACD in children of the first year of life is a highly effective and safe remedy.

Analysis of Hand, Face, and Body Contact Dermatitis in Children with Chemical Patch Tests

Objective: Allergic contact dermatitis is a late-type (type IV) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs after re-exposure to substances that have been previously encountered and sensitized. 3700 chemicals that can cause this condition have been reported. There are publications in the literature that the hand and face are the body parts that are more frequently involved in contact dermatitis in adults. However, this study was aimed because there is not enough data about which region is affected more frequently in children and the examination of allergens according to the affected areas. Materials and Methods: In our study, 102 patients who applied to our outpatient clinic between January 2019 and June 2021, diagnosed with contact dermatitis and applied chemical patch test, were included and analyzed retrospectively. Results: Of the 102 patients included in the study, 43 (42.2%) were female and 59 (57.8%) were male. The ages of the patients were between 4-18 years and the mean age was 9.45±3.92 years. When the body areas with contact dermatitis are examined; hand involvement was present in 33 (32.4%), 7 (6.9%) hand and arm involvement, and 2 (2%) hand and face involvement. Facial involvement was present in 19 (18.6%) and 5 (4.9%) had both trunk and face involvement. Trunk involvement was detected in 36 patients (35.3%). Conclusion: When the sensitized ones with Myroxylon Pereiare Resin and Formaldehyde were evaluated according to the lesion localization, the difference between them was found to be statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0.05). Myroxylon Pereiare Resin was positive in 8 of 36 patients with trunk only contact dermatitis. Sensitization was observed in 5 of the 19 patients with facial involvement with formaldehyde. No significant difference was found between lesion localizations and positivity rates in other chemical parameters.

A clinical study on the efficacy of homoeopathic medicines in the treatment of contact dermatitis in children

Contact dermatits is the most frequent disorder, as well as the most common skin condition commonly seen in pediatric age group due to tight clothing and long stay of diapers other irritants and soft skin of children. It is frequently occurring condition in most of the children. The paper discusses the clinical features of contact dermatitis and the homeopathic medicines which were given to patient after complete case taking.

Contact dermatitis in children caused by diabetes devices.

Insulin pumps and glucose monitoring devices improve diabetes mellitus control and enhance patients' quality of life. However, a growing number of adverse cutaneous reactions related to the use of these devices have been reported. To investigate the culprits of localized contact dermatitis in paediatric patients with diabetes caused by insulin pumps and glucose monitoring devices. Retrospective analysis of 15 paediatric patients patch tested as part of a clinical investigation for skin reactions associated with insulin pumps and glucose monitoring devices. Seven patients had positive patch test reactions to isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and five had positive reactions to benzoyl peroxide (BP). Positive patch test reactions to materials from the glucose sensor and/or insulin pump were seen in 10 of the 15 patients. Three had positive reactions to adhesive remover wipe from Smith and Nephew Remove and four had reactions to EMLA plaster. A high share of patients showed positive reactions to IBOA and/or their medical devices (insulin pumps or glucose devices). A third of patients showed positive reactions to BP. The presence of additional unidentified allergens cannot be excluded, highlighting the importance of access to a full description of the chemical composition of the devices.

Practical patch testing in allergic contact dermatitis in children

Introduction. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in children appears to be on the increase, and contact sensitization may already begin in infancy. The diagnosis ofcontact dermatitis requires a careful evaluation of a patient’s clinical history, physical examination, and skin testing. Patch testing is the gold standard diagnostic test. Methods. Based on consensus, the EAACI Task Force on Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Children produced this document to provide details on clinical aspects, the standardization of patch test methodology, and suggestions for future research in the field. Results. We provide a baseline list of test allergens to be tested in children with suspected ACD. Additional tests should be performed only on specific indications.

Contact Dermatitis in Children: Indications for Pediatric Patch Testing

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is often underdiagnosed in pediatric patients, especially those with a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Recent literature has shown that the incidence of ACD in children is increasing and several factors of atopy play a role. It is important to recognize the possibility of ACD in the pediatric population and perform extended patch testing with the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) core series in these patients. Patch testing can help with allergen identification and management of chronic dermatitis.

Evaluating the inclusiveness of common allergens in expanded series patch tests for children in the pediatric allergic contact dermatitis registry

Evaluating the inclusiveness of common allergens in expanded series patch tests for children in the pediatric allergic contact dermatitis registry

Contact Dermatitis in Children.

Contact dermatitis (CD) is commonly encountered in the pediatric population. Allergic and irritant are the two forms of CD and both cause significant clinical problems in children, but they are often underrecognized. The skin lesions in CD may be polymorphic and closely mimic other common pediatric skin diseases. The diagnosis usually requires patch testing after obtaining a detailed history and performing a physical examination. Metals, fragrances, and certain preservatives are the most common causative agents in children. This article discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of this common skin condition in the pediatric population. [Pediatr Ann. 2021(5):e198-e205.].

Continuous glucose monitoring systems give contact dermatitis in children and adults despite efforts of providing less 'allergy- prone' devices: investigation and advice hampered by insufficient material for optimized patch test investigations.

Medical devices are increasingly being reported to cause contact allergic dermatitis reactions. Review of patients with diabetes type I referred for suspected allergic contact dermatitis to insulin pump or glucose sensor systems. We have reviewed 11 referred diabetes mellitus patients investigated for allergic contact dermatitis reactions to medical devices and specifically Dexcom G6® . Extracts from the medical devices were analysed. The majority of patients was children, the majority had relevant allergies and particularly allergy to isobornyl acrylate which was also found in the glucose sensor system Dexcom G6® . The following case reports bring in focus the fact that patients sensitized through use of one medical device and being advised the use of another, or find another product for a while useful, are not by necessity free from future episodes of allergic contact dermatitis. The case reports emphasize the need for collaboration since it is impossible for even well-equipped laboratories to properly investigate the medical devices when information on the substances used in production is not uniform and complete and material to investigate are scarce. The importance of adequate patch test series and testing with own material and furthermore the importance to re-analyse medical devices and re-analyse test data are emphasized.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Children: Recommendations for Patch Testing.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) affects 20% of children. However, diagnosis of ACD may be underreported in children due to lack of recognition. Patch testing is the gold standard for evaluation of ACD in children but poses unique challenges in this population. Recent studies highlight the significance of ACD and the utility of patch testing in children. Evaluation of ACD in children is difficult and requires knowledge of a child's exposure history, careful selection of allergens, and knowledge of specialized patch testing considerations to minimize irritation and maximize cooperation. Until recently, there were no agreed upon patch test series for children. In 2018, a comprehensive pediatric baseline series was published enabling thorough evaluation of ACD in children (Yu J, Atwater AR, Brod B, Chen JK, Chisolm SS, Cohen DE, et al. Dermatitis. 2018;29(4):206-12). This review provides an overview of the current literature, an update on pediatric ACD, and patch testing methods in children to effectively evaluate and manage ACD.

Hidden risks in toys: A systematic review of pediatric toy contact dermatitis.

Toys are a reflection of the compounds used frequently in manufacturing. Allergic contact dermatitis to potties, metal toys, and children's jewelry is well known, however, there is a broad range of skin risks in toys. With the objective to identify and publicize the associated risk of contact dermatitis in children's toys, we have searched the PubMed database from creation to September 9, 2019. Studies were eligible if they reported a new case of contact dermatitis secondary to interaction with a toy in patients from birth to 18 years of age. A toy was defined as something children interact with for entertainment during leisure time. In this review of the PubMed database we filtered by age and language which may have prevented us from detecting cases in adults that could be extrapolated to children. In addition, several articles were excluded based on title alone. A total of 1312 articles were identified and reviewed manually for inclusion criteria. Review of the articles found 25 original articles for consideration. Several toys were found to be associated with contact dermatitis. These included electronics, toy cars, costume jewelry, bicycles, sqwish balls, slime, Play-Doh, and plasticine. Electronics such as video game controllers, cellphones, iPads, and computers were implicated. In conclusion, there is still an unmet need for observation of this segment of industry for labeling of contents and ongoing surveillance.

Allergic contact dermatitis in children and proposal for an Australian Paediatric Baseline Series.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an increasingly common diagnosis in children. The objectives of this study were to review our experience with ACD in children in tertiary settings, to ascertain the spectrum of allergens in this population and to subsequently propose the first Australian Paediatric Baseline Series for patch testing. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patch test data from 1993 to 2017 from two tertiary referral patch-testing centres in Melbourne, Victoria. A total of 511 children were patch tested during the study period. Of these, 58.3% (298/511) of children tested had a positive patch test, and 65.1% (194/298, or 38.0% of the total) had a relevant positive patch test. The most common relevant patch test reactions were fragrance mix, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI), Myroxylon pereirae, nickel sulphate, and colophonium. Allergic contact dermatitis is not uncommon in children, and patch testing should be considered in children with suspected ACD or with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Based on our experience over 25years, we propose the first Australian Paediatric Baseline Series.

Allergic contact dermatitis related to homemade slime: a case and review of the literature

Slime has become extremely popular as a children's toy in recent years and is typically made with various household substances. Although reports of slime causing skin irritation are not uncommon, case reports of slime-induced allergic contact dermatitis have only recently surfaced. We present a case of a child with hand dermatitis, history of exposure to slime, and positive allergen patch testing to two ingredients found in slime. The case underscores the need for clinicians to be aware of slime as a possible cause of allergic contact dermatitis in children. Given the trend of newly-reported cases, we briefly review the current literature to date.

Diagnosis and management of allergic contact dermatitis in children: common allergens that can be easily missed.

Contact dermatitis is an economically burdensome pediatric disease, and it is important to know the top allergens that have remained as top offenders for over the last decade. A comparative analysis of the 20-allergen screen was done against the current top 40 pediatric allergens, and it revealed that the 20-allergen screening series would have theoretically only captured 47.5% of the relevant contact allergens (52.5% failure to detect rate). In addition, the T.R.U.E. Test (SmartPractice, Phoenix, Arizona, USA) would have revealed 60% of the top 40 allergens (40% failure to detect rate). Patch testing in children has become a more common practice, and management requires the identification and avoidance of the offending allergen from the sensitized person's environment.

Dermatitis of the Foot: Epidemiologic and Clinical Features in 389 Children.

Footwear dermatitis is a form of contact dermatitis resulting from exposure to shoes. There have been only small studies regarding foot contact dermatitis in children. The present study was undertaken to define the prevalence and epidemiologic and clinical features of shoe dermatitis in children. A retrospective study was undertaken of all children referred for patch testing between 1996 and 2015. Children with dermatitis limited to the feet were selected. We collected data from 389 children younger than 16 years, 52 of whom (13.4%) were referred with dermatitis exclusively on the feet. Diagnosis after patch testing was allergic contact dermatitis in 23 children (44.2%), atopic eczema in 12 (23.1%), juvenile plantar dermatosis in 8 (15.4%), dyshidrotic eczema in 6 (11.5%), irritant contact dermatitis in 2 (3.8%), and tinea pedis in 1 (1.9%). The most frequent allergens were potassium dichromate, thimerosal, cobalt chloride, mercapto mix, colophonium, mercury, and nickel(II) sulfate. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by footwear is a common cause of foot dermatitis in children. Children with foot dermatitis should be referred for patch testing when an allergic origin is suspected.

Dermatite de Contacto Alérgica em Idade Pediátrica: Estudo Retrospectivo

Introdução: A dermatite de contacto alérgica em idade pediátrica, habitualmente considerada pouco frequente, tem sido recentemente objecto de numerosas publicações associadas a um aparente aumento da sua prevalência. Tal pode ser devido a exposição e sensibilização mais precoce a alergénios de contacto ou à mais ampla utilização de testes epicutâneos, cruciais ao diagnóstico desta patologia.Métodos: Com o objectivo de avaliar as características e causas da dermatite de contacto alérgica em idade pediátrica, foram analisados os processos clínicos dos doentes com &lt; 18 anos que efetuaram testes epicutâneos entre Janeiro de 2005 e Dezembro de 2014 na Unidade de Alergologia de Contacto do Serviço de Dermatologia dos HUC. Avaliaram- -se os seguintes parâmetros: sexo, idade, história pessoal e familiar de atopia, localização principal da dermatose, testes positivos a alergénios da série básica ou outros e respectiva relevância, hipótese de diagnóstico e diagnóstico final.Resultados: Foram estudados 106 doentes em idade pediátrica (3,6% do total), 68 do sexo feminino (64,2%) e 38 do sexo masculino (35,8%), quatro com idades compreendidas entre os 3 e 5 anos (3,8%), 28 entre os 6 e 11 anos (26,4%) e 74 entre os 12 e 17 anos (69,8%), 52,8% com antecedentes de atopia e 36,8% com lesões localizadas na face e/ou pescoço. Dos 106 doentes, 51 tiveram pelo menos um teste positivo (48,1%), mais frequentemente no sexo feminino por alergia ao níquel (18,9%). Seguiram-se o cobalto, a p-fenilenodiamina e a mistura de caínas (4,7%) entre os alergénios de série básica e, fora dela, o paládio positivo em cinco crianças. De notar que não observámos testes positivos ao níquel nos últimos dois anos. Doze doentes reagiram apenas a alergénios não incluídos na série básica, sobretudo medicamentos.Discussão: A alergia de contacto e dermatite de contacto alérgica antes dos 18 anos revelaram-se relativamente comuns. O diagnóstico etiológico precoce é importante para evitar a cronicidade das lesões e prevenir possíveis repercussões futuras a nível pessoal e profissional. O conhecimento dos principais alergénios nesta faixa etária poderá orientar medidas preventivas de futuras sensibilizações.