Contact Angle Of Fluid Research Articles

Novel 3D Printed Biomaterials Based on Fish Scale Collagen and Plant Extracts and Its Hemostatic Efficacy

AbstractThis study focused on 3D printing‐preparation of novel biomaterials based on fish scale collagen and the following plant extracts: Eclipta alba L. Hassk leaf (EA), Piper betle L. leaf (PB), Perilla frutescens L. Britt leaf (PF), and Styphnolobium japonicum L. Schott flower bud (SJ). The characterizations of the obtained biomaterials were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and stereo microscopy. Additionally, assessments of the biomaterials were conducted on the water contact angle, simulated body fluid contact angle, scratch resistance, color changes, and swelling degree in simulated body fluid. Furthermore, in‐vitro blood clotting time and the anti‐inflammatory ability of these biomaterials were also performed. The results indicated that the plant extracts contributed to modifying collagen, significantly improving the scratch resistance and water contact angle of the collagen/plant extract biomaterials. The plant extracts were dispersed consistently with the collagen matrix, impacting the vibrations of specific functional groups of collagen. Collagen/plant extract dressings exhibited great biocompatibility and anti‐inflammatory. The in‐vitro tests demonstrated that the ethanol EA extract notably enhanced the hemostatic effectiveness of collagen, suggesting the potential of collagen/plant extract biomaterials in hemostatic applications.

Prediction of the Optimal Post-Fracturing Soaking Time in Multifractured Shale Gas/Oil Formations on the Basis of Modeling of Fluid Imbibition

Summary Post-fracturing fluid soaking is believed to significantly affect productivity of hydraulic-fractured horizontal wells in the oil and gas industry. It is highly desirable to know the optimal soaking time period to maximize well productivity. An analytical model was developed in this research to describe the dynamic spontaneous imbibition process in shale cracks owing to fluid soaking. The model was integrated with pressure falloff data to develop a mathematical approach for forecasting the optimal soaking time, which is defined as the time it takes for the fluid to reach the midpoint between two adjacent hydraulic fractures. The optimal soaking time depends on crack and fluid properties, including crack width, fluid contact angle, and interfacial tension (IFT). A case study from the data of Tuscaloosa Marine Shale (TMS) suggests that the optimal soaking time is 2–4 weeks if the fracturing spacing is 4–6 m. This work provides petroleum engineers with a quick-and-easy method for predicting the optimal soaking time to maximize their well productivity.

Effect of process parameters on the corrosion kinetics and mechanism of nanosecond laser surface structured titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V)

In this study, laser surface structuring (LSS) of Ti6Al4V was carried out using an Nd:YLF laser with a second harmonic wavelength of 527 nm and a pulse duration of 100 ns at varied laser fluence, scan speed, and line spacing. A detailed study of the effect of process parameters on surface topography, microstructure, composition, phase, contact angle, electrochemical behavior, and bioactivity was undertaken. Nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation with overlapping resulted in the formation of linear continuous grooves on the surface due to ablation/evaporation of materials. There is the formation of oxides of titanium (TiO2 and Ti2O3) whose mass fractions varied with process parameters. The average microhardness of the laser-structured region was improved (393 VHN - 535 VHN) as compared to the as-received Ti6Al4V (303 VHN). The contact angle of simulated body fluid (SBF) against the structured surface (58°- 123°) showed increased contact angle as compared to as-received samples (50°). The laser surface structuring exhibited a superior corrosion resistance property (in SBF) as compared to as-received Ti6Al4V. The mechanism of corrosion behavior was established by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study (in SBF). The optimum process parameter for the LSS of Ti6Al4V with enhanced hardness and corrosion resistance was derived. The LSS surface processed under the optimum parameters measured by immersing in SBF revealed a higher deposition of calcium phosphate as compared to the as-received Ti6Al4V.

Adhesive properties of Aphrophoridae spittlebug foam.

Aphrophora alni spittlebug nymphs produce a wet foam from anal excrement fluid, covering and protecting themselves against numerous impacts. Foam fluid contact angles on normal (26°) and silanized glass (37°) suggest that the foam wets various substrates, including plant and arthropod surfaces. The pull-off force depends on the hydration state and is higher the more dry the fluid. Because the foam desiccates as fast as water, predators once captured struggle to free from drying foam, becoming stickier. The present study confirms that adhesion is one of the numerous foam characteristics resulting in multifunctional effects, which promote spittlebugs' survival and render the foam a smart, biocompatible material of biological, biomimetic and biomedical interest. The sustainable 'reuse' of large amounts of excrement for foam production and protection of the thin nymph integument suggests energetic and evolutionary advantages. Probably, that is why foam nests have evolved in different groups of organisms, such as spittlebugs, frogs and fish.

Viscous coupling effect on hydraulic conductance in a square capillary tube

Viscous coupling effect on pore-scale flow capacity and its impact on macroscopic flow properties in porous media remain subjects of ongoing debate. This study employs the Stokes equation in conjunction with the zero-velocity interface and continuity interface to investigate viscous coupling effect during two-phase flow through a square capillary tube. Our findings substantiate the significance of the viscous coupling effect in angular pore multiphase flows. Enhanced fluid conductance is linked to fluid viscosity ratios, contact angles, and wetting-film lengths at the pore scale. Proposing a novel upscaling approach, we formulate hydraulic conductance in a square capillary tube for multiphase flows by incorporating a viscous coupling term, and its validation is accomplished through comparison with results from lattice Boltzmann method simulations. Our scaling model predicts hydraulic conductance with a mean relative error of less than 1%, outperforming prior viscous coupling models with errors reaching up to 19%. The derived scaling model, incorporating the viscous coupling effect, holds potential for integration within pore-network models, offering an efficient and precise simulation method for characterizing two-phase flow through porous media at a representative scale.

The Effect of Nano Heavy Metal Oxide Particles on the Wettability of Carbonate Reservoir Rock

Summary Production of oil from carbonate rocks is very challenging due to their inherent nature, such as detection, complex wettability, pore structure, and low recovery factor. Nanoparticles (NPs) are recognized as remarkable materials for a wide range of research and commercial applications due to their physical properties and characteristics. Extensive research in recent years has shown that nanoscience can provide great potential for the development of carbonate reservoirs and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this study, the carbonate core plug samples were prepared from an Iranian reservoir. At first, the wettability capacity of the core samples was evaluated. This process was carried out by evaluating wettability changes using the contact angle of base fluid and nanofluid. The potential of the NPs (ZnO, TiO2, and ZrO2) to change the wettability was experimentally tested in the loading NPs from 0.01 wt% to 0.5 wt% by the contact angle method. Wettability studies have shown that nanofluids can influence wettability variability from oil-wet to water-wet quality. About 0.05 wt% of NPs was found to be the optimal concentration to affect wettability change. The same behavior was observed for all nanofluids at the same NP loading; while TiO2 showed better performance with a sharp change from an oil-wet state (θ = 151.9°) to a water-wet state (θ = 111.3°), ZnO, and ZrO2 changed wettability to a moderately-wet condition (θ = 108.6° and 118.6°, respectively) at 0.05 wt% NP loading. We conclude that TiO2-based nanofluids have great potential as EOR agents, and TiO2 is very impressive in its strong water-wettability. The highest oil recovery in the optimal amount for all three nanofluids was obtained as 35.2%, 23.2%, and 25.6%, respectively, for TiO2, ZnO, and ZrO2 nanofluids. Furthermore, we considered the effect of nanofluids on the recovery performance of the brine/oil system for carbonate core samples. The results showed that nanofluids can significantly imbibe into the core sample, and as a result, the final oil recovery is significant.

Interfacial properties of the hexane + carbon dioxide + water system in the presence of hydrophilic silica.

Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to study the interfacial behavior of the CO2 + H2O and hexane + CO2 + H2O systems in the presence of hydrophilic silica at geological conditions. Simulation results for the CO2 + H2O and hexane + CO2 + H2O systems are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical predictions based on the density functional theory. In general, the interfacial tension (IFT) of the CO2 + H2O system exponentially (linearly) decreased with increasing pressure (temperature). The IFTs of the hexane + CO2 + H2O (two-phase) system decreased with the increasing mole fraction of CO2 in the hexane/CO2-rich phase xCO2 . Here, the negative surface excesses of hexane lead to a general increase in the IFTs with increasing pressure. The effect of pressure on these IFTs decreased with increasing xCO2 due to the positive surface excesses of carbon dioxide. The simulated water contact angles of the CO2 + H2O + silica system fall in the range from 43.8° to 76.0°, which is in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. These contact angles increased with pressure and decreased with temperature. Here, the adhesion tensions are influenced by the variations in fluid-fluid IFT and contact angle. The simulated water contact angles of the hexane + H2O + silica system fall in the range from 58.0° to 77.0° and are not much affected by the addition of CO2. These contact angles increased with pressure, and the pressure effect was less pronounced at lower temperatures. Here, the adhesion tensions are mostly influenced by variations in the fluid-fluid IFTs. In all studied cases, CO2 molecules could penetrate into the interfacial region between the water droplet and the silica surface.

Design optimization of gap distance for the capillary limitation of a heat pipe with annular-type wick structure

In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted on the rising height and contact angle of fluid in an annular wick-type heat pipe. The annular wick-type heat pipe was characterized by a small gap between the wick structure and tube wall, which compensated for the pressure drop along the porous media and created additional capillary force. To describe and model the advantage of this gap, the rising of a wetting liquid in the gap between a vertical solid plate and a mesh (with a small angle between them) was experimentally measured and analyzed. An additional experiment was performed to investigate the effect of curvature on the capillary rise using tubes and meshes of varying radii. Resultantly, we confirmed that the linear combination of the contact angles of the solid plate and mesh could be applied to calculate the rising height from the Laplace–Young equation. Furthermore, the effect of curvature on the rising height of the liquid was negligible. These results were extended to the investigation of finding the optimal gap distance for the annular wick-type heat pipe by referring to previous studies. We observed that a gap distance of 1.27 mm provided the largest permeability (K) over the effective pore radius (reff) value for a heat pipe with ethanol, which in turn resulted in the highest capillary limitation. For a sodium heat pipe, a gap distance of 0.84 mm resulted in the highest capillary limitation.

ANALYTICAL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MODELS FOR SINGLE-PHASE AND MULTI-PHASE FRACTAL POROUS MEDIA

Archie’s law is commonly applied to predict electrical conductivity of rock by correlating the homogeneous, water-wet reservoir rock conductivity with its porosity and saturation. However, Archie’s law is an empirical model consisting of unknown cementation exponent and saturation exponent. In this study, we propose analytical electrical conductivity models for both single-phase and multi-phase porous media based on the fractal theory. The established electrical conductivity model for fractal porous media saturated with a single fluid phase is the function of several factors including pore fluid electrical conductivity, porosity, pore fractal dimension and tortuosity fractal dimension. The established electrical conductivity model for fractal porous media containing multiple fluid phases is the function of wetting fluid saturation, contact angle and pore shape apart from the factors for saturated fractal porous media condition. The calculated formation factor based on the proposed model correlates well with the sandstone experimental data.

Effect of Fluid Contact Angle of Oil-Wet Fracture Proppant on the Competing Water/Oil Flow in Sandstone-Proppant Systems

Ceramic fracture proppants are extensively used for enhancing the recovery of fossil energy and geothermal energy. Previous work has reported the attracting-oil-repelling-water (AORW) property of oil-wet proppants at the faces of fractures. Because of the lack of a method for measuring the contact angle of proppant packs, the terms water-wet proppant and oil-wet proppant were defined based on observations of liquid droplets on the surfaces of proppant packs without quantitative measurement. An innovative method was developed in this study to determine the contact angles of fracture proppant packs. The effect of the oil contact angle of the oil-wet fracture proppant pack on the competing water/oil flow from sandstone cores to the packs was investigated. It was found that, for a given fracture proppant pack, the sum of the water contact angle and oil contact angle measured in the liquid–air–solid systems is less than 180°, i.e., the two angles are not supplementary. This is believed to be due to the weak wetting capacity of air to the solid surfaces in the liquid–air–solid systems. Both water and oil contact angles should be considered in the classification of wettability of proppant packs. Fracture proppant packs with water contact angles greater than 90° and oil contact angles significantly less than 90° can be considered as oil-wet proppants. Reducing oil contact angles of oil-wet proppants can increase capillary force, promote oil imbibition into the proppant packs, and thus improve the AORW performance of proppants. Fracture proppant packs with water contact angles less than 90° and oil contact angles less than 90° may be considered as mixed-wet proppants. Their AORW performance should be tested in laboratories before they are considered for well fracturing operations.

Effect of Fluid Contact Angle of Oil-wet Ceramic Fracture Proppant on the Water Flow from Sandstones to Proppant Packs

Ceramic fracture proppants are extensively used for enhancing oil and gas well productivity in low-permeability reservoirs. Previous work reported attracting-oil-repelling-water (AORW) property of oil-wet proppants at the faces of fractures. Because of lack of method for measuring contact angle of proppant packs, the terms water-wet proppant and oil-wet proppant were defined on the basis of observations of liquid droplets on the surfaces of proppant packs without quantitative measurement. An innovative method was developed in this study to determine the contact angles of fracture proppant packs. The effect of oil contact angle of oil-wet fracture proppant pack on the competing water/oil flow from sandstone cores to the packs was investigated. It was found that, for a given fracture proppant pack, the sum of the water contact angle and oil contact angle measured in the liquid-air-solid systems is less than 180 degrees, i.e., the two angles are not supplementary. This is believed due to the weak wetting capacity of air to the solid surfaces in the liquid-air-solid systems. Both water and oil contact angles should be considered in the classification of wettability of proppant packs. Fracture proppant packs with water contact angles greater than 90 degrees and oil contact angles significantly less than 90 degrees can be considered as oil-wet proppants. Reducing oil contact angles of oil-wet proppants can increase capillary force, promote oil imbibition into the proppant packs, and thus improve the AORW performance of proppants. Fracture proppant packs with water contact angles less than 90 degrees and oil contact angles less than 90 degrees may be considered as mixed-wet proppants. Their AORW performance should be tested in laboratories before they are considered for well fracturing operations.

Research on the capillary penetration mechanism of cutting fluid supplied by electrostatic spraying in diamond wire sawing

Friction performance of cutting fluid has significant influence on silicon wafer surface quality in diamond wire sawing. In this paper, capillary penetration mechanism of cutting fluid supplied by electrostatic spraying in diamond wire sawing was researched, which has a great influence on the lubrication effect of cutting fluid. The influences of charging voltage of cutting fluid supplied by electrostatic spraying (named ES-cutting fluid) on the charge-to-mass ratio, contact angle and surface tension of ES-cutting fluid were tested. Through theoretical calculation, the effects of charging voltage of ES-cutting fluid on capillary penetration and lubrication of water-based cutting fluid are studied. The relationship between capillary penetration depth and friction performance of ES-cutting fluid was established. The kinetic model of ES-cutting fluid penetrated capillary was studied, four ball friction experiment and diamond wire saw cutting experiment were carried out to verify the rationality of model. The experimental results show that the capillary penetration depth first increases with the increase of charging voltage, reaches the maximum when the charging voltage is −3 kV, and then decreases with the increase of charging voltage. The capillary penetration depth increases from 7.05 μm to 7.55 μm when the charging voltage increases from −0 kV to −3 kV, and then decreases to 6.25 μm when the charging voltage increases from −3 kV to −6 kV. Friction coefficient first decrease with the increase of charging voltage, reaching the minimum at −3 kV, and then increase with the increase of charging voltage. Cutting force first decrease with the increase of charging voltage, reaching the minimum at −4 kV, and then increase with the increase of charging voltage. Friction coefficient and cutting force decrease with the increase of capillary penetration depth, which indicates that the improvement of capillary permeability of cutting fluid is helpful to improve the cutting performance of diamond wire sawing.

One Step Fabrication and Application of Antibacterial Electrospun Zein/Cinnamon Oil Membrane Wound Dressing via In situ Electrospinning Process

Antibacterial wound dressing can benefit the wound healing by preventing bacterial infection, especially for the electrospun ones due to their porous structures and easily loading antibacterial drugs. However, it is challenging to apply the antibacterial electrospun wound dressing to covering the wound conveniently and safely. Here, we presented one step fabrication and application of antibacterial electrospun zein/cinnamon oil wound dressing via a handheld electrospinning setup. The prepared zein/cinnamon oil wound dressing showed gas permeability of (76.1–5.45) mm/s, hydrophilicity with zero body fluid contact angle, swelling stability after 24 h as well as antibacterial zones over 5 cm against both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Moreover, in situ electrospinning process can deposit the electrospun zein/cinnamon oil fibers directly onto the wound, meantime forming a wound dressing. The mice cut-wound model experiment demonstrated that the one step in situ fabrication and application of zein/cinnamon oil wound dressing could nearly heal the wound within 11 d.

Three-phase flow displacement dynamics and Haines jumps in a hydrophobic porous medium.

We use synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography to investigate the displacement dynamics during three-phase—oil, water and gas—flow in a hydrophobic porous medium. We observe a distinct gas invasion pattern, where gas progresses through the pore space in the form of disconnected clusters mediated by double and multiple displacement events. Gas advances in a process we name three-phase Haines jumps, during which gas re-arranges its configuration in the pore space, retracting from some regions to enable the rapid filling of multiple pores. The gas retraction leads to a permanent disconnection of gas ganglia, which do not reconnect as gas injection proceeds. We observe, in situ, the direct displacement of oil and water by gas as well as gas–oil–water double displacement. The use of local in situ measurements and an energy balance approach to determine fluid–fluid contact angles alongside the quantification of capillary pressures and pore occupancy indicate that the wettability order is oil–gas–water from most to least wetting. Furthermore, quantifying the evolution of Minkowski functionals implied well-connected oil and water, while the gas connectivity decreased as gas was broken up into discrete clusters during injection. This work can be used to design CO2 storage, improved oil recovery and microfluidic devices.

Multifunctional hopeite nanocoating on Ti64 substrates by pulsed laser deposition and radio frequency magnetron sputtering for orthopedic implant applications: A comparative study

Functionalized implants demonstrate an upgraded approach in orthopedic implants, aiming to achieve long term success through improved bio integration. Bioceramic coatings with multifunctionality have arisen as an effective substitute for conventional coatings, owing to their combination of various properties that are essential for bio-implants, such as osteointegration and antibacterial character. In the present study, thin hopeite coatings were produced by Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) on Ti64 substrates. The obtained hopeite coatings were annealed at 500 °C in ambient air and studied in terms of surface morphology, phase composition, surface roughness, adhesion strength, antibacterial efficacy, apatite forming ability, and surface wettability by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), tensometer, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion test and contact angle goniometer, respectively. Furthermore, based on promising results obtained in the present work it can be summarized that the new generation multifunctional hopeite coating synthesized by two alternative new process routes of PLD and RFMS on Ti64 substrates, provides effective alternatives to conventional coatings, largely attributed to strong osteointegration and antibacterial character of deposited hopeite coating ensuring the overall stability of metallic orthopedic implants.

A comparative study of the drying evolution and dried morphology of two globular proteins in de-ionized water solutions.

Pattern formation in drying protein droplets continues to attract considerable research attention because it can be linked to specific protein–protein interactions. An extensive study of the drying evolution and the final crack patterns is presented, highlighting the concentration dependence (from 1 to 13 wt%) of two globular proteins, lysozyme (Lys) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), in de-ionized water. The drying evolution starts with a constant contact radius mode and shifts to a mixed mode where both fluid front and contact angle changes. The contact angle monotonically decreases, whereas, the fluid front exhibits two regimes: an initial linear regime and a later non-linear regime. Unlike the linear regime, the non-linear regime is faster for Lys droplets. This results in the formation of a “mound”-like structure in the central region. A new feature, a “dimple” is observed in this mound which is found to be dependent on the initial concentration. The different crack morphology of BSA and Lys depends strongly on the initial state of the solution and can be interpreted using a simple mechanical model. In fact, when dried under uniform conditions (surface, humidity, temperature, droplet diameter, etc.), the evolution and the final pattern displays as a fingerprint of the initial state.

Liquid penetration in metal wire mesh between parallel plates under normal gravity and microgravity conditions

The dynamics of liquid penetration in porous wire mesh are experimentally studied in this work by particularly considering the influence of gravity. Similar experimental setups are used on the ground and in a drop tower facility in order to compare the experimental results directly. Visualization of the liquid penetrating process is realized by using single-layered wire mesh which is put between a pair of transparent parallel plates. The dependence of wire mesh on the parallel plates is confirmed. The dimensional results show that liquid penetration in the wire mesh stops at an equilibrium height in normal gravity, while the liquid penetrates ceaselessly in microgravity following a parabolic relation between the liquid height and time. The fast rising early period of liquid rise in normal gravity reduces to a slow climbing period in microgravity. Different to that in normal gravity, liquid rises faster in the coarse wire mesh than in the fine wire mesh in microgravity. The effective contact angle of fluid in the parallel plates increases when it changes from normal gravity to microgravity, while it shows weak dependence on the gravity level as well as the pore radii in the wire meshes. Dimensionless analysis is performed to the results. Good consistency is obtained between the dimensionless experimental data and the theoretical solution, providing a generalized explanation to the dynamics of liquid penetration in metal wire mesh under both normal gravity and microgravity environments.

Evaluation Wettability of nanofluid on the Surface of Zircalloy 4 Before and after Oxidation

The solid surface tension plays an important role in the heat and mass transfer system for heat exchanger equipment. In the nuclear power plant industry, Zircalloy 4 has been used for long time as structure materials. The purpose of the experimental is to study solid state surface tension behavior by measure contact angle of aquades and Nano fluid contain nano particle alumina on metal surface of Zircalloy 4 before and after oxidation at 700°C by sessile drop method. The experiment is to measure the static contact angle and drop of aquades and nano fluid contains nano particle alumina on zircalloy 4 with different spreading time from 1 to 30 minute. It was observed that zircalloy 4 after oxidation lose their hydrophobic properties with increasing elapsed time during drop of a aquades and nano fluid on the surface of alloy compared with zircalloy 4 before oxidation. As a result the contact angle of aquades and nano fluid on surface of zircalloy 4 before and after oxidation is decrease grdually during increasing elapsed time. While the magnitude diameter drops of aquades and nano fluid and wetting surface are increase with increasing elapsed time on the surface of Zircalloy 4 before and after oxidation. It was observed that oxidised zircalloy4 good wettability properties compare with non oxidised zircaloy 4.

Fabrication of porous micro-nanostructured networks on Ti6Al4V for faster hydroxyapatite deposition in SBF

Abstract Surfaces with porous micro-nanostructured networks on Ti6Al4V substrates were successfully fabricated via sandblast, acid-alkali etching treatment. Wettability and hydroxyapatite (HA)-forming ability of the multilevel structured Ti6Al4V surfaces were investigated. Water contact angles and simulated body fluid (SBF) contact angles of 6 μl droplets on the resulting surfaces were as low as 0°, which could be attributed to the formation of hydrophilic TiO2 layer and larger specific surface area. Furthermore, after soaking in SBF for 1 day, a homogeneous HA layer was formed on the multilevel structured Ti6Al4V surface, whereas surface of original Ti6Al4V showed few HA precipitates even after 7 days of SBF immersion, suggesting that the fabricated structure was beneficial to faster HA deposition in SBF.

Laser-induced backward transfer of conducting aluminum doped zinc oxide to glass for single-step rapid patterning

Depositing conductive patterns on glass normally involves several steps. This study presents a single-step method to directly deposit aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) conductive patterns on glass substrates by using laser-induced backward transfer (LIBT) from a bulk donor material with a nanosecond pulsed laser system. Lines, squares, and electrode patterns were successfully fabricated under various laser fluences at ambient atmospheric pressures and room temperature. The geometric dimension, surface morphology, wettability, and electrical property of the transferred patterns were examined with a 3D confocal laser scanning microscope, a stylus surface profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an optical fluid contact angle analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a four-point probe instrument. After the LIBT process, the lowest sheet resistance was 24.8 Ω/sq for square patches with a 1.95 μm average film thickness, and surface roughnesses of Ra =0.33 μm, and Rrms =0.42 μm with a 124° water contact angle. The average sheet resistance of electrode structure patterns was 34.7 Ω/sq under the 3.95 J/cm2 of laser fluence and a 10 mm/s of scanning speed.