Fat Vegetable Consumption Research Articles

Fat consumption and selected gastrointestinal cancers morbidity rates in Poland in the years 1960-2014

Introduction: Data from the literature suggest that body fatness may increase the risk of some cancers, among others: colorectal, pancreatic and oesophageal. Body fatness frequently is related to the proportion of energy from fat. Morbidity due to the above cancers may be also influenced by the content of the saturated, and mono- and polyunsaturated fats in the diet. This in turn is in great extent dependent on the structure of the edible fats consumption. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between trends in fat consumption and mentioned cancers morbidity in Poland. Methods: The study was based on colorectal, pancreatic and oesophageal cancer incidence rates derived from the National Cancer Registry in 1960-2014. Data on fat consumption (in kg/person/year) were derived from the national food balance sheets. Analysis included the consumption of animal and vegetable fat. Data on the per-cent of energy from fat were obtained through conversion of food consumption data into energy and nutrients. The per-cent of energy from fat was considered as a marker of body fatness. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to estimate the relationship between the examined variables. Results: There was a permanent increase in the energy proportion derived from fat in Poland during observed period: it reached 39.6% in 2014 in comparison to only 25.3% in 1960. This increase was clearly related to the growth of morbidity due to colorectal cancer (0.97 for males and females), and in 1960-1989 also to the morbidity increase due to pancreatic (0.70 for males and 0.79 for females) and to oesophageal cancer (0.54 for males). Since the mid-90s of the twentieth century a marked decline of pancreatic and oesophageal cancer morbidity began to be observed. The colorectal cancer morbidity continues to grow, but to a lesser degree than in previous years. There has been a permanent declining trend in the animal fats consumption in Poland since 1990 accompanied by a rapidly growing vegetable fats consumption. In 1990-2014 animal fat consumption positively correlated with pancreatic (0.80 for males and 0.47 for females) and oesophageal cancer (0.75 for males) incidence rates. Adverse correlations were found between vegetable fat consumption and pancreatic (-0.92 for males and -0.62 for females) and oesophageal cancer (-0.86 for males) morbidity. Conclusion: A relation between growing energy proportion derived from fat in the diet of the Poles and a long-term increase in the morbidity rates due to colorectal, pancreatic and oesophageal cancer shows that the high incidence of these cancers could be related to overweight and obesity (the proportion of energy from fat is a marker of body fatness). Positive trends in the structure of the edible fats consumption in Poland could favourably affect some gastrointestinal cancers such as pancreatic and oesophageal cancer morbidity and probably was one of the reasons of the observed decline in these cancers incidence in recent years.

Nutrient intake and nutrient patterns and risk of lung cancer among heavy smokers: results from the COSMOS screening study with annual low-dose CT

The role of nutrients in lung cancer aetiology remains controversial and has never been evaluated in the context of screening. Our aim was to investigate the role of single nutrients and nutrient patterns in the aetiology of lung cancer in heavy smokers. Asymptomatic heavy smokers (≥20 pack-years) were invited to undergo annual low-dose computed tomography. We assessed diet using a self-administered food frequency questionnaire and collected information on multivitamin supplement use. We performed principal component analysis identifying four nutrient patterns and used Cox proportional Hazards regression to assess the association between nutrients and nutrients patterns and lung cancer risk. During a mean follow-up of 5.7 years, 178 of 4,336 participants were diagnosed with lung cancer by screening. We found a significant risk reduction of lung cancer with increasing vegetable fat consumption (HR for highest vs. lowest quartile = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.31-0.80; P-trend = 0.02). Participants classified in the high "vitamins and fiber" pattern score had a significant risk reduction of lung cancer (HR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.36-0.90, P-trend = 0.01). Among heavy smokers enrolled in a screening trial, high vegetable fat intake and adherence to the "vitamin and fiber" nutrient pattern were associated with reduced lung cancer incidence.

Impulse for Heart-Healthy Diet: A Short Health Psychological Intervention at the Cardiology Ward

Risk for and progress of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) can be influenced by minimizing modifiable risk factors. CHD patients were assigned to an intervention (IG) or control group (CG). A brief activating health-psychological intervention based on the Health-Action-Process-Approach (HAPA) was build into an educational group setting about heart-healthy nutrition. Patients were encouraged to make an action and coping plan for their future nutrition. Baseline assessment included perceived self-efficacy, intentional status, food consumption; follow-up data were collected two and six months after discharge. In total 201 patients participated (IG:N=143; 62±11.3 years, 64.3% male; CG:N=58; 64±10.3 years, 77.6% male). The IG reported a higher increase in vegetable fat consumption from baseline to two months (p<.05) and in low fat food and fish consumption from baseline to six months (both p<.01). Overall the program was feasibly to be carried out in an acute cardiac care hospital ward. One brief intervention based on the HAPA model could only change some dietary habits over a short period of time; follow-up sessions are necessary to have a larger impact on a wider set of dietary variables and habits over the long term.

Common Sources and Estimated Intake of Plant Sterols in the Spanish Diet

Plant sterols (PS) are minor lipid components of plants, which may have potential health benefits, mainly based in their cholesterol-lowering effect. The aim of this study was to determine the composition and content of PS in plant-based foods commonly consumed in Spain and to estimate the PS intake in the Spanish diet. For this purpose, the determination of PS content, using a modern methodology to measure free, esterified, and glycosidic sterol forms, was done. Second, an estimation of the intake of PS, using the Spanish National Food Consumption data, was made. The daily intake per person of PS--campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmastanol--in the Spanish diet was estimated at 276 mg, the largest component being beta-sitosterol (79.7%). Other unknown compounds, tentatively identified as PS, may constitute a considerable potential intake (99 mg). When the daily PS intake among European diets was compared in terms of campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmastanol, the PS intake in the Spanish diet was in the same range of other countries such as Finland (15.7% higher) or The Netherlands (equal). However, some qualitative differences in the PS sources were detected, that is, the predominant brown bread and vegetable fat consumption in the northern diets versus the white bread and vegetable oil consumption in the Spanish diet. These differences may help to provide a link between the consumption of PS and healthy effects of the diet.

Dietary fat and risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration.

To evaluate the relationship between intake of total and specific types of fat and risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in adults. A multicenter eye disease case-control study. Five US clinical ophthalmology centers. Case subjects included 349 individuals (age range, 55-80 years) with the advanced, neovascular stage of AMD diagnosed within 1 year of their enrollment into the study who resided near a participating clinical center. Control subjects included 504 individuals without AMD but with other ocular diseases. Controls were from the same geographic areas as cases and were frequency-matched to cases by age and sex. Relative risk for AMD according to level of fat intake, controlling for cigarette smoking and other risk factors. Higher vegetable fat consumption was associated with an elevated risk for AMD. After adjusting for age, sex, education, cigarette smoking, and other risk factors, the odds ratio (OR) was 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-3.74) for persons in the highest vs those in the lowest quintiles of intake (P for trend,.007). The risk for AMD was also significantly elevated for the highest vs lowest quintiles of intake of monounsaturated (OR, 1.71) and polyunsaturated (OR, 1.86) fats (Ps for trend,.03 and.03, respectively). Higher consumption of linoleic acid was also associated with a higher risk for AMD (P for trend,.02). Higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids was associated with a lower risk for AMD among individuals consuming diets low in linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid (P for trend,.05; P for continuous variable,.03). Similarly, higher frequency of fish intake tended to reduce risk for AMD when the diet was low in linoleic acid (P for trend,.05). Conversely, neither omega-3 fatty acids nor fish intake were related to risk for AMD among people with high levels of linoleic acid intake. Higher intake of specific types of fat--including vegetable, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats and linoleic acid--rather than total fat intake may be associated with a greater risk for advanced AMD. Diets high in omega-3 fatty acids and fish were inversely associated with risk for AMD when intake of linoleic acid was low.

The relationship between animal fat intake, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer

An international ecologic study on the relationship between fat intake, cigarette consumption, and age-specific lung cancer mortality rates was conducted using data obtained from 29 countries. The 1969-71 and 1984-86 mortality rates for lung cancer were related to smoking habits and to levels of animal fat intake. Highly significant independent positive correlations for lung cancer with both cigarette smoking and animal fat consumption were seen. No significant independent relationship was found between lung cancer mortality and vegetable fat consumption. In a multiple regression analysis linking lung cancer mortality to dietary intake of animal fat, cigarette smoking, and the interaction term between cigarette smoking and animal fat intake, only the latter term was significant (P less than 0.001) pointing towards a role for animal fat as a promoter of lung cancer.

The Relationship of Lifestyle to International Trends in CHD

Three components of lifestyle--nutrition, smoking and alcohol drinking patterns--have been related to rates of decline or increase of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in 27 countries during the past 10 to 25 years. In almost all of the countries with major falls or rises in CHD mortality, there are, respectively, corresponding decreases or increases in animal fat consumption, with reciprocal changes in the consumption of vegetable fats. Countries with moderate or small mortality declines show variable patterns of fat consumption. The prevalence of smoking is declining among men and remains unchanged or is increasing slightly among women in most countries, suggesting that differences in the rate of decline between countries or between the sexes are not related to an appreciable degree to differences in the change of smoking habits; however, the mortality changes in any individual country are most probably influenced by smoking. The consumption of alcoholic beverages increases almost everywhere and cannot be related quantitatively to the secular CHD mortality trends. These findings support in general the presently recommended courses of action for the prevention of premature CHD.

Effect of Imitation or Filled Dairy Products

United States consumers are eating more fat than ever, but they are eating less animal fat. Per capita consumption of animal fat dropped 34% since 1960, and vegetable fat consumption increased by 77%. The shift to imitation dairy products is reflected in dairy product surpluses and resulting downward pressure on dairy product prices.The imitation product that threatens the dairy industry most is imitation cheese. The 205million pounds of imitation cheese marketed in 1984 was 44% of US Department of Agriculture price support purchases of cheese.Average retail prices for various types of imitation cheese are 16 to 32% lower than natural cheese prices; pizza with imitation cheese averages 14% less in price than natural cheese pizza of the same brand. Imitation cheese takes up 16% of the shredded cheese shelf space, 2% of the unshredded and process cheese shelf space, and pizza made with imitation cheese has gained more than half the pizza shelf space in the United States.The following strategies are recommended to counter the imitation problem: 1) reduce price advantage of imported casein through negotations with the European Economic Community to reduce export subsidies: 2) work for clearer, more prominent labeling of imitation dairy products; 3) put more emphasis on butter-margarine blend products, which compete more directly with margarine than butter; 4) use more of the $197million annual promotion funds from farmer checkoffs for promoting cheese. Buyer response to cheese promotion is three times the response from a similar investment in fluid milk promotion.

Type and Quantity of 3 β-Hydroxysterols Excreted by Subjects Subsisting on Formula Rations High in Corn Oil

A normal and a diabetic subject were given a fat-free formula diet for 8 days and then continued for a similar period of time with a ration providing corn oil at a level of 60% of calories in place of an equicaloric amount of carbohydrate. By a differential-spectrophotometric system of analysis, 3 β-hydroxysterols excreted in the feces during the last 4 days of each regimen were determined. During the corn oil regimen, total 3 β-hydroxysterols in feces increased 11- and 17-fold, respectively; β- plus γ-sitosterol accounted for about 80% of the sitosterol intake and comprised about 60% of the 3 β-hydroxysterol output. Cholesterol excretion increased four- and fivefold. In the case of the diabetic subject, this was accompanied by a tenfold increase in the elimination of coprostanol. These data demonstrate that endogenously derived sterols contribute to the well-known increase in fecal unsaponifiable matter observed during the consumption of vegetable fats of high plant sterol content. This observation, considered in the light of the decrease in plasma cholesterol observed when corn oil is added to a fat-free diet, suggests a cause and effect relationship between the 2 observations.