Consumption Of Spinach Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF SPINACH CONSUMPTION ON INCREASING HAEMOGLOBIN IN PREGNANT WOMEN

Background: Anemia is a symptom of a lack of red blood cells due to low hemoglobin levels. Based on the performance assessment report of the Tuban Regency Senori Community Health Center East Java Indonesia in 2022, it was found that 36.65% of pregnant women experienced anemia. This shows that there are still many pregnant women who experience anemia and need treatment. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of spinach consumption on increasing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women. Method: quasi experiment with One Group Pretest-Posttest design. The sample in this study was 16 pregnant women with anemia in the Senori Community Health Center Tuban Regency East Java Indonesia, who met the inclusion criteria. The research instrument used an observation sheet to determine hemoglobin levels in the blood before and after consuming green spinach, an easy touch Hb level check tool. Data were analyzed using paired T-test. Result : The average Hb level of pregnant women before the intervention was 10.20 gr% and after the intervention was 11.18 gr%, the results of the paired t-test showed a significance value = 0.000, so the significance value (2-tailed) < α (0 .05) which shows that there is an effect of spinach consumption on increasing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women. Conclusion : There is an effect of spinach consumption on increasing Hb levels in pregnant women. Integrated ANC activities are expected to be carried out routinely so that pregnant women who experience anemia can be detected early and health workers can provide explanations to pregnant women about the dangers of anemia during pregnancy and the consumption of spinach and its benefits.

EFEKTIVITAS KONSUMSI SAYUR BAYAM DAN SENAM HAMIL TERATUR DALAM MENINGKATKAN HB IBU HAMIL TM I & II DI PKM BINTUNI TELUK BINTUNI PAPUA BARAT

Women who are pregnant have a significantly higher risk of anemia due to iron deficiency. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods can be used to treat anemia in pregnant women. The pharmaceutical approach is to take 90 iron pills with 60 mg of iron and 50 nanograms of folic acid until the third trimester of pregnancy. Regular consumption of spinach leaves, both in the form of vegetables and juice, is effective in preventing anemia because spinach has a high iron content. Apart from consuming spinach, another factor that also contributes to an increase in Hb for pregnant women is pregnancy exercise. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in the consumption of spinach and regular pregnancy exercise in increasing the Hb of TM I & II pregnant women at PKM Bintuni Teluk Bintuni, West Papua. This study uses a research method that is experimental with a pre-experimental approach with the research design used is a one-group pre-test-posttest pre-experimental design. Based on the total sampling technique obtained a total sample of 28 respondents. The research results show; 1). The majority of TM I & II pregnant women, before being given the intervention, consumed spinach and regular pregnancy exercise had moderate anemia, 19 people (67.9%). 2). Most of them, after being given the intervention of consuming spinach and regular pregnancy exercise, experienced mild anemia as many as 18 people (64.3%). 3). There is a difference in the consumption of spinach and regular pregnancy exercise in increasing the Hb of TM I & II pregnant women at PKM Bintuni Teluk Bintuni, West Papua (p value 0.000 <0.05). It is hoped that health workers and health workers will introduce the concept of the importance of doing pregnancy exercise and consuming spinach to pregnant women in particular and to the general public by providing counseling to mothers once a month about the purpose and benefits of doing pregnancy exercise and consuming spinach to pregnant women. Keywords: Anemia, spinach, pregnancy exercise and pregnant women TM I and TM II

ASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA IBU HAMIL ANEMIA DENGAN PEMBERIAN BAYAM DAN MADU UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN

WHO states the prevalence of anemia in various regions of the world is around 40-88%. In 2018 the prevalence of anemia, meanwhile in 2018 it increased to 48.9%. One alternative to meeting iron needs can be done by consuming green vegetables, one of which is spinach, combined with honey, because honey helps the formation of blood. Research objective Provide midwifery care to mildly anemic pregnant women by administering spinach and honey to increase hemoglobin levels. The type of research used in the preparation of practice reports is descriptive research using the case study method. The research was conducted at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Health Center in January 2023. The subject used in this study was a third trimester pregnant woman with mild anemia. Midwifery care for pregnant women with mild anemia by administering spinach and honey has been carried out. After conducting the study to the case evaluation, there was no gap between theory and practice in the field. Based on the results of midwifery care, it was found that the consumption of spinach and honey can be an alternative treatment for mild anemia in pregnant women because it can help increase hemoglobin levels

Changes in Intake and Major Food Sources of Carotenoids among U.S. Adults between 2009-2018.

Large epidemiologic studies suggest that diets rich in total or specific carotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of many chronic diseases. However, there are few studies characterizing trends in dietary carotenoid sources and intake among subgroups of the US adult population in the previous decade. This study aimed to assess these trends using data from 22,339 adults who participated in NHANES 2009-2018 cycles. Carotenoid intake and major food sources were calculated by linking food consumption data from the 24 h diet recall to an FNDDS 2009-2018 and the USDA's National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (Release 28). Among US adults, mean (SE) dietary carotenoid intake was 9687.1 (158.0) mcg/day, and total intake was highest in men, non-smokers, moderate alcohol consumers, supplement users, and those with normal BMI, a PIR ≥ 1.85, and whose physical activity level was considered vigorous (p < 0.05). Carotenoid intake has gradually decreased over the past decade (p-trend: 0.097), especially among White adults (p-trend < 0.05), males (p-trend: 0.062), and those with a PIR of 1.0-1.3 (p-trend: 0.051), as have estimated rates of vitamin A adequacy. Tomatoes, carrots, and spinach were major food sources of carotenoids, and consumption of carrots and tomatoes decreased, while the consumption of lettuce, spinach, and salsa increased from 2009 to 2018. Our results warrant further studies investigating the consequences of the decreased tendencies of carotenoid intake on chronic disease risk, especially focusing on population subgroups exhibiting low or decreasing trends of carotenoid intake status.

Substitution of Eco Enzyme in AB Mix on Growth and Weight of Red Spinach

Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) is a vegetable that has quite high nutritional value and is liked by many Indonesian people. The content contained in red spinach is protein, vitamin A, vitamin C and mineral salts and contains anthocyanins which can cure anemia. Awareness of the importance of consuming vegetables for health has led to increased consumption of red spinach. Along with the existence of agricultural land which is increasingly limited and food needs must be met, it is necessary to do alternative hydroponic planting with a wick system. This study aims to determine the effect of Eco Enzyme substitution at AB Mix concentrations on the growth and weight of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in hydroponic wick systems. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications which were carried out for 28 days. Parameters measured were the growth of red spinach including plant height, number of leaves and leaf width and wet weight of red spinach plants. The data obtained were analyzed by 5% ANOVA and followed by 5% Duncan's test. The results showed that substitution of Eco Enzyme at concentrations of AB Mix significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, leaf width and wet weight of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) plants in hydroponic wick systems.

Effect of Humic Acid Functionalized Bentonite on Heavy Metal Uptake by Spinach (Spinacia oleracea cv. All Green) Grown on Metal Contaminated Soil

A pot culture study was conducted to investigate the impact of applying humic acid functionalized bentonite (HA-B) on the uptake of heavy metals by spinach. When the soil was amended with 7.5 g kg-1 of humic acid intercalated bentonite, there was a significant improvement in plant growth. Specifically, plant growth increased by 180.7%, 212%, and 231% during the first, second, and third cuttings, respectively. Additionally, the concentration of metals in the spinach decreased substantially, with reductions of 62.8, 69.7, and 77.7% for Cd and 34.7%, 45.2%, and 64.7% for Ni during the first, second, and third cuttings, respectively, when 7.5 g kg-1 of humic acid functionalized bentonite was applied. Furthermore, the addition of humic acid intercalated bentonite at a rate of 7.5 g kg-1 to the soil significantly lowered the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of metals. The BCF decreased by 36.3%, 40%, and 55.2% for Cd and 15.2%, 13%, and 34.7% for Ni during the first, second, and third cuttings, respectively, indicating a reduced uptake of these metals by the plants. Moreover, the non-cancer health risk through hazard quotient (HQ) computation showed that the risk was significantly reduced due to consumption of spinach by the application of 7.5 g kg-1 of humic acid intercalated bentonite.

Ecological Impact and Human Health Risk Assessment of Pumpkin and Spinach Cultivated Around Non-Mining Axes of Ebonyi State

The study evaluated human health risks associated with the consumption of pumpkin and spinach cultivated around non-mining areas of the Asu River Group. Eighteen samples were collected and analyzed for As, Pb, and Cd, obtaining fifty-four results. The samples were washed with deionized water, air-dried and oven dries at 105°C for 48 hours, and analyzed using Varian (USA) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentration of Pb, As, and Cd in the vegetable trend follows; Ebonyi south (ES)&lt;Ebonyi central (EC)&lt;Ebonyi north (EN); EN&lt;ES&lt;EC and ES&lt;EC&lt;EN respectively. The Cd, As, and Pb contents were below WHO/FAO, (2007) and EU, (2006) specific limits. The daily intake of metals (DIM), health risk index (HRI), and targeted health quotient (THQ) were computed. The DIM of Pb, As, and Cd was below their respective oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.004, 0.003, and 0.001mg/kg/day. Pb, As, and Cd HRI values for adults, teenagers, and children are in the following order Adult&lt;Teenagers&lt;Children for all samples across the study area. The Pb abundance follows ES&lt;EN&lt;EC in both pumpkin and spinach, and Cd follows EN&lt;EC&lt;EN and EN&lt;ES&lt;EC for pumpkin and spinach respectively. Arsenic HRI in order of EN&lt;EC&lt;EN and EN&lt; ES&lt;EC for pumpkin and spinach respectively. On average, the HRI of Pb, As, and Cd ranges from 0.00312 to 0.0663, 0.00411 to 0.238, and 0.009 to 0.331 mg/kg/bw/day for the vegetables. The HRI and THQ for adults and teenagers were all &lt;1 for As, and Pb while Cd THQ&gt;1 in pumpkin from ES.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMBINATION OF SMOOTH SPINACH CONSUMPTION AND OCETANI MASSAGE ON INCREASING BREAST MILK PRODUCTION IN POSTPARTUM MOTHERS

Background : The period of breastfeeding in children aged 0-6 months is one part of the first 1,000 days of life (golden period). Exclusive breastfeeding aims to guarantee the right to exclusive breastfeeding up to the age of 6 months by taking into account the growth and development of the baby. Some mothers find it difficult to express breast milk because more and more mothers are influenced by myths. When a mother is concerned about her baby's ability to breastfeed, the hormone oxytocin decreases, causing her to stop producing and eventually breastfeed soon after birth. One way to stimulate the mother's prolactin and oxytocin hormones after giving birth is breastfeeding massage. Writing purpose : To determine the effectiveness of the combination of consumption of smoothy spinach and oketani massage to increase the amount of milk production in postpartum mothers in the UPT area dcomparison of giving snakehead fish extract and smoothy spinach to increasing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women in the UPT Puskesmas Kalri Karawang area in 2023. Research methods : This type of research used is quantitative research. This research method is experimental with the type of Quasy Experimental (pseudo-experimental) with a post test only design approach.This research was conducted in the UPT Kalri Health Center, Karawarang December 2022 to January 2023. The population in this study were all postpartum mothers at the Mukoyurli Buol Hospital with a total of 63 people. Samples were taken using non-probability sampling method with purposive sampling technique. The number of samples in this study were 32 research samples. Research result : The results of the independent statistical test sample T test obtained a value of p = 0.000 (p &lt;0.05), which means that the combination of smoothy spinach and massage oketani has a significant effect on milk production. Conclusion : There is a significant relationship between the combination of smoothy spinach and oketani massage on milk production.It is hoped that health workers (doctors, midwives, nurses) can assist postpartum mothers in communicating providing information and education about the benefits of a combination of smoothy spinach and oketani massage in helping patient families to provide oxytocin reflex massage to postpartum mothers.

Influence Of Consumption Of Katuk Leaves, Spinach And Cassava Against The Prosuction Of Breast Milk In Nursing Mothers In The Working Area Of Puskesmas Cilograng Year 2022

Based on the Global Breastfeeding Scorecard report which evaluates breastfeeding data from 194 countries, the percentage of infants under 6th month who are exclusively breastfed is only 40%. In addition, only 23 countries have exclusive breastfeeding rates above 60% (United Nations Children's Fund). However, at the Lebak district level, in 2019 there were 2553 babies and in 2020 there were 1.614 babies who were exclusively breastfed.This study aims to determine the Effect of Consumption of Katuk Leaves, Spinach and Cassava on the Production of Breastfeeding Mothers in the Work Area of ​​the Cilograng Health Center in 2022.This research method uses a Quasi Experiment research type with a pre and post test design without control. The population in this study were postpartum mothers and breastfeeding mothers in the period December 2021-August 2022 in the working area of ​​the Cilograng Health Center, a total of 433 people, 39 respondents as a sample, 13 for the katuk leaf consumption group, 13 for spinach leaf consumption and 13 respondents in the cassava leaf consumption group. . Respondents will be taken by accidental sampling technique. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis.The results of this study showed that most of the respondents were aged 20-35 years (87.2%), more than half of the respondents had multipara/grandemultipara parity status (69.2%) and half of the respondents had secondary education (56.4%). In the katuk leaf group (pvalue 0.003), spinach leaf group (pvalue 0.003) and cassava leaf group (pvalue 0.001) where the pvalue of the three groups was &gt; 0.05, it could be interpreted that these three groups had an effect on milk production in nursing mothers.It can be concluded that katuk, spinach and cassava leaves can help milk production in nursing mothers. It is hoped that this research can educate the public more with the aim of maintaining and increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the Working Area of ​​the Cilograng Health Center.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of new inulin complexes with extracts from quinoa grains and spinach leaves

Consumption of plant-derived prebiotics can help reduce the body’s susceptibility to chronic fatigue syndrome, psycho-emotional stress, and the negative effects of increased physical and cognitive overloads. Inulin, a polysaccharide obtained from chicory roots, has beneficial effects on the intestinal microflora. It seems promising to combine inulin with functional ingredients from spinach leaves and quinoa grains. Spinach leaves contain biologically active substances such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Quinoa grains contain protein (12.9%), with a high content of lysine and methionine, are rich in fiber, minerals, more than 20 phenolic compounds have been identified in their composition, tannins, saponins, sterols, phytic acid and ecdysteroids are present in small quantities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the prophylactic administration of the developed complexes to the diet of experimental male Wistar rats. The experiment was carried out during 14 days. Consumption of spinach leaves extract and a complex of spinach extract with inulin by animals decreased the concentration of corticosterone in the blood while simultaneously increasing the content of prostaglandin E2. Consumption of quinoa grain extract and a complex of quinoa extract with inulin significantly reduced only blood corticosterone levels. The beneficial effects of the developed complexes with inulin on the intestinal microbiota have been shown.

Development and validation of a score for the screening of Loei urolithiasis patients

Objective: To evaluate risk factors associated with stone formation and development and validation of a score for screening Loei urolithiasis patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1008 individuals, 466 of which were urolithiasis patients and 542 non-urolithiasis, with no history of stone and no evidence of stone from investigations at Loei Hospital between July 2014 and January 2019. This group was used effectively as a control group. Questionnaires were used to collect information regarding demographic parameters, food and water intake and frequency. The information was used to identify any associations with stone formation using logistic regression analysis. Univariable and multivariable analysis were carried out in order to build a predictive model for the likelihood of stone formation. The strength of the classifier from the predictive model was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Results: Multivariable analysis showed increasing BMI (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) =1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.1, p = 0.01); male gender (aOR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.46-2.98, p &lt; 0.001); family history of urolithiasis (a OR = 2.81; 95% CI: 1.78-4.42, p &lt; 0.001); farmer (aOR = 3.59; 95% CI: 2.44-5.29, p &lt; 0.001); working time &gt; 8 hours/day (aOR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.47-3.27, p &lt; 0.001); drinking more than 2 liters per day of water (aOR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.13-2.22, p = 0.01); always eat water spinach (aOR = 3.37; 95% CI: 1.47-7.74, p = 0.01); always eat bamboo shoots (aOR = 9.53; 95% CI: 4.54-19.99, p &lt; 0.001); eat Laab/Koi (a local Thai spicy salad made of raw meat and fish) more than or equal to 3 times per week (aOR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.05-2.9, p = 0.03) and drink bottled water (aOR = 0.17.; 95% CI: 0.12-0.24, p &lt; 0.001) were statistically significant for stone formation. The predictive model for the likelihood of stone formation has a cut-off value greater than or equal to 0.46 for a sensitivity of 72.41%, a specificity of 79.52%, and area under the ROC curve of 0.83. Conclusions: Increasing BMI, being of male gender, a family history of urolithiasis, farmers, working time &gt; 8 hours/day, regular consumption of water spinach, regular consumption of bamboo shoots, eat Laab/Koi more than or equal to 3 times per week were associated significantly with stone formation. We developed and validated a predictive model to indicate the likelihood of stone formation, which can be utilized for the screening of Loei urolithiasis patients facilitating early detection and early treatment.

Assessment of Health Risk Due to Consumption of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Cultivated with Heavy Metal Polluted Water of Bhabadah Water-Logged Area of Bangladesh

Assessment of Health Risk Due to Consumption of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Cultivated with Heavy Metal Polluted Water of Bhabadah Water-Logged Area of Bangladesh

The Effect of Cooking on the Goitrogenic (cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates) Content of Pumpkin Leaves (Telfairia occidentalis) and Spinach Leaves (Spinacia olairaceae)

Fresh ugwu (Telfairia occidentalis) and spinach (Spinacia olairaceae) leaves play important roles in human nutrition. Leafy vegetables including Telfairia occidentalis and Spinacia olairaceae are considered as agents of transmission of goitrogens which interfere with iodine uptake thus causing goiter. Cyanogenic glycosides are naturally occurring goitrogens found in staple foods in the tropics. Thiocyanate and isothiocyanate have been demonstrated as the goitrogenic principles of cyanogenic plants Thiocyanate ion acts as a goitrogen when present at high concentration especially when the iodine content of the diet is low. Thiocyanate inhibits the uptake of iodine by the iodide pump of the thyroid gland thus acting as a goitrogen which suppresses thyroid function leading to goiter. This study examined the effect of cooking on the goitrogenic potential of Ugwu and Spinach leaves. A total of (10g) of fresh/ andraw ugwu and spinach leaves were randomly collected and cooked. All samples were examined according to standard methods for detection of goitrogens. The cyanogenic glycosides content of rawand fresh ugwu leaves were 1. 6mg /kg - 1. 82mg/ kg while that of cooked leaves were 0. 004mg/ kg - 0. 0 l3mg/ kg. The glucosinolates content for raw and fresh Ugwu leaves were15.7mg/kg-17.28mg/kg, while that of cooked Ugwu leaves were 11.18mg/kg- 12.51mg/kg . For Spinach the cyanogenic glycosides content for raw and fresh were 0.24mg/kg-1.28mg/kg, while that of cooked spinach were 0.013mg/kg- 0.00Smg/kg. The glucosinolates content for raw and fresh spinach were 4.0mg/kg-2.64mg/kg while those of the cooked leaves were 2.52mg/kg-1.82mg/kg. there was a significant diference (P=0.085) in the level of reduction of glucosinolate content between raw and cooked Ugwu leaves and Spinach. There is also a significant difference (p=3.04) in the concentration of glucosinolates between Ugwu leaves and Spinach. Ugwu leaves had a higher concentration of glucosinolates than spinach in both fresh (raw) and cooked conditions respectively. These findings provide evidence that the risk of acquiring goiter from the consumption of ugwu and spinach leaves is reduced when cooked.&#x0D; Keywords: Ugwu leaves, Spinach leaves, Cooking, Goitrogens, Cyanogenic glycosides, Glucosinolates

Hava Kalite ve Gıda Tüketim Belirteçlerinin Astıma Bağlı Ölümlerin İlişkisinin Mekânsal Bir Analizi: Analitik Bir Araştırma

Objective: Asthma is among the most common diseases affecting more than 300 million people globally overall. Despite growing understanding of the association between the environmental and food intake markers and the etiology and progression of asthma, there is still unmet knowledge gap which requires further investigations to be done in a spatial and temporal manner. We carried out such a study to explore the association of air-quality markers, fruit and vegetable consumption and drinking water source trajectories with asthma death rate in spatial models. Material and Methods: Province-level data on asthma deaths, air-quality markers, namely, particular matter 10 and 2.5, sulfur-dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen-dioxide, and ozone, drinking water source data from rivers, dams, wells, and springs as well as fruits and vegetables sales data were obtained for 81 provinces of Turkey for years 2018 and 2019. Mixed modelling approach taking into consideration the spatial autocorrelation was used to investigate the associations of these environmental and food consumption variables with asthma deaths. Results: These models revealed decreased asthma deaths with increased consumption of apple, banana, cabbage, lemon, onion, pineapple, spinach and zucchini, and increased asthma deaths with increased CO concentration and increased broad bean consumption. Conclusion: As a conclusion, we showed that spatial and temporal analyses have premise to offer much needed information to help close the knowledge gap in understanding the association of environmental and food intake markers with asthma deaths in granular spatial models. We have also showed that such efforts are possible by extracting publicly available data as well.

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Due to Wheat, Cabbage, and Spinach Consumption at Cold-Arid High Altitude Region.

Soil and water from the trans-Himalayan high-altitude region contain high concentrations of various heavy metals. Vegetables and cereals such as cabbage, spinach, and wheat are most prone to heavy metal accumulation from soil and water which can be toxic for human consumption. It has yet to be studied how consumption of vegetables and cereal with excess heavy metal content can affect human health in high altitude areas. To this end, the objectives of this study are (a) quantify the concentrations of Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Boron (B), Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Selenium (Se), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) in three crops (wheat, cabbage, and spinach), and (b) evaluate the health risk of excess dietary heavy metal consumption in the local adult population using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic parameters. A total of 60 samples were analyzed for minerals and potentially toxic elements using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results found that spinach has a high mineral content than wheat and cabbage. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of each metal in each crop was less than the limit of permissible value. The hazard index (HI) of three plant species, and target hazard quotient (THQ) were less than the threshold level (< 1). The carcinogenic risk (CR) value in all the crops was less than the unacceptable risk level (1 × 10-4). These findings suggest that consumption of wheat, spinach, and cabbage does not have any significant effect on human health due to presence of elevated heavy metals at this high altitude region. .

Assessment of Non-carcinogenic Risk of Nitrate in Agricultural Products

Background: Nitrate content is one of the most critical factors to determine the quality of vegetables, and its permissible limits in food chain is important to the human health. Due to the harmful effects of nitrate, many studies have been conducted on its accumulation in crops in recent years. This study assessed the nitrate concentrations in some edible vegetables and the associated health risks. Methods: In this descriptive study, raw agricultural produce, such as leafy vegetables, tubers, cucurbits, kitchen produce and edible grains were collected in the winter and summer. The samples were then transferred to a laboratory by maintaining the temperature-controlled supply chain. After preparing the samples, the nitrate content was determined in each, using an Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) unit. The data were analyzed statistically on SPSS v. 26. Results: The mean nitrate contents in leafy and kitchen produce, grains, and tuber vegetables were approximately 130, 48, 101, and 61ppm, respectively. The average nitrate content in the winter was around 38ppm and in the summer about 44 ppm. The highest nitrate content was documented in spinach (1100.15 ppm) and the lowest in tomatos (20.97 ppm). Conclusion: The results indicated that the highest nitrate content was found in leafy produce grown in northern Iran. The highest health risk for non-carcinogenic conditions was likely to be linked to the consumption of spinach and other edible vegetables, wheat, rice, and potatoes.

PENGARUH KONSUMSI BAYAM HIJAU (Amaranthus sp) TERHADAP KADAR HB PADA IBU HAMIL DENGAN ANEMIA RINGAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS KUNDUR BARAT

The Kundur Barat Health Centre apparently was noticed due to its high anemia incidence rate in 2017 which happened to 29.1% pregant women, this number is the second highest rate of anemia in Karimun occurred on mothers with hemoglobin (Hb) level of 9 g/dl at their first visit. The study aims to determine the impact of green spinach (Amaranthus sp) consumption on the average escalation of Hb levels on pregnant mothers with light anemia syndrome at Kundur Barat Health Centre of Karimun conducted from March to July 2018. Anemia in pregnancy happens as a condition of the mothers with hemoglobin below 11g/dl . The most common cause of anemia in pregnancy is iron deficiency which possibly triggers pregnant women to get a miscarriage, premature birth, bleeding before and during childbirth, and in severe anemia, it can cause maternal and infant death. One alternative to meet iron requirements is to routinely consume food with high iron (Fe), for instance spinach. This research is a quantitative research with quasy experiment of one group pretest and posttest research design to 34 respondents. The result shows the pretest mean score = 9.65 and posttest mean score = 12.48. On the other hand, the Paired-Sample T-Test confirms a significant difference on before and after consumption of green spinach (Amaranthus sp) of mean score = 2.83 with p value 0.05). Lastly, it is hoped that pregnant women to consume green spinach (Amarantus sp) as an alternative to increase their Hb levels.

Determination of Selected Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Spinach (&lt;i&gt;Ipomea aquatica&lt;/i&gt;)

Vegetables are essential in human diet but unfortunately it may also contribute to heavy metals’ consumption. High consumption of water spinach may cause harmful health effects due to contamination by heavy metals. Two different parts of water spinach (Ipomea aquatica), namely: i) leaves and, ii) stem were collected from markets around Bandar Pusat Jengka and UiTM area to determine and compare selected metals’ (Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb) concentrations to the standard permissible limit set by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO). The samples were prepared by wet digestion using a mixture of HNO3 and H2O2 and then analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Heavy metals’ concentration ranges were recorded as follow; 0.130 – 9.410 mg/kg for Mn, 0.120 – 0.330 mg/kg for Cu, 0.200 – 2.470 mg/kg for Zn and 0.003 – 0.210 mg/kg for Pb. Concentration of Mn was higher than other metals. All concentrations of selected metals were below the maximum standard set by FAO/WHO except for leaves in sample A. Nevertheless, it should be noted that consuming the I. aquatica for a long time with excess amount of heavy metals may contribute to health effects.

Heavy metal residue in some vegetables and potential health risk assessment among consumers within Katsina North Western Nigeria

Ingestion of vegetables containing heavy metal is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once entered, heavy metals are deposited in bone and fat tissues, overlapping noble minerals. Slowly released into the body, heavy metals can cause an array of diseases. This study aimed to assess the heavy metals residues in some vegetables and potential health risk among consumers within Katsina Metropolis. Six different vegetable samples comprising of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), red pepper (Piper nigrum) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentus) were randomly collected from two main irrigation farmland located in Katsina Metropolis (Kofar sauri and Kofar marusa). Their level of toxic metals namely (Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Chromium and Lead) were assessed using standard materials and methods. Results obtained were used to estimate the health risk of these heavy metals via consumption of the vegetable samples. The results from the study showed that the mean heavy metal concentration ranged between 1.10±0.00 mg/kg to 4.45±0.16 mg/kg, 1.78±0.07 mg/kg to 4.9±0.11 mg/kg, 0.02±0.00 mg/kg to 1.28±0.02 mg/kg, 1.51±0.02 mg/kg to 4.34±0.02 mg/kg and 1.05±0.01 mg/kg to 2.86±0.02 mg/kg for Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb respectively. The concentration of Cu and Zn were found to be below permissible limit while Cd, Cr and Pb concentration exceeded the permissible limit recommended by WHO/FAO. Health risks associated with the intake of these metals were evaluated in terms of estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). EDI value of Cu and Zn were found to be below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The HQ of all the metals were &gt;1, suggesting health hazards risk for the population. Moreover, HQ of Cd and Pb were greatly higher through consumption of cucumber, cabbage, lettuce and red pepper indicating significant health risks. HI was found to be higher &gt;1 (3.32 mg/kg and 3.91 mg/kg) in adult and children respectively for consumption of spinach; however, it was much higher &gt;1 (10.49 mg/kg and 12.4 mg/kg) in adult and children respectively for consumption of cabbage, suggesting more adverse health effects from cabbage consumption than spinach. The findings of this study shows the health risks associated with the consumption of heavy metals through the intake of some the selected vegetables within Katsina Metropolis, therefore, there is need for biomonitoring of these heavy metals in the vegetable because these are some of the main sources of food for humans in many parts of the world.&#x0D; Keywords: Heavy metal, Estimated Daily Intake, Hazard Quotient, Hazard Index, Consumption

Exopolysaccharides from milk fermented by lactic acid bacteria enhance dietary carotenoid bioavailability in humans in a randomized crossover trial and in rats

Dietary supplementation with carotenoids can have beneficial health effects, but carotenoids are poorly absorbed. We aimed to evaluate how milk fermented by lactic acid bacteria affects dietary carotenoid bioavailability in humans and rats and to investigate mechanisms by which active components in milk fermented by Lactobacilli enhance dietary carotenoid absorption. Male rats (n=8/group) were administered β-carotene or β-carotene+fermented milk. Rats (n=6/group) were also pretreated with ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, to investigate β-carotene transport mechanisms. In humans, 3 studies were conducted using a randomized crossover method. Subjects (n=16/study) consumed a vegetable (carrot, tomato, or spinach) drink alone or with a fermented milk drink. Blood samples were collected at various time points after consumption. In rats, the serum β-carotene area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was significantly higher for the β-carotene+fermented milk than for β-carotene only. A significant correlation (r=0.83, P<0.001) between the exopolysaccharide (EPS) content of fermented milk and serum β-carotene AUC was observed. Ezetimibe treatment did not suppress elevations in serum β-carotene concentrations induced by fermented milk ingestion. In humans, the incremental area under the concentration-time curve (iAUC) for β-carotene in the plasma triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction was significantly (1.8-fold, range: 0.6-3.9) higher when carrot+fermented milk was consumed compared with carrot drink alone. A significantly (6.5-fold, range: 0.04-7.7) higher iAUC for lycopene in the plasma TRL fraction was observed for subjects who consumed tomato+fermented milk compared with tomato drink alone. A significant increase in plasma lutein in all fractions was observed after consumption of spinach+fermented milk, but not with spinach drink alone. Co-ingestion of β-carotene and fermented milk significantly increased dietary β-carotene bioavailability in humans and rats. EPSs could affect the physical properties of fermented milk to enhance dietary β-carotene absorption mediated by simple diffusion mechanisms. These findings may be relevant for methods to increase dietary carotenoid bioavailability.This trial was registered at umin.ac.jp/ctr as UMIN000034838, UMIN000034839, and UMIN000034840.