Consumption Of Primary Energy Sources Research Articles

Digestate and woodchips gasification: A comparison of different gasifying agents

Digestate is the secondary product of the fermentation process in biogas plants. The use of digestate as a fertilizer is very common. However, this is more and more limited nowadays and therefore alternative uses for digestate are sought. The research described in this article maps the possibilities of using digestate from the wet fermentation process for the syngas generation. This work is focuses on the gasification of the digestate with spruce chips mixtures. The mixtures were prepared with a proportion of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the digestate. The experiments were carried out on a semi-operational fluidized bed gasifier at atmospheric pressure. The working temperature of the fluidized bed was 810 °C; the gasification was autothermal. The gasification was carried out with three types of gasification agents, i.e. air, air-steam, and oxygen-steam for each fuel mixture. The aim of the research was to assess the effect of the digestate with wood chips on the qualitative and quantitative properties of the syngas. The digestate can be characterized as a secondary energy source reducing the consumption of primary energy sources. The produced syngas is of high quality and the digestate can become a very desirable fuel for the syngas production.

Энергетическая политика Индии и сотрудничество с Россией

The relatively high growth rates of GDP and real incomes of the population compared to other Asian countries, combined with the ongoing policy of industrialization and urbanization, make India one of the most attractive markets for commodities. At the same time, India is characterized by extremely low levels of motorization and per capita consumption of many goods and services, including plastic products, which determines the potential for growth in consumption of primary energy sources. Due to the progressive increase in per capita GDP in India, the poverty level is decreasing, stimulating an increase in the number of relatively well-off citizens and, as a result, the consumption of electricity, petroleum products and other energy sources. However, due to the small reserves of fossil resources, India is in dire need of them, mainly oil and gas. Among the key areas of its economy are the oil and gas production and oil and gas processing industries. The subject of the study is India's energy policy, in particular its oil and gas market. The aim of the work is to establish prospects for cooperation between Russia and India due to the fact that the latter is a fast–growing economy and is an expanding market for fossil fuels for the needs of households and industry. The article identifies the peculiarities of the development of the fuel and energy sector of India, and establishes its energy needs. India's energy policy has been reviewed in the light of the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement, its oil and gas reserves have been identified and directions for possible diversification of their supplies have been predicted. It is concluded that due to the sanctions imposed on Russian companies and the need to diversify the supply of natural resources, foreign economic cooperation with India is of particular interest to Russia.

Tourism Industry and Circular Economy : Deep Interlinkages

Tourism plays a key role in promoting growth, development, and livelihoods. It strengthens “social foundations” and creates sustainable values through its multiplier effects and interconnectedness with Sustainable Development Goals. Equally important are tourism’s environmental impacts, carbon footprints, and greenhouse gas emissions, which are likely to exacerbate by rising global tourism and unending demands for materials, resources, and products. Thus, the prevalent ‘business as usual’ production approach is widely questioned, and decoupling the socioeconomic development from environmental impacts is emphasized to lay down the basis of sustainable and smart green tourism by applying circular economy principles in tourism. The coronavirus, though it was an irreparable disaster for tourism, gave an opportunity to rebuild it on circular economy principles. This paper explored the interlinkages between the circular economy and the tourism industry from the perspective of building a circular ecosystem in tourism, given its interdependence and interconnectedness. The approach followed is qualitative and exploratory, and reviews the available literature, which is fragmented and scattered. It brings out that deep interlinkages exist between the circular economy and travel and tourism; and the circular economy principles’ application (6Rs - refuse, reduce, reuse, repair, refurbish, recycle) in tourism can contribute substantially towards resilient tourism ecosystem and social and economic progress through reduced consumption of primary energy sources and materials. The practical and theoretical implications are clearly visible to all stakeholders, including managers, policymakers, and organizations. Managers face a challenge to find ways and means to initiate a transition to a circular economy in tourism to bring down the circularity gap. Since this study is not sector-specific and assumes the availability of technical abilities, engineering skills, government policies, and institutional structures for products and services, etc., these areas can be taken up as future research areas.

Elimination of Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid from Effluents from Pharmaceutical Production by Ozonation

ABSTRACT During production of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), process waste water is generated in several production stages. Process wastewater is usually disposed of via waste water treatment plants. However, due to low biodegradability of DTPA in conventional waste water treatment, incineration constitutes the current method of choice. The main disadvantage of incineration is high consumption of primary energy sources leading to substantial emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Thus, an alternative method of process waste water treatment was investigated, which consists of an initial application of ozone and a subsequent biological treatment. In 2009, preliminary laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the elimination of DTPA in process waste water. Based on the initial results, the responsible authorities granted approval for large-scale ozonation of DTPA-containing wastewater in 2011. Additional laboratory scale experiments were carried out to assess the elimination of the target compound and the generation of its main transformation products using liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry. Through application of the postulated method, the concentration of DTPA and its derivatives can be reduced to levels assuring safe discharge into the receiving water. Additionally, a comparison of CO2 emissions showed that ozonation is an ecological alternative to incineration and, most likely, an economical as well, based on the local prices of primary energy sources.

Primary energy consumption in selected EU Countries compared to global trends

Abstract The article shows the consumption of primary energy carriers in selected European Union (EU) countries, including Poland. The trend of consumption of primary energy carriers was compared with the global trend, which is different from that observed in the EU. The consumption of primary energy sources has been increasing steadily for many decades, due to the growth of the world population and the aspirations of developing countries to raise the standard of living of their citizens. In the EU, the opposite trend, i.e., a decrease in primary energy consumption, has been observed since 2007. This article presents tables and graphs showing these phenomena. The authors tried to answer the following questions: (a) What influences the decrease in demand for primary energy in highly developed countries? (b) Why the demand in less-developed countries is constantly growing? The trends in countries, such as Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Poland, i.e., countries with the most developed economies in the EU and the home country of the authors, were analyzed.

A unified approach to the analysis of electric energy and fuel consumption of cars in city traffic

Forecasting fuel and electricity consumption is an important factor determining the direction of changes in road engineering solutions, traffic management, selection of routes for public transport and development more efficient car drive systems. With a reliable and easy-to-use computational tool, it is possible to reduce the consumption of primary energy sources and reduce the emission of toxic compounds in cities. An analysis of the impact of the selected variables describing traffic conditions on the fuel consumption has been included in this work, as well as the influence of the drive system hybridization. On this basis, the original, high accuracy fuel consumption model for the road-averaged input data has been presented, which enables taking into account the up-to-date traffic conditions. The presented in this paper model of the fuel consumption has been also extended for the regenerative braking systems. The final results of the analysis showed that modelling of the fuel and the energy consumption (including electric drives) of vehicles in city traffic, with an expected accuracy of 5%, can be successfully made using 5 specified variables describing traffic conditions. The original method of the input data collection, from the real world traffic, has been also presented.

Preparation of sulphoaluminate-magnesium potassium phosphate cementitious composite material under low-temperature

Although the novel sulphoaluminate-magnesium potassium phosphate cementitious composite (SAC-MKPC) has the advantages of rapid setting, high early strength, and excellent water resistance, MKPC factories traditionally use dead burnt magnesite as raw material, which requires a high consumption of primary energy sources. This research was mainly focused on investigating the feasibility of using magnesium sulphate, calcium oxide, and aluminium oxide in the preparation of the SAC-MKPC composite clinker at low-temperature. Two different CaO:Al2O3:MgSO4 molar ratios, namely 4:3:37.7 and 4:3:16.15, were calcined at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1350 °C, with a spacing of 50 °C. The results showed that the composite clinker was successfully obtained by calcining a mixture of magnesium sulphate, calcium oxide, and aluminium oxide at 1250–1350 °C, which is 150–250 °C lower than the temperature used in the dead burnt magnesite production. In the clinker system, yeelimite, periclase, and anhydrite were the main mineral phases and the hydration products consisted mainly of K-struvite, ettringite, residual periclase, and yeelimite. The CaO:Al2O3:MgSO4 molar ratio yielding the best mechanical properties was 4:3:37.7. The compressive strength of the hydration products reached 31 and 70 MPa after 2 h and 1 day, respectively. The scanning electron micrographs of the hydration products showed a relatively dense structure, covered by ‘amorphous materials’ generated during the preparation process. The elemental composition of the amorphous materials included O, Mg, Al, P, S, K and Ca, and derived mostly from the cementation of MKPC and AFt.

Implementation of National Renewable Energy Obligations at the Regional Level

The aim of the paper described here was to clarify the potential of decreasing the use of fossil fuels regionally. According to Finnish national obligations, the use of oil and other fossil fuels should be minimised by 2030. The study combines the regional consumption of primary energy sources with national obligations introduced in the national climate and energy strategy. This set up a basis when evaluating the regional state of future energy supply for 2030. The paper utilises the region of South Savo as a case study. In the region, the consumption of renewable energy sources is already above the national average, but it can be increased further by 2030. Wood fuels and especially forest biomass have regionally a major role. Local and national targets, support schemes and willingness to invest play key roles when increasing the use of renewable energy sources in the future.

A “Grammar” for assessing the performance of power-supply systems: Comparing nuclear energy to fossil energy

This article illustrates an innovative approach for the characterization and comparison of the performance of power-supply systems. The concept of ‘grammar’ forces to declare the pre-analytical decisions about: (i) semantic and formal categories used for the accounting – primary energy sources (PES), energy carriers (EC), and production factors; (ii) the set of functional and structural elements of the power-supply system included in the analysis. After having tamed the systemic ambiguity associated with energy accounting, it becomes possible to generate a double assessment referring to: (i) external constraints – the consumption of PES and the generation of waste and pollution; and (ii) internal constraints – the requirements of production factors such as human labor, power capacity, internal consumption of EC for making EC. The case study provided compares the production of EC (electricity) with “nuclear energy” and “fossil energy”. When considering internal constraints, nuclear energy requires about twice as much power capacity (5.9–9.5 kW/GWh vs. 2.6–2.9 kW/GWh) and 5–8 times more labor (570–640 h/GWh vs. 80–115 h/GWh). Things do not improve for nuclear energy when looking at external constraints – e.g. the relative scarcity of PES. This may explain the difficulties faced by nuclear energy to gain interest from investors.

Sustainable Technologies for Energy Management to Meet the Coal Demand in the Indian Context

The global energy requirement has grown at a phenomenonal rate and the consumption of primary energy sources has had a very high positive growth. This article focuses on the consumption of different primary energy sources and identifies that coal will continue to remain as the primary energy in the foreseeable future. It examines the energy requirement perspective for India and demand of coal as the primary energy source. Economic development and poverty alleviation depend on securing affordable energy sources and the Indian coal mining industry offers a bright future for the country's energy security, provided the industry is allowed to develop by supportive government policies and adopts the latest technologies for mining. It is ironic that in spite of having plentiful reserves, India is not able to increase coal production to meet its current and future demand. The strategies to be adopted for growth and meeting the coal demand are discussed. But such energy is very much concerned with environmental degradation and must be driven by contemporary managerial acumen addressing environmental and social challenges effectively. The article highlights the emissions of greenhouse gases due to burning of fossil fuels and environmental consequences of global warming and sea-level rise. Environmental laws for the abatement of environmental degradation are discussed in this article.

Energy conversion phenomena in plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles

Energy flows and energy conversion efficiencies of commercial plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEV) are analyzed for parallel and series PHEV topologies. The analysis is performed by a combined analytical and simulation approach. Combined approach enables evaluation of energy losses on different energy paths and provides their impact on the energy consumption of the PHEV. Thereby the paper reveals energy conversion phenomena of different PHEV topologies operating according to charge depleting and charge sustaining modes as well as according to different test cycles. It is shown in the paper that amount of the energy depleted from both on-board energy sources is significantly influenced by the efficiencies of energy conversion chains from on-board energy sources to the wheels. It is also shown that energy used to power the PHEV according to particular test cycles varies based on its operating mode, which influences energy flows on different energy paths within the PHEVs and consequently overall energy consumed by the PHEV. The paper additionally discusses well-to-wheel efficiencies considering different realistic well-to-tank scenarios. It is shown that well-to-tank efficiency of electric energy generation significantly influences optimal operating mode of the PHEV if consumption of primary energy sources is considered.

A Perspective of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane on the Energy Security of India

The global energy requirement has grown at a phenomenal rate and the consumption of primary energy sources has been a very high positive growth. This article focuses on the consumption of different primary energy sources and it identifies that coal will continue to remain as the prime energy in the foreseeable future. It examines energy requirement perspectives for India and demands of petroleum, natural gas, and coal bed methane in the foreseeable future. It discusses the state of present day petroleum and petrochemical industries in the country and the latest advances in them to take over in the next few years. The regional pattern of consumption of primary energy sources shows that oil remains as the largest single source of primary energy in most parts of the world. However, gas dominates as the prime source in some parts of the world. Economic development and poverty alleviation depend on securing affordable energy sources and for the country's energy security; it is necessary to adopt the latest technological advances in petroleum and petrochemical industries by supportive government policies. But such energy is very much concerned with environmental degradation and must be driven by contemporary managerial acumen addressing environmental and social challenges effectively. Environmental laws for the abatement of environmental degradation are discussed in this paper. The paper concludes that energy security leading to energy independence is certainly possible and can be achieved through a planned manner.

Technological challenges for boosting coal production with environmental sustainability

The global energy requirement has grown at a phenomenon rate and the consumption of primary energy sources has been a very high positive growth. This paper focuses on the consumption of different primary energy sources and it identifies that coal will continue to remain as the prime energy source in foreseeable future. It examines the energy requirement perspective for India and demand of coal as the prime energy source. Economic development and poverty alleviation depend on securing affordable energy sources and Indian coal mining industry offers a bright future for the country's energy security, provided the industry is allowed to develop by supportive government policies and adopts latest technologies for mining. It is an irony that in-spite of having a plentiful reserves, India is not able to jack up coal production to meet its current and future demand. It discusses the strategies to be adopted for growth and meeting the coal demand. But such energy are very much concerned with environmental degradation and must be driven by contemporary managerial acumen addressing environmental and social challenges effectively The paper highlights the emissions of greenhouse gases due to burning of fossil fuels and environmental consequences of global warming and sea-level rise. Technological solutions for environment friendly coal mining and environmental laws for the abatement of environmental degradation are discussed in this paper.

Possibilities of reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from energy processes in the Czech Republic

The level of CO 2 emissions (as well as of the other) air-pollutants) is relatively very high in the Czech Republic. The greatest sources of them are energy transformation processes, i.e. fossil fuel combustion). Two most important reasons for high environmental burden in the CR are: 1. - unfavourable structure of the national economy resulting into high energy intensity of GDP; 2. - unfavourable structure of total consumption of primary energy sources with high percentage of domestic lignite coal. Major possibilities of reduction of CO 2 emissions are the following: 1. - decline of total consumption of primary energy sources; 2. - structural changes in primary energy consumption.