Consumption Of Mussels Research Articles

Human exposure to heavy metals and possible public health risks via consumption of mussels M. galloprovincialis from the Albanian sea cost

Heavy metals in the marine environment are significant contaminants that readily bioaccumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms, particularly in filter-feeding animals such as bivalve molluscs. Human exposure to elevated concentrations of heavy metals, including essential elements such as Fe, Cu, and Zn, through the consumption of seafood can lead to various pathological effects. Research has demonstrated that among bivalve molluscs, mussels are the most effective indicators for monitoring marine pollution. Consequently, this study focused on the species Mytilus galloprovincialis to evaluate the levels of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the two primary harvesting areas of Albania and to assess the associated human health risks from mussel consumption. The results revealed a concerning situation, particularly for Pb and Cd, with average concentrations of 2.15 μg/g and 4.14 μg/g, respectively, significantly exceeding the limits established by Regulation (EC) No. 915/2023. The levels of the other investigated elements also raised concerns, as only half of them were within the dietary intake values recommended by scientific authorities for weekly consumption of 250 g of mussels.

Impact of microplastics pollution on ciprofloxacin bioaccumulation in the edible mussel (Perna viridis): implications for human gut health risks

Antibiotics and microplastics are prevalent pollutants in mariculture. Consuming contaminated bivalves can potentially endanger human health, but the impact of microplastics on antibiotics bioaccumulation in bivalves and the related health risks to consumer health risks is not fully understood. We obtained bivalves from a mariculture farm and set up exposure scenarios with ciprofloxacin (1μg/L) alone, microplastics (0.6mg/L) alone, or their combination on mussels for 2-weeks. We investigated ciprofloxacin accumulation and analyzed the effects of these pollutants on detoxification and intestinal microbiome changes. Furthermore, potential food safety hazards related to ingestion of antibiotic-tainted bivalves were also assessed. We found that the accumulation of the ciprofloxacin in bivalves was significantly aggravated by the presence of microplastics. There was a significant increase in the production of antioxidant substances in the host's haemolymph, and an enhanced synthesis of antioxidants by the predicted metabolic functions of the intestinal microbiome. Concomitantly, microplastics exacerbated intestinal dysfunction, with a reduction in beneficial Spirochaetes and an increase in pathogenic bacteria Treponema, which may lead to deterioration of detoxification in the host. Additionally, an assessment of human gut health risks was conducted on the residual ciprofloxacin in bivalves combined with human consumption habits. The estimated target hazard quotients and cancer risk were below safety thresholds, directly consuming contaminated bivalves poses little toxicity. However, with raw mussels consumption, the dietary exposure doses of ciprofloxacin to human gut microbiome exceeded minimal selective concentrations for resistance. This could promote the growth of potentially resistant bacteria, indicating a risk of antibiotic resistance.

Temporal variability in biochemical composition and morphometric parameters of cultivated Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Çanakkale, Türkiye

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in bivalve and gastropod species (Mollusca phylum) due to their high nutritional value compared to terrestrial organisms. Bivalve species, in particular, hold significant potential for both aquaculture and fishing industries worldwide. Among shellfish, mussels play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems. Parameters such as meat yield and condition index are essential for determining consumption strategies of bivalve species. Thus, this study focused on monthly collections of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Çanakkale Gelibolu Ilgardere Mediterranean Mussel Cultivation Farmers between March 2019 and February 2020. During this period, analyses were conducted for condition index, meat yield, shell component index, as well as protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and ash content. The temperature variations in the study area aligned with seasonal changes maximum value and minimal value were recorded as 8.7 °C in March and 27.3 °C in July. Salinity values ranged from 15.2 ‰ in November and January to 24.01 ‰ in December. The length of mussels ranged from 52.54 mm to 68.53 mm, with total weights ranging from 11.18 g to 25.37 g. The length-weight relationship of Mediterranean mussels was determined as Weight = 0.0002 * Length2.806. Condition index, meat yield, and shell component index exhibited significant variations across months (P < 0.05). There was no relationship between these parameters and environmental factors. Fluctuations in protein content were observed, with the lowest recorded in May (41.88 %) and the highest in November (61.19 %). Lipid, carbohydrate, and ash content ranged between 12.49 % and 18.59 %, 9.69 % and 34.31%, and 6.95 % and 18.06 %, respectively. Overall, it can be concluded that aside from the summer months, the harvesting and consumption of cultivated mussels are more suitable in terms of meat quality and biochemical profile.

Histopathological Changes in The Spinal Cord Tissue of Rats Administered an Experimental Mussel Diet

Aim: Regional eating habits show that it causes neurodegenerative problems due to heavy metals that can accumulate in consumed foods and affect tissues such as the nervous system. Since crustaceans such as mussels feed by filtering the water, they are exposed to toxic plankton and various chemicals, especially heavy metals. Due to the limitations of experimental studies on this subject, the effects of mussel consumption on the spinal cord were investigated. Methods: In this study, histopathological changes in the spinal cord tissue of rats fed with shellfish collected from the Dardanelles were determined. The subjects were divided into two groups, and the first group was fed standard rat food for 4 weeks, and the second group was fed a mussel diet. At the end of the study, spinal cord tissue samples taken from rats were subjected to routine histopathological procedures and evaluated under a light microscope. Results: In the experimental group, a decrease in the number of neurons in the medulla spinalis and an increase in the number of astrocytes were noted. TUNEL staining showed that apoptosis occurred intensively in glial cells, but did not occur in anterior and posterior horn motor neurons. Conclusion: The findings showed that long-term mussel consumption can cause axonal damage in motor and sensory neurons and degeneration in glial cells. For this reason, it is important for health that marine diets in coastal areas are made with healthy and hygienic products.

Cadmium exposure and its association with oxidative stress, MT1A methylation, and idiopathic male infertility in Egypt: A case-control study

Idiopathic male infertility, a significant health concern, lacks a clear etiology. Cadmium (Cd), a widespread environmental pollutant known to impact male reproductive health negatively, can accumulate in mussels, a common food source in Egypt. This study investigated the link between ecological Cd exposure, oxidative stress, MT1A methylation, and idiopathic male infertility in two regions of Alexandria. Thirty-three infertile men and 33 fertile controls were included. Cd levels were measured in mussels from the study sites and in participants' blood and semen. Biomarkers reflecting Cd exposure and its effects were assessed. Mussel Cd levels exceeded regulatory limits. Infertile men revealed significantly higher blood and semen Cd levels, reduced semen quality, increased oxidative stress, and elevated MT1A methylation compared to controls. MT1A methylation was inversely correlated with sperm count and is the strongest predictor of idiopathic male infertility, demonstrating the lowest p-value and considerable effect size. This study suggests that environmental Cd exposure, potentially through mussel consumption, may contribute to idiopathic male infertility in Egypt by increasing oxidative stress, inducing epigenetic modifications, and impairing semen quality. These findings underscore the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying Cd-induced male infertility and the development of preventative strategies.

Differential metal and metalloid contents in fresh and cooked Charu mussels (Mytella charruana) from a southeastern Brazilian estuary and associated human health risks

Sepetiba Bay, a key estuarine ecosystem in southeastern Brazil, faces significant metal inputs, with a differential pollution gradient from the bay's entrance to inner areas, raising environmental and public health concerns. This study assessed metal levels in fresh and cooked samples of highly consumed Charu mussels (Mytella charruana) from three bay areas, one near the bay entrance (P1), with higher water renewal rates, one in the northern bay area (P2) and one the eastern bay (P3), presenting lower water renewal rates. Variations in metal and metalloid concentrations across sites were observed, with P3 exhibiting higher levels in fresh mussels for most elements, except for As, which was higher at P2 (0.35 ± 0.45 mg kg−1). Cooked samples demonstrated similar trends for Cu (1.30 ± 0.39 mg kg−1), Ni (0.28 ± 0.20 mg kg−1), and V (0.75 ± 0.28 mg/kg−1), indicating that cooking in contaminanted estuary water does not significantly reduce contamination. Significant differences were detected for Ni, Cd (0.014 ± 0.008 mg kg−1), Zn (14.28 ± 2.50 mg kg−1), and V at P1, which were significantly higher than at P3. Significant Fe (246 ± 68 mg kg−1), Al (109 ± 33 mg kg−1), and Mn increases were observed from P1 to P3. Mussels sampled from P3, near an abandoned military area and urban center, exhibited high Fe and Al levels, attributed to both natural processes and industrial activities. Metal concentrations in Charu mussels often exceeded regulatory limits set by Brazilian, North American, and European agencies. Calculated Se molar ratios indicate that while Se can mitigate Hg toxicity, high Hg levels in Sepetiba Bay's Charu mussels still pose significant health risks. Similarly, high levels of Ag, Cd, and Pb suggest ineffective Se protection. However, Se appears effective against As toxicity. The Health Benefit Value of Selenium (HBVSe) indicate Se's overall protective benefits against Hg toxicity. Higher HBVSe values in cooked mussels at P1 and P2 suggest that cooking increases Se bioavailability. However, raw mussels at P3 had higher HBVSe values than cooked ones, highlighting the need for site-specific assessments. Calculated Hazard Indices indicate general high health risks from mussel consumption, and As levels in Charu mussels indicate high carcinogenic risks. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive Charu mussel monitoring and environmental management efforts at Sepetiba Bay.

Molecular Characterization and Antibacterial Resistance Determination of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fresh Raw Mussels and Ready-to-Eat Stuffed Mussels: A Major Public Health Concern.

Our study focused exclusively on analyzing Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in fresh raw mussels and ready-to-eat (RTE) stuffed mussels obtained from authorized and regulated facilities. However, it is critical to recognize that such contamination represents a significant public health threat in regions where unauthorized harvesting and sales practices are prevalent. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and antibacterial resistance profiles of E. coli in fresh raw mussels and RTE stuffed mussels. E. coli counts in fresh raw mussel samples ranged from 1 to 2.89 log CFU/g before cooking, with a significant reduction observed post-cooking. RTE stuffed mussel samples predominantly exhibited negligible E. coli presence (<1 log CFU/g). A phylogenetic analysis revealed a dominance of phylogroup A, with variations in the distribution observed across different sampling months. Antibacterial resistance was prevalent among the E. coli isolates, notably showing resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and cefotaxime. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) production was rare, with only one positive isolate detected. A variety of antibacterial resistance genes, including tetB and sul1, were identified among the isolates. Notably, virulence factor genes associated with pathogenicity were absent. In light of these findings, it is imperative to maintain rigorous compliance with quality and safety standards at all stages of the mussel production process, encompassing harvesting, processing, cooking, and consumption. Continuous monitoring, implementation of rigorous hygiene protocols, and responsible antibacterial drug use are crucial measures in mitigating food safety risks and combating antibacterial resistance. Stakeholders, including seafood industry players, regulatory agencies, and healthcare professionals, are essential to ensure effective risk mitigation and safeguard public health in the context of seafood consumption.

Microplastic contamination in marine mussels from the Atlantic coast of North Portugal and human risk of microplastic intake through mussel consumption

Microplastic (MP) pollution has become a global concern due to its potential impacts on the environment, ecosystem services and human health. The goals of the present study were to document the MP contamination in wild specimens of Mytilus galloprovincialis sampled along the Atlantic coast of the North region of Portugal continental (NW Portuguese coast), and to estimate the human risk of MP intake (HRI) through the consumption of local mussels as seafood. Mussels were collected at four sampling sites along the NW Portuguese coast (40 mussels per site), and the whole soft body of each mussel was analysed for MP content. HRI estimates were based on the mean of MP items per wet weight of mussel analysed tissue (MP/g) and consumption habits. A total of 132 MP items were recovered from mussels. MP had diverse sizes (98–2690 μm) and colours. The most common shapes were fibres (39%) and pellets (36%). Five polymers were identified in the MP: polyethylene (50%), polystyrene (15%), poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (14%), polyamide (12%) and polypropylene (9%). From the 160 analysed mussels, 55% had MP. The mean and standard error of the mean of mussel contamination ranged from 0.206 ± 0.067 and 0.709 ± 0.095 MP/g. Compared to estimates based on MP contamination in mussels from other areas and varied consumption habits, the HRI through the consumption of mussels from the NW Portuguese coast is relatively low.

A novel approach to assess temporal baseline levels of trace metal contamination in the mussel M. galloprovincialis in the Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Seas

This study reports, for the first time, the baseline levels for fifteen trace metals in M. galloprovincialis tissue from around the Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Seas. The environmental quality in the surrounding seawater was assessed i.e., a mussel farm was investigated by using CF and DC indices, and the water quality was qualified as good for the aquacultural activities. A strong Cu-regulation in the transplanted mussels was observed and it ranged between 3.20 and 3.60 μg/g d.w. The highest bioavailability and bioconcentration of the particulate Fe fraction could present a health risk to consumers with a low risk level (1 < THQ < 9.9). Cr is considered the limiting metal for mussel consumption (< 2 kg/day). The metal contamination gradient was assessed using TEPI and TESVI indices that identified seven reference stations on the large scale and revealed that Cd is the most investigated metal in the literature databases, and found that Pb was the most bioavailable contaminant in the areas examined.

Temporal trends of risks in consumption of wild and farmed mussels in 2013–2019 in the Saldanha Bay area (South Africa)

The levels of 24 macro- and microelements in mussels were determined by the instrumental neutron activation analysis. The samples were collected during the period of 2013–2019 on three sites with different natural features in the Saldanha Bay area. The safety of mussel consumption was calculated using several different approaches: considering maximum permissible levels for seafood, maximum tolerable consumption rates, target hazard quotients and hazard indices. In general, the wild and farmed mussels demonstrated low levels of risk for human health during the entire studied period, except for intakes of such elements as Fe and Zn in several cases. Based on the applied approaches, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, As and I in wild mussels can pose possible health risks to potential consumers in several cases during 2013–2019. It was concluded that the safe level of weekly consumption rate should be less than 100 g/week per person, according to the highest calculated values of concentrations. Possible symptoms of deficiency and excess of elements and their levels and significance for human health are considered. The content of wild and farmed mussels from the Saldanha Bay is influenced by the seasonal natural and anthropogenic factors, including sea disturbance, coastal runoff, and harbor traffic.

Evaluation of biotoxins and toxic metal risks in mussels from the Sea of Marmara following marine mucilage

The mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara in 2021, has raised public concern about seafood safety. Mediterranean mussels serve as a vehicle in food chain, enabling the transfer of pollutants. Farmed and wild mussels were collected from 4 different stations throughout the fishing season. Biotoxins causing amnesic, paralytic, or diarrhetic shellfish poisonings (ASP, PSP, or DSP) were examined during monthly samplings. Potential health risks posed by cadmium, lead and arsenic were assessed. Health risks were evaluated considering 150 g/week mussel consumption, accounting for the different age groups of consumers (50, 60, 70 kg). Estimated Weekly Intake calculations of metals were determined to be lower than Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake at all age groups throughout the sampling period in all stations. Target Hazard QuotientCd of mussels captured from Istanbul Strait was always determined <1, while it was equal to 1 for 50 kg individuals in Gelibolu samples. All THQAs were >1. Target carcinogenic Risk was evaluated for Pb and iAs, which were found to be negligible and acceptable, respectively. No biotoxins responsible for ASP, PSP, or DSP were detected. Hg levels were under detectable limits. Excluding Cd, the results did not reveal any risks associated with mussel consumption during mucilage.

Evaluation of Health Risks Attributed to Toxic Trace Elements and Selenium in Farmed Mediterranean Mussels from Türkiye and Bulgaria.

Farmed mussels accumulate contaminants from their production environment rather than releasing them into water. This study reveals potential health risks associated with selenium, cadmium, mercury, and lead resulting from the consumption of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) cultured along the coasts of Türkiye and Bulgaria. The concentrations of Se and toxic trace metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The detection limits (LOD) were 0.100, 0.015, 0.025, and 0.180µg/kg for Se, Cd, Hg, and Pb, respectively. The mean Se concentrations were between 1.305 and 1.957µg/g, and toxic metals were below the maximum limits. Due to Turkish and Bulgarian consumers' limited mollusk consumption, mussels could only provide a maximum of 7.35% of the daily Se need. THQ and TTHQ of Se, Cd, and methyl-Hg were below 1, indicating that farmed mussels were safe for consumption. Percent PTWI values were calculated only for Cd and MeHg, as the PTWI value for Pb was discarded by the authorities and not determined for Se. Accordingly, weekly mussel consumption did not pose any risks. The margin of exposure approach was used to evaluate Pb intake. MOE-SBP and MOE-NE were significantly higher than 10, designating no significant health risks. Long-term consumption of mussels also does not pose a carcinogenic risk regarding the TR index calculated between 10-5 and 10-6 for Pb. Positive HBVSe (10.13-37.27) indicated that Se in mussels overcame Hg-related potential health concerns. Consequently, mussels grown in Türkiye and Bulgaria did not pose a risk for human consumption, based on current risk analysis methods.

Radiological hazard assessment of 210Po in freshwater mussels (Sinanodonta jourdyi) and golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Vietnam.

210Po is a significant source of ionizing radiation that people are exposed to through food globally. This paper presents the wide range of accumulation level of 210Po in the organs of two species of shellfish including freshwater mussel (Sinanodonta jourdyi) and golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), common freshwater species in Vietnam. There was a significant correlation between 210Po activity in muscle to their mass and size of freshwater mussels. In contrast, there was no relation between other organs of both species with their mass and size. The annual effective dose due to consumption of freshwater mussels ranged from 68.7 to 291 μSv year-1 with a mean value of 138 μSv year-1 for muscle and from 321 to 4560 μSv year-1 with a mean value of 1422 μSv year-1 for the hepatopancreas. Meanwhile, the AED for golden apple snail was recorded to be higher with values ranging from 105 to 2189 μSv year-1 with mean value of 673 μSv year-1 for muscle and from 468 to 4155 μSv year-1 with a mean value of 2332 μSv year-1 for hepatopancreas. Thus, the consumption of these two types of shellfish is considered relatively safe, but the hepatopancreas gland must be removed before processing.

Effectiveness of Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cadmium (CD) and Mercury (HG) Levels on Green Mussels in Jakarta Bay by Absorption Coconut Shell Charcoal and Rice Husk Charcoal

Perna viridis otherwise known as “green mussel" is a shellfish that has high economic value, consumption of green mussels in Indonesia reaches 50,000 tons per year, and most of it comes from Jakarta Bay. Apart from being nutritious, shellfish are also often a source of food poisoning, research results on green mussels in Jakarta Bay almost all heavy metals are in it. The aim is to determine the Effectiveness of Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) Levels in Jakarta Bay Green Mussels Using Coconut Shell Charcoal and Rice Husk Charcoal at the Environmental Health Laboratory in 2023, this research method is experimental to determine the effectiveness of using variations of activated charcoal from coconut shells and rice husks in absorbing heavy metals in green kerrang from Jakarta Bay, this research was carried out in 2 stages over 2 years. Phase I of the research tested the effectiveness of variations in activated charcoal absorbent and the results of phase I showed that variations in the composition of activated charcoal from coconut shells and husks rice are as follows: A (control) B (100% CS), C (100% RH,) D (75% CS, 25% RH) E (50% CS, 50% RH), F (25% CS, 75% RH) with varying lengths of soaking time in water (0 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes) produced the most effective value in absorbing Cd (Cadmium) in all variations of activated charcoal composition and produced &lt;0.033 mg/l in all research time variations are by SNI-06-6989.16-2004, while the results of statistical tests for the most effective absorption of mercury are in Variations A6, A9, B3, B6, B9, C3, C6, C9, D3, D6, D9 results &lt; 1 mg / l meets the requirements according to SNI-06-6989.16-2004. It can be concluded that the higher the % composition of Rice Husk, the less effective it is in absorbing mercury levels in green mussels.

The use and treatment of freshwater mussels in the Northeastern European lowlands and the Eastern Baltics

Freshwater shells appear repeatedly in animal bone assemblages at Late Bronze Age settlements. This is not only the case in the inland, but also in regions fairly close to the Baltic Sea shore. Significant amounts of freshwater mussels are known especially from Polish and Northeastern German fortified settlements as well as in the Lithuanian lowlands. Several large shell finds from Late Bronze Age fortified settlements in these regions have been published recently, shedding new light on the use of aquatic resources. The majority of the freshwater mussels found belong to the Unio type, whose occurrence is particularly common in contexts of the Lusatian culture. Apparently, these mussels were intentionally selected for certain purposes. However, new excavations in Lithuania show that these selection processes can be observed over a much larger area than previously assumed. This article aims to present a brief overview of freshwater mussel gathering and consumption, analyzing such behavior in a wider context, with a focus on the consumption of mussels by Late Bronze Age communities in specific regions of Northeastern Europe. The significance of mussels as a resource is placed in a larger spatial context based on analogue finds.

Nonconsumptive effects of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) on a crustacean mesopredator and the indirect effects on bivalve survival

The consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of predators on their prey and the indirect effects of these interactions that cascade through food webs have been studied for over half a century. In the northwest Atlantic, the stock of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) steeply declined during the 1980s. While population crashes of fished bivalve species coincided with those of black sea bass, the role of black sea bass in driving trophic cascades that indirectly influence bivalve survival has largely been overlooked. Over the past decade, black sea bass have not only been recovering in abundance but warming water temperatures have been driving a northward expansion of the extent of their seasonal migration, resulting in a particularly strong relative recovery along the south shore of Long Island, New York. To explore whether black sea bass alter the foraging rates of mud crabs (Dyspanopeus sayi) on a species of bivalve, blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), we manipulated the presence and position of sea bass within an array of mesocosm tanks. We found that the presence of black sea bass reduced the proportion of blue mussels consumed by mud crabs. Black sea bass presence indirectly elevated blue mussel survival by as much as 47.7% by reducing mud crab per capita consumption of blue mussels by 57.9%. However, there were limitations to the nonconsumptive effects of black sea bass that appeared to depend on their proximity to mud crabs. While our results are from an experimental setup with a simplified food chain and are context dependent, they emphasize the importance of studying how nonconsumptive effects of specific marine predators influence trophic cascades from both conceptual and applied coastal resource management standpoints. Our results suggest that the recovery of black sea bass may bode well for the population restoration of several species of bivalves within estuaries throughout their range. Further, our study provides evidence that indicates that the nonconsumptive effects of a recovering marine predator can indirectly elevate the survival of a basal food resource species.

Metal levels in sediments and caged mussels in one of the industrial zones of the Eastern Aegean Sea.

Caged mussels make biomonitoring studies possible with their ability to take up pollutants in the industrial zones. The goal of this study was applied to assess metal levels in the biomonitoring organism Mytillus galloprovincialis Lamark, 1819 for transplantation from three locations for two periods (2016-2018) in the industrial zone of the Eastern Aegean Sea. Metals were also determined in sediments; high concentrations of Hg, As and Zn in surficial sediments of Nemrut Bay can cause hazardous impacts on the aquatic environment with respect to sediment quality guidelines. The highest contamination factor (Cf) was calculated for Hg (Cf = 10), suggesting serious anthropogenic pollution in the study area. According to Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, As is not correlated with other metals due to As mainly originating from natural sources. Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations increased in the transplanted mussels during a field transplant experiment because of chronic pollution from industrial activities. Cumulative effects of both the oil refinery and shipbreaking industry cause higher uptake of Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu in sampling station 3 as a result of higher exposure levels in transplanted mussels. Mussel consumption was compared with provisional maximum tolerable intake from literature; the estimated provisional intake (EDI) for Cd, Hg and Pb does not exceed maximum levels; however, Cu and Zn exceed reference EDI values. Since Nemrut Bay is heavily influenced by industrialisation, it is not a suitable region for seafood production.

Impact of Snail and Mussel Consumption on Hydroxyproline Levels and Clinical Parameters in Arthritis Patients

Impact of Snail and Mussel Consumption on Hydroxyproline Levels and Clinical Parameters in Arthritis Patients

Contaminants and Human Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Microplastic Ingestion of Green Mussels (Perna viridis) Collected from The Kedonganan Fish Market, Bali

Microplastics (MPs) are pollutant agents that have been absorbed and detected in aquatic ecosystems at high concentrations. This study aimed to investigate the presence of MPs pollution in green mussel (Perna viridis) products sold at the Kedonganan fish market, Badung, Bali. A total of 150 mussels with an average weight of 3,2 ± 0,71 g/mussels from three traders each composed and followed by the pre-treatment stage using 5 M NaCl solution, extraction with wet oxidation peroxidation (WPO) + Fe(II) catalyst and filtered. The highest percentage for the form of MPs was successively obtained by the Line form in Trader A at 85,42% and the lowest in Trader C at 50,00%. The highest form of fragments was obtained in Trader C at 42,86%. Film and filament forms were only obtained in Trader A. The highest MPs color was black and the lowest was gray. The highest average MPs particle size was found in the form of a filament of 1944,37 ± 88,41 μm which was found in Trader A. Estimates of MPs intake per year/capita in Indonesia showed that exposure to MPs through consumption of green mussels in this study amounted to 498,330 MPs/year/capita items. Overall, the green mussel from Trader A had the highest percentage and size of MPs, with the shape of fragment MPs being dominated by Trader C and the color of the MPs being dominated by black. MPs exposure to green mussel consumption in Indonesia is very high, but no health impact category has yet been found for this estimate.

Quantitative Risk Assessment of Five Foodborne Viruses in Shellfish Based on Multiplex qPCR.

Foodborne diseases are currently the most critical food safety issue in the world. There are not many hazard identification and exposure assessments for foodborne viruses (Norovirus GI, GII, Hepatitis A Virus, Rotavirus, Adenovirus) in shellfish. Multiplex qPCR for the simultaneous detection of five foodborne viruses was established and used to assess infection risk based on a 1-year pathogenesis study. The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the multiplex qPCR method are consistent with that of conventional qPCR, which saves more time and effort. Overall, 37.86% of shellfish samples had one or more foodborne viruses. Risk assessment formulae and matrices were used to develop risk assessments for different age groups, different seasons and different shellfish. The annual probability of contracting a foodborne virus infection from shellfish is greater than 1.6 × 10-1 for all populations, and even for infants aged 0-4 years, it is greater than 1.5 × 10-2, which is much higher than the risk thresholds recommended by WHO (10-6) and the US EPA (10-4). High risk (level IV) is associated with springtime, and medium risk (level III) is associated with Mussel consumption. This study provides a basis for the risk of foodborne viral infections in people of different ages, in different seasons, and by consuming different shellfish.