Consumption Of Marine Resources Research Articles

Biting into the truth: Connecting oral pathology and stable isotopes through the paradigmatic example of a hyper-specialized marine diet in Medieval Pontevedra (NW Iberia)

Human feeding patterns have been reconstructed in Archaeology by analysing either oral pathology or stable isotope ratios in human skeletal remains. However, no clear agreement has been developed between these two methodologies. The main objective of this study is to determine if we can establish a link between them when analysing a population with a hyper-specialized diet, in this case marine resources (and millet/maize). To reach this goal we developed a conjoined multi-isotope analysis using collagen and bioapatite (δ13Ccol, δ15Ncol and δ13Ccar) and a detailed study of oral health (caries, antemortem loss, periapical lesions, periodontal disease, calculus, and wear). All available skeletons with at least one preserved tooth from two cemeteries of the medieval town of Pontevedra (n = 34) were studied. The buried individuals belonged to the guild of fishers and artisans, professions which were dominant among the families of medieval Pontevedra. A detailed FTIR-ATR study of extracted bone bioapatite showed a high correlation between bioapatite carbonate content, carbonate typical vibrations, and FTIR-ATR indices related to bone diagenesis, which is in line with previous research. No significant correlations were found with bioapatite yield and isotopic composition (δ13Ccar and Δ13C), ruling out possible diagenetic effects. The diet was based on marine fish protein with contributions of millets (e.g., δ13Ccar -11.9 ± 1.8‰) that seems to be slightly higher in individuals linked to artisanal guilds. The oral pathology study shows severe dental wear from an early age (Grade 2–4 in permanent dentition for 20% of infants and 60% of juveniles in M1), as well as moderate-high presence of caries in permanent dentition (64%, 22/34) and dental calculus (72%, 24/33). Both the oral pathology and the isotopic signal differ from that observed in other areas of the Iberian Peninsula. This study points to the existence of connections between findings of the two methodologies, and specifically an association between intense dental wear and high consumption of marine resources and millet. At the same time, this analysis implies the necessity of caution in estimation of age by dental wear in populations linked to the sea.

Feet on the ground: Marine archaeomalacology resources during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula is the ideal setting for the study of the use of marine resources in the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. Previous studies have focused on specific geographical areas and on a single chronological period. Instead, we offer here a synthesis of the peninsula covering a broad period of time, thus allowing a study of the role of marine resources in the Neolithisation process. Published data on the exploitation of marine molluscs from 59 archaeological levels, close to the coast and dated between 10,400 and 4650 cal BP, in the Iberian Peninsula are reviewed in order to examine the change that occurred in the consumption of marine resources following the introduction of domestic plants and animals. The analysis of the composition and diversity of assemblages collected at each site has allowed us to identify specialisation in the management strategy of marine molluscs during the Neolithic. Regional variability in the diversity of species collected, particularly in the Cantabrian region, where there is continuity in the management of molluscs between the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, could be linked to the pace at which agriculture and animal husbandry were adopted. In short, together with environmental factors, the establishment of farming practices may have had a slight impact on the specialisation in the management of coastal environments.

BLUE ECONOMY, A KEY TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE

The global economy of the 21st century emphasises both economic growth and conservation of natural resources at the same time. Moreover, the present economic activities promote practices that can tackle the challenges imposed by environmental degradation and climate change. This overall trend of the contemporary global economy basically served as a driving force behind the evolution of the principle of sustainable development. Sustainable development is all about achieving the human development goals of the present generation without compromising the well-being of the future generation by ensuring environmental stability. The ocean economy, on the other hand, has always been considered one of the major contributors to ensure economic advancement of the coastal states. However, this economic growth is curbed by various environmental challenges resulting from the unregulated exploitation of ocean resources. Therefore, sustainable consumption of marine resources and maintaining ecological balance are sine qua non while conducting ocean based economic activities. When ocean economy promotes stability among economic growth, environmental sustainability, and sustainable consumption of marine and coastal resources, it becomes relevant to the core idea of the ‘Blue Economy’. This paper can be seen as an endeavour to explore the conceptual nexus between ‘Sustainable Development’ and ‘Blue Economy’. Additionally, this study focused on certain Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are intertwined with the blue economy, particularly SDG 14, and addressed how the concept of the blue economy can expedite the realization of sustainable development. The study concludes with a brief overview of the ways in which Bangladesh has adopted the notion of the blue economy as a mechanism for sustainable development and the strategies through which those can be made more functional and effective.

A Stable Isotope Approach to Roman Diet and Its Legacy in Late Antiquity in Hispania and the Western Empire

ABSTRACT Whether a Roman diet existed is a constant issue in Classical archaeology, as it is also its persistence in late Antiquity. Here, we review the isotopic composition (δ13Ccol and δ15Ncol ) of 15 (n = 384) necropolis dating to the 1st to 8th centuries AD from Hispania. We worked with human and animal raw data and calculated the human enrichment regarding herbivoreś average. Although diet was not homogeneous, intra-site variability was greater than inter-site variability. The results show a diet characterised by consumption of C3 plants with some intake of meat/eggs/dairy products from terrestrial herbivores fed on C3 plants, with no clear differences between periods. NW Hispanic sites show an exceptional consumption of C4 plants (millet) and marine resources. There is a slight correlation between δ15N and distance from the sea, but marine resource consumption seems to have been mostly absent or low. Most sites studied were rural or located at the coast and this may result in some bias in the interpretation. Therefore, more effort in analysing inland urban sites is needed. The comparison with sites from France, Britain and Italy indicates a slightly higher dependence on millets in Hispania, which can be traced back to the Iron Age. The data suggest the existence of a certain homogeneity in diet that persisted in later centuries while displaying specificities and local adaptations.

A Hierarchical Meta-Analytical Approach to Western European Dietary Transitions in the First Millennium AD

During the first millenniumad,Europe saw much socio-environmental change, which is reflected in the archaeological and palaeoecological evidence. Using published and new isotope data from across western Europe, the author examines changing resource use fromc.ad350 to 1200. The geographical limits of millet and substantial marine consumption are identified and comparisons between childhood and adult diets made across regions. Cross-cultural interaction at a broad scale is emphasized and patterns within early medieval England form the subject of an in-depth case study. While doubt is cast onto the uptake of marine resource consumption in England following the Fish Event Horizon, changes in agricultural practices, the impact of Christianization, and the role of freshwater fish in diets are explored. The author's hierarchical meta-analytical approach enables identification of human–environment interactions, with significant implications for changing foodways in Europe during the first millenniumad.

Environmental and Security Issues Posed by Marine Tourism to Sri Lanka’s Marine Ecosystem

Sri Lanka is a small island in the Indian Ocean. The maritime environment has long been one of the most attractive settings for tourism and recreation. The concept of maritime tourism comprises all tourism activities linked to the sea and the coastline. In addition to the function of pleasure boats and sails, it allows for a wide range of bodily functions such as water skiing, windsurfing, underwater fishing, scuba diving, swimming, and marine park tours. Numerous reports on the socioeconomic and environmental effects of environmental change and adaptation, including such changes in marine and coastal contexts, have been published in the scientific literature on sustainability. The objective of the study is to investigate the environmental and security risks posed by the maritime tourism industry to Sri Lanka's marine ecosystem. Qualitative methodology was used for this research and secondary data sources were also used. The research work was carried out by analyzing the literary sources in multiple ways and for data analysis SPSS was used. Tourism adds another layer of challenges to our marine environment, and its rapid global growth means those challenges have multiplied dramatically over the past few years. Tourism’s impact on the marine environment examines these trends in detail. The impact of tourism on oceans’ waste, waste and plastics. A bi-directional relationship between climate change and global warming and marine environments and coastal tourist destinations and Impacts of recreational activities such as diving and offshore fishing on the marine environment, including coral reefs. The consumption of marine resources to meet the tourist demand for products of the sea and souvenirs that impoverish the oceanic resources. Natural and man-made disasters that have their origins in the oceans, but affect coastal tourism destinations. The challenges of marine tourism planning and management, as well as the impacts of the construction of new resorts and tourism infrastructure. According to all these studies factors, the maritime tourism industry in Sri Lanka has a number of irregular problems. This seems to have an impact on maritime security and the ecosystem as well.
 Keywords: Environment, Security issues, Marine tourism, Sri Lanka’s marine ecosystem

Changes in marine resource consumption over the past 5000 years in southwestern Taiwan revealed by fish otoliths

Coastal prehistoric settlement is a prominent topic in archaeology and is often associated with marine food supply for subsistence. In Taiwan and the tropical West Pacific area, early humans have relied on marine resources since the Palaeolithic period. However, in general, understanding past marine subsistence in Taiwan is impeded by scarce data on animal remains. This study investigated the change in fish consumption of prehistoric humans in southwest Taiwan over time using 1300 fish otoliths collected at archaeological sites in the Tainan Science Park. The investigated period was 5000 to 300 years ago, and two of the earliest currently-known Austronesian settlements in Taiwan, the Nankuanli and Nankuanli East sites, were included. In general, the abundance of otoliths declined over time. Our findings indicate that people of the Early and Late Neolithic preferred coastal fish, whereas people in the Iron Age preferred brackish and lagoonal fish. Fish assemblage was dominated by Larimichthys crocea (Richardson, 1846), and we use this species to compare the otolith size distribution through distinct periods. The comparison revealed an increase in fish size through time. We suggest that the changes in abundance and composition of the fish consumed by the prehistoric people were driven by the gradual seaward distancing of the shoreline, and the hypothesis that overfishing occurred in prehistoric southwestern Taiwan was rejected. Finally, the pronounced preference for the large yellow croaker may corroborate the theory of mainland-Chinese origins of the Austronesian speaking peoples.

Reconstructing the childhood diet of individuals buried with the Pictish monastic community at Portmahomack

This research aims to reconstruct the childhood diets (aged 9–10 years) of the individuals buried during the active years of the Pictish monastic community (hereafter referred to as PMC) from early medieval (7th–11th century) Portmahomack in north-east Scotland, using 13C and 15N isotopes. Dietary reconstructions were achieved by isotope analysis of δ13C and δ15N on the tooth root apex from permanent first molars (M1) of 26 adult male individuals. The results indicate that the indi-viduals in PMC predominantly consumed terrestrial C3 resources during childhood, with a rich terrestrial protein diet and some marine resource consumption. Statistically significant differences were observed between childhood and adulthood diets (the latter derived from previous research), suggesting that when these individuals were children, they consumed more marine protein than in later years as adults. This is true for all individuals, whether or not they spent significant time in Portmahomack during their childhoods. This is the most extensive study of the childhood diet of in-dividuals from the PMC and so makes a significant contribution to augmenting information on diet and lifestyles in Pictish Scotland.

The diet at the onset of the Andean Civilization: New stable isotope data from Caral and Áspero, North-Central Coast of Peru.

The subsistence system of the first urban centers with monumental architecture from the North-Central Coast of Peru, the core area for the social complexity process of Central Andes, has been debated since the late 1960s. To shed light on this aspect, we report paleodietary data from the two most important sites of the Supe Valley: Caral (3000-200 BC), the major settlement of the middle valley, and Áspero (3000-1800 BC), a notable coastal settlement. Our main objective was to test the Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization hypothesis. Stable isotope values (δ13 Ccol , δ13 Cap , and δ15 N) from 52 individuals (70 samples: 44 bones and 26 teeth) were analyzed using conventional methods and Bayesian Mixing Models to address the role of marine products and plants in people's diet at both sites over time. Our results suggest high C3 carbohydrate consumption (55%-68% total calories in Áspero and >70% in Caral). The consumption of marine resources was stable for Áspero between 3300 and 1800 BC, but it decreased for Caral between 2550 and 200 BC. Marine protein was more important in Áspero than in Caral over time. C3 plants, possibly tubers, formed the foundation of the diet in both sites during the Formative period (~3000-200 BC). Maize was a marginal food (<12% of calories) at least until 800 BC (29% of calories). The Maritime Foundations hypothesis does not completely account for these findings. Our results suggest the predominance of crop-focused agriculture during the evaluated period.

Factor decomposition and spatio-temporal difference analysis of China’s marine resource consumption intensity

Based on the connotation of the intensity of marine resources consumption, this paper measures the intensity of marine resources consumption in China’s coastal provinces from 1996 to 2015, reveals its spatio-temporal evolution characteristics, establishes a factor decomposition model by using the improved logarithmic mean Di exponential decomposition (LMDI), analyzes the factor contribution of changes in the intensity of marine resources consumption in China, and compares the differences. The results show that: (1) from 1996 to 2015, the overall consumption intensity of China’s marine resources increased first and then decreased steadily, and the consumption intensity of resources in the primary industry decreased steadily, ranking second. The resource consumption intensity of the tertiary industry is basically synchronized with the change trend of China’s marine resource consumption intensity; in the evolution of spatial pattern, the provinces with medium and high intensity of marine resource consumption gradually reduce, while the provinces with low intensity provinces gradually increase, and the regional differences gradually narrow. (2) The contribution rates of technological progress effect, industrial structure effect and regional scale effect to the decline of China’s marine resource consumption intensity are 78.224%, 18.334% and 3.442%, respectively; there are significant differences in factor decomposition effects among coastal provinces, among which Fujian is dominated by technological progress effect, Zhejiang, Shandong and Hainan are dominated by technological progress effect and regional scale effect, Tianjin, Hebei and Jiangsu are dominated by technological progress effect and industrial structure effect, while Liaoning, Shanghai, Guangdong and Guangxi are jointly driven by technological progress effect, industrial structure effect and regional scale effect to reduce the intensity of marine resource consumption. (3) From the perspective of the three marine industries, the effect of technological progress is the largest contribution within the secondary industry, accounting for 77.118% in total; the industrial structure effect has the largest contribution within the primary industry, accounting for 314.547% in total. There is no significant difference in regional scale effect among the three industries. Different provinces and regions should pay different attention to the implementation of technologies or measures for the intensive utilization of resources in the three marine industries.

Isotope paleodietary analysis of humans from Chalcolithic Uğurlu, Gökçeada Island, Turkey

The site of Uğurlu Höyük on the island of Gökçeada, Turkey, has yielded rich archaeological finds and presented the earliest evidence for the settlement of the eastern Aegean region in the Neolithic. Recent excavations revealed a burial pit containing the skeletons of 11 individuals as well as an additional pit with the partial remains of one individual. Previous work has applied stable isotope analysis to faunal remains at the site throughout the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. The newly discovered human remains provide an opportunity to gain further insight into the diet and health of the inhabitants of Uğurlu during the Chalcolithic, c. 5300 cal BC. Stable isotope analysis of 11 individuals reveals that their diet consisted primarily of terrestrial animal protein and local C3 crops. There is no evidence for consumption of marine resources, an assertion that agrees with previous interpretations that islanders during this period focused their economy on animal husbandry and cultivation rather than fishing.

Managing the Balance of Consumption and Reproduction of Marine Resources in the “Coast – Sea” Ecological-Economic System

Purpose. The work is aimed at constructing an adaptive model of the ecological-economic system of the sea coastal zone intended to control the volume of consumption of marine assimilation and biological resources by the coastal socio-economic system. Methods and Results. The model based on tracking the integral balance of the rates of marine environment pollution and its purification due to the natural physical and biogeochemical processes and to the environmental actions is proposed. The average multi-year values of the ecosystem variables are used in the applied concept of stationary state of the marine ecosystem. To describe the conditions forming the polluted area in the coastal marine environment, proposed is the algorithm taking into account the ratio between the rate of growth of concentration of the pollutants inflowing from the coastal sources and the rate of their destruction resulting from natural purification of marine environment. Coastal pollution runoff was managed by the penalties imposed on the economic system, which was forced to reduce the generalized product output simultaneously increasing its prime cost. In the marine ecosystem model, the main lower links of the food chain were used: concentrations of phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacterioplankton. Their weighted sum constituted the marine biodiversity index, which was taken as a concentration of bio-resource consumed by the coastal economic system. It was believed that there was an inverse relationship between the biodiversity index and the pollution concentration. Therefore, the maximum permissible pollution concentration was assessed based on the permissible values of the biodiversity index. Along with control of the economic efficiency of marine resource consumption, the model provided for the biodiversity index monitoring so that it did not fall below its permissible vales. In this case, the management agent included in the model, limited production. The model equations are constructed by the method of adaptive balance of causes, which preserved the material balances resulting from the interaction between the environmental and economic processes. The modular equations of the method permitted to use the known stationary state of the ecosystem to obtain the estimates of the influence coefficients. It is shown that the forecasted scenarios provide the compromises between the efficiency of the coastal economic system and the ability of marine ecosystem to restore the consumed assimilation and biological resources. Conclusions. The proposed model makes it possible to forecast the scenarios of the ecological and economic processes that provide a balance of consumption and reproduction of marine resources.

Upravleniye balansom potrebleniya i vosproizvodstva resursov morskoy sredy v ekologo-ekonomicheskoy sisteme «bereg – more»

Purpose. The work is aimed at constructing an adaptive model of the ecological-economic system of the sea coastal zone intended to control the volume of consumption of marine assimilation and biological resources by the coastal socio-economic system. Methods and Results. The model based on tracking the integral balance of the rates of marine environment pollution and its purification due to the natural physical and biogeochemical processes and to the environmental actions is proposed. The average multi-year values of the ecosystem variables are used in the applied concept of stationary state of the marine ecosystem. To describe the conditions forming the polluted area in the coastal marine environment, proposed is the algorithm taking into account the ratio between the rate of growth of concentration of the pollutants inflowing from the coastal sources and the rate of their destruction resulting from natural purification of marine environment. Coastal pollution runoff was managed by the penalties imposed on the economic system, which was forced to reduce the generalized product output simultaneously increasing its prime cost. In the marine ecosystem model, the main lower links of the food chain were used: concentrations of phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacterioplankton. Their weighted sum constituted the marine biodiversity index, which was taken as a concentration of bio-resource consumed by the coastal economic system. It was believed that there was an inverse relationship between the biodiversity index and the pollution concentration. Therefore, the maximum permissible pollution concentration was assessed based on the permissible values of the biodiversity index. Along with control of the economic efficiency of marine resource consumption, the model provided for the biodiversity index monitoring so that it did not fall below its permissible vales. In this case, the management agent included in the model, limited production. The model equations are constructed by the method of adaptive balance of causes, which preserved the material balances resulting from the interaction between the environmental and economic processes. The modular equations of the method permitted to use the known stationary state of the ecosystem to obtain the estimates of the influence coefficients. It is shown that the forecasted scenarios provide the compromises between the efficiency of the coastal economic system and the ability of marine ecosystem to restore the consumed assimilation and biological resources. Conclusions. The proposed model makes it possible to forecast the scenarios of the ecological and economic processes that provide a balance of consumption and reproduction of marine resources

Last Interglacial Iberian Neandertals as fisher-hunter-gatherers

Marine food-reliant subsistence systems such as those in the African Middle Stone Age (MSA) were not thought to exist in Europe until the much later Mesolithic. Whether this apparent lag reflects taphonomic biases or behavioral distinctions between archaic and modern humans remains much debated. Figueira Brava cave, in the Arrábida range (Portugal), provides an exceptionally well preserved record of Neandertal coastal resource exploitation on a comparable scale to the MSA and dated to ~86 to 106 thousand years ago. The breadth of the subsistence base-pine nuts, marine invertebrates, fish, marine birds and mammals, tortoises, waterfowl, and hoofed game-exceeds that of regional early Holocene sites. Fisher-hunter-gatherer economies are not the preserve of anatomically modern people; by the Last Interglacial, they were in place across the Old World in the appropriate settings.

Fruits of the sea

Archaeology The origins of marine resource consumption by humans have been much debated. Zilhao et al. present evidence that, in Atlantic Iberia's coastal settings, Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals exploited marine resources at a scale on par with the modern human–associated Middle Stone Age of southern Africa (see the Perspective by Will). Excavations at the Figueira Brava site on Portugal's Atlantic coast reveal shell middens rich in the remains of mollusks, crabs, and fish, as well as terrestrial food items. Familiarity with the sea and its resources may thus have been widespread for residents there in the Middle Paleolithic. The Figueira Brava Neanderthals also exploited stone pine nuts in a way akin to that previously identified in the Holocene of Iberia. These findings add broader dimensions to our understanding of the role of aquatic resources in the subsistence of Paleolithic humans. Science , this issue p. [eaaz7943][1]; see also p. [1422][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaz7943 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abb3568

Socioeconomic differences in diet: An isotopic examination of post-Medieval Chichester, West Sussex.

Historical evidence suggests that social hierarchy pervaded all aspects of society in post-Medieval England. This study uses stable isotope analysis to explore the extent to which socioeconomic status and sex affected the dietary habits of the inhabitants of post-Medieval Chichester. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were measured on 40 human burials from the post-Medieval site of St. Michael's Litten (Chichester, West Sussex, England). Samples were selected from three burial types that denoted differing socioeconomic status with roughly equal numbers of males and females: tomb burials (n = 13) for high-status; single coffin burials (n = 14) for middle-status; and shroud burials (n = 13) for low-status individuals. The data showed a largely terrestrial diet with the possibility of some inclusion of marine resources. The isotope results indicate significant variation in the consumption of terrestrial meat (and marine protein) between high-status tomb burials and coffin and shroud burials, showing that socioeconomic status likely played a role in daily dietary patterns. However, the isotope data suggest sex did not influence an individual's diet. These results mirror trends established in status-based studies from elsewhere in post-Medieval England. However, notably absent from the data is evidence for significant marine resource consumption, which is a well-established dietary trend of the late Medieval and early post-Medieval periods. These results indicate post-Medieval Chichester was a socially stratified society with clear implications that the diet of higher status individuals differed significantly from lower status.

Shellfish consumption in the Early Upper Palaeolithic on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula: The example of Foradada Cave

Foradada Cave is an archaeological site located in the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula (Xàbia, Spain). Marine molluscs have been recovered in the Early Upper Paleolithic archaeological levels (VI, V and II) of the site. This assemblage is composed by a high diversity of marine taxa, however the majority of them are represented by few individuals (in many cases, just one). The presence of different species from rocky shores and sandy/gravel shores has been documented, but the most important species are mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819), limpets (Patella spp. Linnaeus, 1758) and top snails (Phorcus spp. Risso, 1826). The three taxa were consumed as food. In the same levels (V and II) some shell ornaments have been recovered as well. This study shows that the consumption of marine resources (used for diverse purposes) is usual since very ancient chronologies, and they must be considered to reconstruct the diet, the economy and the social organization of hunter-gatherer societies in the Early Upper Paleolithic and especially in the Aurignacian.

Late Pleistocene to Holocene human palaeoecology in the tropical environments of coastal eastern Africa

The ecological adaptations that stimulated the dispersal and technological strategies of our species during the Late Pleistocene remain hotly disputed, with some influential theories focusing on grassland biomes or marine resources as key drivers behind the rapid expansion and material culture innovations of Homo sapiens within and beyond Africa. Here, we present novel chronologically resolved, zooarchaeological taxonomic and taphonomic analysis, and stable isotope analysis of human and faunal tooth enamel, from the site of Panga ya Saidi (c. 78–0.4 ka), Kenya. Zooarchaeological data provide rare insights into the fauna associated with, and utilized by, Late Pleistocene-Holocene human populations in tropical coastal eastern Africa. Combined zooarchaeological and faunal stable isotope data provide some of the only dated, ‘on-site’ archives of palaeoenvironments beyond the arid interior of eastern Africa for this time period, while stable isotope analysis of humans provides direct snapshots of the dietary reliance of foragers at the site. Results demonstrate that humans consistently utilized tropical forest and grassland biomes throughout the period of site occupation, through a transition from Middle Stone Age to Later Stone Age technological industries and the arrival of agriculture in the region. By contrast, while coastal resources were obtained for use in symbolic material culture, there is limited evidence for consumption of marine resources until the Holocene. We argue that the ecotonal or heterogeneous environments of coastal eastern Africa may have represented an important refugium for populations during the increasing climatic variability of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, and that tropical environments were one of a diverse series of ecosystems exploited by H. sapiens in Africa at the dawn of global migrations.

Marine Spatial Planning: Bangladesh Perspective

The concept of Blue Economy has triggered the coastal states to explore their marine resources from their own maritime boundaries. Bangladesh has to be one step advance in the competition as its land based resources are very limited in comparison to its huge population. It must be very critical for Bangladesh if it does not have a well-planned policy adopted in considering both the economic and environmental aspects. MSP can only be the process for Bangladesh to go ahead for consumption of marine resources without jeopardy to marine environment. The existing national policies, plans and legislations for ocean governance are very scattered in nature which needs to be an integrated and uniform legal stand. The study analysis those legal loopholes and recommends for an effective MSP in the Bay of Bengal.

Methods of Enquiry: Reconstructing Ancient Marine Resource Exploitation in the Western Maghreb

This paper describes a study that focuses on the western Maghreb’s transition into the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana through marine resource exploitation: fishing, fish-salting and fresh marine resource consumption. To compensate for the issues inherent within the extant relevant datasets from previous excavations, this study applies an integrated methodology of investigation using a combination of archaeological and descriptive material: marine animal remains, fishing equipment, fish-salting sites, kilns and finds of salazon amphorae and written sources, tituli picti, pictorial representations and ethnography. As an example of the ensuing enquiry, the analysis of the case-study site of Lixus is summarised. When contextualised within a reconstructed littoral space, the combined data have the potential to provide a more complete and nuanced history regarding the use of past resources, ancient foodways, and human relations and interactions with the marine environment.