Consumption Of High-fat Meal Research Articles

Influence of Emulsion Lipid Droplet Crystallinity on Postprandial Endotoxin Transporters and Atherogenic And Inflammatory Profiles in Healthy Men - A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Acute Meal Study.

Consumption of high-fat meals is associated with increased endotoxemia, inflammation, and atherogenic profiles, with repeated postprandial responses suggested as contributors to chronically elevated risk factors. However, effects of lipid solid versus liquid state specifically have not been investigated. This exploratory randomized crossover study tests the impact of lipid crystallinity on plasma levels of endotoxin transporters (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] binding protein [LBP] and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 [sCD14]) and select proinflammatory and atherogenic markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-1-beta [IL-1β], interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], interleukin-6 [IL-6], soluble intercellular adhesion molecule [sICAM], soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule [sVCAM], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1/CCL2], plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1], and fibrinogen). Fasted healthy men (n = 14, 28 ± 5.5 years, 24.1 ± 2.6kgm-2) consumed two 50g palm stearin oil-in-water emulsions tempered to contain either liquid or crystalline lipid droplets at 37°C on separate occasions with blood sampling at 0, 2-, 4-, and 6-h post-meal. Timepoint data, area under the curve, and peak concentration values are compared. Overall, no treatment effects are seen (p > 0.05). There are significant effects of time, with values decreasing from baseline, for TNF-α, MCP-1/CCL2, PAI-1, and fibrinogen (p < 0.05). Responder analysis pointed to differential treatment effects associated with some participant baseline characteristics but, overall, palm-stearin emulsion droplet crystallinity does not acutely affect plasma endotoxin transporters nor select inflammatory and atherogenic markers.

Effects of Single Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Meal Consumption on Postprandial Lipemia and Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.

Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is associated with increased risk of endothelial dysfunction (ED), a precursor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diets on ASCVD risk are uncertain; therefore, gaining a greater understanding of LCHF meals on PPL may provide valuable insights. The current systematic review investigated the effects of single LCHF meal consumption on PPL and markers of ED. CINAHL Plus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched for key terms related to endothelial function, cardiovascular disease, glycemia, lipemia, and the postprandial state with no restriction on date. Full-text articles were independently screened by 2 reviewers, of which 16 studies were eligible to be included in the current review. All trials reported a minimum analysis of postprandial triglycerides (PPTG) following consumption of an LCHF meal (<26% of energy as carbohydrate). Results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Single-meal macronutrient composition was found to play a key role in determining postprandial lipid and lipoprotein responses up to 8 hours post-meal. Consumption of LCHF meals increased PPTG and may contribute to ED via reduced flow-mediated dilation and increased oxidative stress; however, energy and macronutrient composition varied considerably between studies. Consumption of an LCHF meal had a negative impact on PPL based on some, but not all, single-meal studies; therefore, the contribution of LCHF meals to cardiometabolic health outcomes remains unclear. Further research is needed on specific categories of LCHF diets to establish a causal relationship between postprandial modulation of lipids/lipoproteins and impaired vascular endothelial function. PROSPERO registration no. CRD 42023398774.

The effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat meal consumption on postprandial lipaemia and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials

The effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat meal consumption on postprandial lipaemia and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials

High-fat meals do not affect thrombin formation and fibrin clot lysis in individuals with obesity during intentional weight loss

Repeated weight loss cycles are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. Meal-induced thrombin formation, measured as prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), is observed in individuals with overweight after weight loss, and postprandial effects can be one of the mechanisms underlying harmful effects during intentional weight loss. We hypothesize that consumption of high-fat meals during intentional weight loss triggers a prothrombotic state by increasing postprandial F1+2 or decreasing fibrin clot lysis in individuals with obesity, and that the response associates with the gut bacteria composition. A cross-over meal study was conducted in patients admitted to bariatric surgery during dietary weight loss (N = 20) and surgical weight loss (N = 16) (weight loss groups). High-fat (67 E%) and low-fat (16 E%) meals were served at 08:15 and 10:00 on 2 study days. Blood samples collected at 08:00 (fasting), 12:00, and 14:00 were analyzed for triglycerides, activated factor VII (FVIIa), F1+2, D-dimer, fibrinogen, tissue factor , and fibrin clot lysis. The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria and bacterial diversity were analyzed in fecal samples obtained less than 24 hours before the meal test. Triglyceride and FVIIa increased after high-fat meals in both weight loss groups, whereas D-dimer (dietary group) and F1+2 decreased and tissue factor and fibrin clot lysis did not change. There was a negative association between the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria and changes in FVIIa in the surgery group. Postprandial FVII activation after high-fat meals is not accompanied by increased F1+2, irrespective of the weight loss intervention, but might be associated with the proportion of Gram-negative gut bacteria.

Clitoria ternatea Flower Extract Attenuates Postprandial Lipemia and Increases Plasma Antioxidant Status Responses to a High-Fat Meal Challenge in Overweight and Obese Participants.

Simple SummarySupplementation of high-fat meals with edible plants is the principal strategy to control postprandial dysmetabolism and inflammation. This study demonstrated that consumption of Clitoria ternatea flower extract (CTE) decreased postprandial serum triglyceride and serum free fatty acids, and improved plasma antioxidant status and glutathione peroxidase activity responses to a high-fat meal challenge in overweight and obese participants. However, CTE could not reduce the effect of HF meal-induced increase in postprandial glycemia and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The findings of the present study suggest that CTE may be used as an effective ingredient to suppress postprandial lipemia and improve the antioxidant status in overweight and obese individuals that frequently consume HF diets.High-fat (HF) meal-induced postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation is exacerbated in overweight and obese individuals. This postprandial dysmetabolism contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Clitoria ternatea flower extract (CTE) possesses antioxidant potential and carbohydrate and fat digestive enzyme inhibitory activity in vitro. However, no evidence supporting a favorable role of CTE in the modulation of postprandial lipemia, antioxidant status and inflammation in humans presently exists. In the present study, we determine the effect of CTE on changes in postprandial glycemic and lipemic response, antioxidant status and pro-inflammatory markers in overweight and obese men after consumption of an HF meal. Following a randomized design, sixteen participants (age, 23.5 ± 0.6 years, and BMI, 25.7 ± 0.7 kg/m2) were assigned to three groups that consumed the HF meal, or HF meal supplemented by 1 g and 2 g of CTE. Blood samples were collected at fasting state and then at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after the meal consumption. No significant differences were observed in the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for postprandial glucose among the three groups. Furthermore, 2 g of CTE decreased the iAUC for serum triglyceride and attenuated postprandial serum free fatty acids at 360 min after consuming the HF meal. In addition, 2 g of CTE significantly improved the iAUC for plasma antioxidant status, as characterized by increased postprandial plasma FRAP and thiol levels. Postprandial plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly higher at 180 min after the consumption of HF meal with 2 g of CTE. No significant differences in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) were observed at 360 min among the three groups. These findings suggest that CTE can be used as a natural ingredient for reducing postprandial lipemia and improving the antioxidant status in overweight and obese men after consuming HF meals.

A Single High Fat Meal Adversely Affects Postprandial Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Objectives High-fat diets are associated with endothelial dysfunction, the first step in the progression to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine the postprandial endothelial response (flow-mediated dilation (FMD)) to a high-fat meal in various populations and define how the response varies by conducting a systematic review of the literature. Methods Six electronic databases were systematically searched for original research published from database inception to May 2020. Eligible studies measured both fasting and postprandial FMD following consumption of a meal containing ≥ 30 g fat or ≥ 40% energy from fat. A random-effects model was used to analyse the pooled effect size change from the fasting FMD, presented as mean difference. Moderator variables were analysed by meta-regression. Results One-hundred and twenty articles reporting on 3821 adults were included in the review. High fat meal consumption significantly attenuated FMD at 2 hours (MD: −1.61; 95% CI −2.02 −1.19, p &amp;lt; 0.001), 3 hours (−1.73; −2.30 −1.17, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and 4 hours (−1.54; −1.88 −1.20, p &amp;lt; 0.001), though heterogeneity (I2) was &amp;gt; 90%. Meta-regression revealed that fasting FMD significantly impacted the reported effect size (p &amp;lt; 0.0001) at all postprandial timepoints. Age and BMI were inversely correlated with FMD response at 2 and 4 hours (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Younger, healthy-weight participants exhibited a larger postprandial reduction in FMD compared to older, heavier groups after a high-fat meal. Vulnerable populations could be more likely to exhibit endothelial dysfunction, as evident through lower fasting FMD, together with impaired metabolic flexibility. A single high fat meal adversely impacts endothelial function and the magnitude of the impact on postprandial FMD was influenced by fasting FMD, participant age, and BMI. Funding Sources Monash University

Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Focus on Lefamulin.

ObjectiveThe goal of this article is to review the clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of lemafulin. Data SourcesWe performed a systematic literature review using the search terms of lefamulin and BC-3781 in the PubMed and EMBASE databases. We also cross-referenced the pertinent articles and searched ClinicalTrials.gov to identify ongoing and nonpublished studies.Study Selection and Data ExtractionPublished data from 2005 to 2019 evaluating the clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety studies of lefamulin were analyzed. Data SynthesisIn phase 3 clinical trials, two multicenter, randomized double-blinded studies—Lefamulin Evaluation Against Pneumonia 1 and 2 (LEAP 1 and 2)—compared the efficacy and safety of lemafulin with moxifloxacin in patients diagnosed with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). Lemafulin given in doses of 600 mg orally or 150 mg intravenously were reported to have comparable efficacy to those of moxifloxacin with or without linezolid in patients with CABP. After the trial, the lefamulin group had an early clinical response (ECR) of 87.3% and the moxifloxacin group had an ECR of 90.2%. The difference of − 2.9% in the ECR was non-significant (CI − 8.5, 2.8).Relevance to patients and clinical practiceLemafulin exhibits a unique binding property; therefore, it possess a potentially lower predisposition for the development of bacterial resistance and cross-resistance to other antimicrobial classes. Lefamulin is active against gram-positive including methicillin-resistant strains and atypical organisms which are often implicated in CABP.Lefamulin may be a safe alternative for adult patients with CABP who may not be candidates for respiratory fluoroquinolones.Lefamulin demonstrates both bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against gram-positive, fastidious gram-negatives, atypical pathogens, and some gram-negative anaerobes. It is bactericidal in vitro against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (including macrolide-resistant strains) at concentrations of 0.06, 0.5, and 0.008 µg/ml respectively, and bacteriostatic against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The agent also demonstrates both time- and concentration-dependent killing against the pathogens S. pneumoniae and S. aureus.In vitro susceptibility testing demonstrated an MIC50/90 of 0.06/0.12 µg/ml against S. pneumoniae and S. aureus. The SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program found that at a concentration ≤ 1 µg/ml, lefamulin inhibited 100% S. pneumoniae isolates, 99.8% of S. aureus isolates, and 99.6% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates. It was not affected by resistance to various antibiotic classes such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, or macrolides.

Postprandial Metabolism and Vascular Function: Impact of Aging and Physical Activity Level.

The consumption of a high-fat meal can induce postprandial lipemia and endothelial dysfunction. The authors assessed the impact of age and physical activity on metabolic and vascular outcomes following meal consumption in healthy adults. The authors recruited four groups: younger active (age 22.1 ± 1.4years; n = 9), younger inactive (age 22.6 ± 3.7years; n = 8), older active (age 68.4 ± 7.7years; n = 8), and older inactive (age 67.7 ± 7.2years; n = 7). The metabolic outcomes were measured at the baseline and hourly for 6hr post high-fat meal consumption (12kcal/kg; 63% fat). Flow-mediated dilation was measured at the baseline, 2hr, and 4hr postmeal. The total area under the curve for triglycerides was significantly lower in the more active groups, but did not differ based on age (younger active = 6.5 ± 1.4mmol/L × 6hr, younger inactive = 11.7 ± 4.8, older active = 6.8 ± 2.7, older inactive = 12.1 ± 1.7; p = .0004). After adjusting for artery diameter, flow-mediated dilation differed between groups at the baseline (younger active = 4.8 ± 1.6%, younger inactive = 2.5 ± 0.5, older active = 3.4 ± 0.9, older inactive = 2.2 ± 0.4; p < .001) and decreased significantly across groups 4hr postmeal (mean difference = 0.82; 95% CI [0.02, 1.6]; p = .04). These findings highlight the beneficial effect of regular physical activity on postprandial lipemia, independent of age.

The acute effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with stair climbing on vascular and metabolic function after a high-fat meal.

Frequent consumption of high-fat meals and prolonged sedentary time are prevalent lifestyles that have been associated with an increased risk of vascular and metabolic complications. This study evaluated the acute effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with stair climbing on vascular and metabolic function after a high-fat meal. In a randomized, cross-over trial, 12 healthy adults (age: 23.5 ± 2.9 years) consumed a high-fat meal, followed by either 1) a 4-h uninterrupted sitting (sitting trial) or 2) a 4-h sitting interrupted with a 5-min stair climbing (average intensity: 66% of heart rate reserve) every hour (interrupted trial). Plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations, as well as popliteal artery blood flow and shear rate were assessed at baseline and every hour after a high-fat meal, whereas brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was assessed at baseline and again at the end of each trial. Plasmatriglyceride and glucoseconcentrations increased after a high-fat meal and returned to baseline at the end of both trials. Following a high-fat meal, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation decreased in the sitting trial, but not in the interrupted trial (sitting trial: 9.65 ± 2.63% to 7.84 ± 2.36%; interrupted trial: 9.41 ± 2.61% to 10.34 ± 3.30%, p = 0.009 for interaction). Compared with the sitting trial, the interrupted trial improved popliteal blood flow and shear rate (p = 0.004 and p = 0.008 for interaction, respectively). These findings suggest that interrupting prolonged sitting with stair climbing may be an effective lifestyle strategy to prevent against vascular dysfunction that might occur as a result of prolonged sitting after consuming a high-fat meal in young healthy adults.

High-saturated fatty meals with orange juice intake have subjective appetite sensations suppressed: Acute, postprandial study.

To elucidate the acute effect of different high-fat meals accompanied by water or orange juice on subjective appetite sensations. This acute, postprandial study included 39 healthy women (aged 20 to 40 years): 22 participants received a high-monounsaturated fat meal (MUFA) (≈1000 kcal, 56.3% Energy from MUFA) and 17 participants received a high-saturated fat meal (SFA) (≈1000 kcal, 37.6% Energy from SFA). Both interventions were accompanied by 500 ml of water or orange juice. The subjective appetite sensations were evaluated before (fasting) and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours after the meal intake using the visual analog scale. The subjective area under curve (AUC) appetite sensations and AUC appetite scores were equal after the consumption of high-fat meals from SFA and MUFA. Moreover, the consumption of a high-SFA meal raises the prospective desire to eat something fatty. In addition, the high-SFA meal consumption reduces subjective AUC appetite sensations and AUC appetite scores along the time, compared to a high-MUFA meal, when orange juice consumption followed those meals. Our results demonstrate that high-MUFA meal consumption decreased the desire to intake something fatty, and the high-SFA meal, when followed by orange juice intake, has postprandial appetite sensations suppressed.

SIRT1 as a Potential Biomarker for Obesity.

This cross-sectional study involved 38 healthy subjects (20-30 y old, not suffering any chronic diseases or fever, not taking any medication or treatment, not smoking, not drinking alcohol frequently, not being pregnant, and not breastfeeding). Dietary patterns from 24-h food recall, physical activities fom international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), medical data from annual medical check-up, and body compositions were measured using InBody720 and compared with SIRT1 expression from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples. Subjects with excessive percentage of body fat (PBF) had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (normal: 20.28±2.09, excessive: 23.86±3.71, p=0.023) and VFA (normal: 48.00±9.38, excessive: 79.17±16.14, p=5×1025). The SIRT1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in subjects with excessive PBF (normal: 1±0.43, excessive: 3.68±2.62, p=0.018) and positively correlated with PBF (ρ=0.376, p=0.045). SIRT1 acted as a potential marker for obesity in the evaluated population.

One-hour Of Moderate Intensity Exercise Does Not Attenuate DNA Single Strand Breaks And Base Oxidation Following High-fat Meal Consumption.

One-hour Of Moderate Intensity Exercise Does Not Attenuate DNA Single Strand Breaks And Base Oxidation Following High-fat Meal Consumption.

The Postprandial Effect of Spice Consumption Delivered in a High-Fat Meal on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Overweight/Obese Men (OR12-06-19)

ObjectivesPostprandial lipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The postprandial inflammation that occurs concurrently with lipidemia following ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM) may contribute to this association. Numerous individual spices have anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo in animal models and humans. However, the effect of consumption of a spice blend on inflammatory mediators has not been examined in humans in a randomized controlled trial. The objective of this study was to investigate the postprandial effect of spice consumption delivered in a HFM on inflammatory cytokine responses. MethodsOverweight/obese (BMI ≥25 and ≤35 kg/m2), nonsmoking, men (40–65 years old) with elevated waist circumference (≥94 cm) and at least one other risk factor for cardiovascular disease were recruited for a 3-period crossover study (n = 12). In random order, participants consumed the following dietary interventions: 1) a HFM (1076 kcal, 39% kcal from saturated fat), 2) a HFM containing 2 g of spice blend, or 3) a HFM containing 6 g of spice blend with a ≥3-day washout period between each test meal. The spice blend consisted of black pepper, basil, bay leaf, cinnamon, coriander, cumin, ginger, oregano, parsley, rosemary, red pepper, thyme and turmeric. Participants fasted overnight and blood was collected before, and hourly for four hours after the HFM. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated at each time point, and the number of monocytes (CD14+/HLA-DR+) were quantified by flow cytometry. PBMCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1) were quantified by ELISA in the supernatants. ResultsMonocyte number (P = 0.001), and the secretion of IL-1β (P = 0.036) and TNF-α (P = 0.046) from LPS-stimulated PBMCs were significantly elevated during the four-hour time period after HFM consumption compared to the baseline. However, the presence of 6 g of spice in the HFM reduced the secretion of IL-6 (P = 0.046), IL-8 (P = 0.031), TNF-α (P = 0.001) and MCP-1 (P = 0.063) from PBMCs at 60 min after the meal. ConclusionsConsumption of a HFM containing a spice blend attenuated postprandial inflammation in overweight/obese men. Funding SourcesMcCormick Science Institute; Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute

Effects of Food on the Bioavailability of Amphetamine in Healthy Adults After Administration of SHP465 Mixed Amphetamine Salts Extended-Release Capsules.

Background and objectiveSHP465 mixed amphetamine salts extended release is a once-daily, single-entity, mixed amphetamine salts capsule product for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The objective of this study was to evaluate amphetamine pharmacokinetics following SHP465 mixed amphetamine salts under three administration conditions.MethodsHealthy adults (n = 16) enrolled in an open-label, randomized, three-period crossover study with three single-dose 50-mg SHP465 mixed amphetamine salts treatments (fasting ≥ 10 h before administration [reference]; high-fat meal consumption 30 min before administration; sprinkling capsule contents on applesauce) separated by ≥ 7-day washouts. Blood samples for evaluating d- and l-amphetamine pharmacokinetics were collected pre-dose and up to 60 h post-dose. Assessments included maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration, and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to infinity. Exponentiated least-squares mean ratios with 90% confidence intervals for test treatments relative to the reference treatment were calculated, with the absence of an effect indicated by the 90% confidence intervals falling within the 80–125% range.ResultsLeast-squares mean (90% confidence interval) ratios for maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to infinity indicated neither consuming a high-fat meal (d-amphetamine: 85.33 [80.44, 90.50] and 91.11 [86.69, 95.75], respectively; l-amphetamine: 85.22 [80.18, 90.59] and 88.74 [83.89, 93.87]) nor sprinkling the capsule contents on applesauce (d-amphetamine: 95.76 [90.28, 101.57] and 95.77 [91.13, 100.65]; l-amphetamine: 96.90 [91.16, 103.00] and 94.78 [89.60, 100.26]) altered amphetamine exposure. Consuming a high-fat meal prolonged median time to maximum plasma concentration for d- and l-amphetamine by 5.0 and 4.5 h, respectively, relative to reference treatment.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate SHP465 mixed amphetamine salts capsules can be swallowed whole with or without food or the capsule contents can be sprinkled on applesauce.

High-Fat Meal–Induced Changes in Markers of Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Healthy Adults Who Differ by Age and Physical Activity Level

BackgroundInflammation and angiogenesis are key facets of cardiovascular disease pathophysiology. Age and physical activity level can influence fasting systemic inflammation, but the impact of these factors on postprandial inflammation is unknown. In addition, markers of angiogenesis have never been tested in the context of a single high-fat meal (HFM). ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an HFM on markers of inflammation and angiogenesis in individuals of different ages and physical activity levels. MethodsTwenty-two healthy adults—8 younger active (YA) adults (4 men, 4 women; mean ± SD age: 25 ± 5 y), 8 older active (OA) adults (4 men, 4 women; 67 ± 5 y), and 6 older inactive (OI) adults (3 men, 3 women; 68 ± 7 y)—consumed an HFM [63% fat (39% saturated fat, 14% monounsaturated fat, 10% polyunsaturated fat), 34% carbohydrate; 12 kcal/kg body mass; 927 ± 154 kcal]. Fourteen inflammatory and 9 angiogenic markers were measured at baseline and 3 and 6 h postmeal. ResultsSignificant group effects were observed in interleukin (IL)-10 (YA > OA; P = 0.02), IL-23 (YA > OA; P = 0.02), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (OA < OI; P = 0.04), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C (YA < OA; P = 0.001). IL-8, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor–like growth factor significantly increased, whereas granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-23, TNF-α, leptin, angiopoietin-2, and follistatin significantly decreased after HFM consumption (P’s < 0.05). Notably, VEGF-A and VEGF-C were significantly higher at 3 h [mean difference: 22.5 pg/mL (VEGF-A); 73.5 pg/mL (VEGF-C)] and 6 h postmeal [mean difference: 26.9 pg/mL (VEGF-A); 81.2 pg/mL (VEGF-C)]. ConclusionsA novel finding of this study was the robust increase in VEGF after an HFM. There were also group differences in several inflammatory markers (IL-10 and IL-23 greater in YA than OA, and TNF-α lower in OA than OI) that suggest a potential influence of age and physical activity level.

A single high-fat meal provokes pathological erythrocyte remodeling and increases myeloperoxidase levels: implications for acute coronary syndrome

High-fat meal (HFM) consumption can produce acute lipemia and trigger myocardial infarction in patients with atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) intimately interact with inflammatory cells and blood vessels and play a complex role in regulating vascular function. Chronic high-fat feeding in mice induces pathological RBC remodeling, suggesting a novel link between HFM, RBCs, and vascular dysfunction. However, whether acute HFM can induce RBC remodeling in humans is unknown. Ten healthy individuals were subjected to biochemical testing and assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) before and after a single HFM or iso-caloric meal (ICM). Following the HFM, triglyceride, cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels were all significantly increased, in conjunction with impaired post-prandial FMD. Additionally, peripheral blood smears demonstrated microcytes, remodeled RBCs, and fatty monocytes. Increased intracellular ROS and nitration of protein band 3 was detected in RBCs following the HFM. The HFM elevated plasma and RBC-bound myeloperoxidase (MPO), which was associated with impaired FMD and oxidation of HDL. Monocytic cells exposed to lipid in vitro released MPO, while porcine coronary arteries exposed to fatty acids ex vivo took up MPO. We demonstrate in humans that a single HFM induces pathological RBC remodeling and concurrently elevates MPO, which can potentially enter the blood vessel wall to trigger oxidative stress and destabilize vulnerable plaques. These novel findings may have implications for the short-term risk of HFM consumption and alimentary lipemia in patients with atherosclerosis.A single high fat meal can induce pathological red blood cell (RBC) remodeling and oxidative stress, in conjunction with elevations in plasma, RBC-bound myeloperoxidase (MPO) and MPO-mediated high-density lipoprotein oxidation. These findings demonstrate that consumption of heavy meals enriched in fat may promote destabilization of vulnerable plaques leading to acute myocardial infarction.

Delayed postprandial TAG peak after intake of SFA compared with PUFA in subjects with and without familial hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised controlled trial.

Postprandial hypertriacylglycerolaemia is associated with an increased risk of developing CVD. How fat quality influences postprandial lipid response is scarcely explored in subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). The aim of this study was to investigate the postprandial response of TAG and lipid sub-classes after consumption of high-fat meals with different fat quality in subjects with FH compared with normolipidaemic controls. A randomised controlled double-blind cross-over study with two meals and two groups was performed. A total of thirteen hypercholesterolaemic subjects with FH who discontinued lipid-lowering treatment 4 weeks before and during the study, and fourteen normolipidaemic controls, were included. Subjects were aged 18-30 years and had a BMI of 18·5-30·0 kg/m2. Each meal consisted of a muffin containing 60 g (70 E%) of fat, either mainly SFA (40 E%) or PUFA (40 E%), eaten in a random order with a wash-out period of 3-5 weeks between the meals. Blood samples were collected at baseline (fasting) and 2, 4 and 6 h after intake of the meals. In both FH and control subjects, the level of TAG and the largest VLDL sub-classes peaked at 2 h after intake of PUFA and at 4 h after intake of SFA. No significant differences were found in TAG levels between meals or between groups (0·25≤P≤0·72). The distinct TAG peaks may reflect differences in the postprandial lipid metabolism after intake of fatty acids with different chain lengths and degrees of saturation. The clinical impact of these findings remains to be determined.

Effects of Two Combined Exercise Designs Associated With High-Fat Meal Consumption on Postprandial Lipemia, Insulinemia, and Oxidative Stress.

Farinha, JB, Macedo, CEO, Rodrigues-Krause, J, Krüger, RL, Boeno, FP, Macedo, RCO, Queiroz, JN, Teixeira, BC, and Reischak-Oliveira, A. Effects of two combined exercise designs associated with high-fat meal consumption on postprandial lipemia, insulinemia, and oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1422-1430, 2018-Impaired postprandial lipemia (PPL) response after the consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM) is linked to diabetes, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress responses of 2 different combined exercise designs associated with HFM consumption. Eleven healthy and physically active men (27.36 ± 5.04 years) participated in this study. After the pretrial visits, participants were randomly assigned to perform 2-day trials in 3 different conditions (interspaced by at least 1 week): resting (REST), circuit combined exercise (CIRC), or traditional combined exercise (COMB), on the evening of day 1. On the morning of day 2, an HFM was provided and blood samples were obtained before and after 1, 3, and 5 hours of HFM consumption. No differences were found with respect to glucose, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, or total thiol levels in between time points or conditions. One-way analysis of variance demonstrated a difference between REST and CIRC (p = 0.029; reduction of 35.29%) and between REST and COMB (p = 0.041; reduction of 33.41%) conditions with incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for triacylglycerol levels. A difference between REST and CIRC (p = 0.03; reduction of 34.22%) conditions in terms of iAUC for insulin was also found. Both CIRC and COMB exercise designs can reduce PPL associated with HFM consumption. Moreover, CIRC reduces the iAUC for insulin, suggesting additional benefits for prescribing this type of exercise.

Postprandial response after intake of saturated fat compared to polyunsaturated fat in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia and normolipidemic controls-a randomized controlled trial

Aim: Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate the postprandial response in plasma triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) after consumption of high-fat meals with different fat quality in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) compared to healthy normolipidemic controls.

Orange juice modulates proinflammatory cytokines after high-fat saturated meal consumption.

We aimed to evaluate the postprandial secretion of inflammatory markers induced by SFA or MUFA high-fat meal consumption and whether orange juice intake could modulate this induction. This study included 55 healthy women (aged 20 to 40 years): 33 participants received an SFA high-fat meal (≈1000 kcal, 37.6% of energy intake (E) from SFA) and 22 participants received an MUFA high-fat meal (≈1000 kcal, 56.3% E from MUFA). Both interventions were accompanied by 500 ml of orange juice (test) or water (control). The plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and CRP were determined before (fasting) and 2, 3 and 5 hours after the test meal intake. The SFA high-fat meal induced a significant increase in AUC values (for TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-2 adjusted for baseline concentrations) in comparison with MUFA high-fat meal intervention. The results were independent of the drink which accompanied the meal (water or orange juice). Both IL-4 and IL-17A AUC values were significantly increased after an SFA high-fat meal intake, accompanied by water, but not by orange juice. In addition, these values were higher in relation to MUFA high-fat meal interventions. Also, IL-17A significantly increased at 3 h after an SFA high-fat meal intake accompanied by water, but not by orange juice. Overall, our conclusions indicate an anti-inflammatory effect of MUFA compared to SFA high-fat meal intake, while orange juice intake was able to mitigate the subclinical increase of postprandial inflammation, induced by SFA high-fat meal consumption, for a particular biomarker (IL-17A).