Consumption Of High-calorie Diet Research Articles

Betterment of testicular dysfunction: Obesity induced testicular damage regulated by Syzygium paniculatum

BackgroundDiet is the most important environmental factor but consumption of high calorie diet leads to obesity which contributes to the development of various diseases, mainly leads to testicular dysfunction and infertility in males. It was reported that traditional medicinal plant extracts showed preventive and ameliorative effect on the testis, spermatogenesis and also fertility in rats fed on high fat diet. With this context, we set out to see whether an aqueous extract of Syzygium paniculatum fruit may help restore normal function to male rat testes that had become dysfunctional. PurposeThe goal of our research was to determine preventive functions of Syzygium paniculatum against testicular dysfunction caused by a high fat diet induced obesity. Study designAll rats were grouped into three of six rats each (n = 6), Group 1-Control rats (C); Group 2-HFD obese rats (Ob C); Group 3-HFD fed obese rats treated with 100 mg/kg bw/day of AESPF. MethodsA high fat diet rat model was established to examine the effects of Syzygium paniculatum. Eighteen Albino Wister rats (n = 6) divided into three groups, which was control group, HFD group and HFD+ AESPF treated group. All rat groups had a 17 weeks treatment period, and their physical, biochemical, testicular, and cytotoxic effects were assessed along with spermatogenic marker for cellular apoptosis (Bax, Cleaved caspase 3, Caspase-3), cell proliferation (PCNA), cell survival (Bcl2), testicular inflammatory pathway regulators (TNF-α, NF-B, IL-6) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) were evaluated by western blotting. The protective effects of S. Paniculatum on testes were evaluated by using histopathological examination. ResultsThe obese rats which given an HFD showed a substantial rise in their obesity index, aberrant hormone levels, and sperm counts along with the elevated expressions of inflammatory and apoptotic markers in the testis. Treatment with AESPF for 17 weeks improved testicular function, as measured by increased spermatogenesis and semen quality, lower expression of apoptotic and inflammatory proteins in the testes, and an increase in testosterone level and antioxidant capacity. Histopathological results corroborate the enhanced testicular relative weight and histological picture seen after AESPF treatment for 17 weeks. According to our findings, the metabolic and reproductive systems were dysfunctional after HFD intake, however AESPF restored normalcy. ConclusionThe administration of the aqueous extract of Syzygium paniculatum fruit (AESPF) reduced HFD induced spermatogenesis dysfunction and apoptosis. Obesity-related testicular dysfunction in men might be treated with Syzygium paniculatum fruit as a new therapeutic medication.

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis and Progression to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Literature Review.

The prevalence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is increasing globally due to factors such as urbanization, obesity, poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyles, healthcare accessibility, diagnostic advancements, and genetic influences. Research on MAFLD and HCC risk factors, pathogenesis, and biomarkers has been conducted through a narrative review of relevant studies, with a focus on PubMed and Web of Science databases and exclusion criteria based on article availability and language. Steatosis marks the early stage of MASH advancement, commonly associated with factors of metabolic syndrome such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Various mechanisms, including heightened lipolysis, hepatic lipogenesis, and consumption of high-calorie diets, contribute to the accumulation of lipids in the liver. Insulin resistance is pivotal in the development of steatosis, as it leads to the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. Natural compounds hold promise in regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation to combat these conditions. Liver fibrosis serves as a significant predictor of MASH progression and HCC development, underscoring the need to target fibrosis in treatment approaches. Risk factors for MASH-associated HCC encompass advanced liver fibrosis, older age, male gender, metabolic syndrome, genetic predispositions, and dietary habits, emphasizing the requirement for efficient surveillance and diagnostic measures. Considering these factors, it is important for further studies to determine the biochemical impact of these risk factors in order to establish targeted therapies that can prevent the development of HCC or reduce progression of MASH, indirectly decreasing the risk of HCC.

The role of fibrinolysis in the development of prediabetes-associated coronary heart disease: a focus on the plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 and its potential use as a predictive marker in diet-induced prediabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the onset of T2DM is preceded by prediabetes, which is associated with sedentary lifestyles and consumption of high-calorie diets. Studies have shown that impaired glucose homeostasis creates an environment for developing T2DM-related complications. Using a high-fat-high-carbohydrate diet-induced prediabetes animal model, this study sought to assess the risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) in diet-induced prediabetes and identify biomarkers that can be used for early detection of prediabetes-associated CHD. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly grouped into two groups and were kept on different diets for 20 weeks (n = 6 in each group). One group was fed standard rat chow to serve as a non-prediabetes (NPD) control, while the other group consumed a high-fat-high-carbohydrate diet to induce prediabetes (PD). Post induction, the homeostasis model assessment- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to test for insulin resistance. Body weight, mean arterial pressure (MAP), resting heart rate (HR), inflammatory cytokines (C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6)), lipids (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL)), endothelial function (endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS), endothelin -1 (ET-1)), fibrinolysis (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)) were all measured to assess the risk of CHD. All data were expressed as means ± S.E.M. Statistical comparisons were performed with Graph Pad. Instat Software using Student's two-sided t-test. The Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were calculated to assess the association. The value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was significant insulin resistance accompanied by significantly increased HbA1c and body weight in PD compared to NPD. Simultaneously, there was a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines in PD compared to NPD. This was accompanied by significantly increased TG and VLDL and endothelial dysfunction in PD. The association between HOMA-IR and PAI-1 was insignificantly positive in NPD, whereas a significantly strong positive association was observed in PD. There is a positive correlation between insulin resistance and PAI-1 during prediabetes; therefore, suggesting that prediabetes increases the risk of developing vascular thrombosis. The current therefore study warrants further investigation on PAI-1 and other markers of fibrinolysis for the early detection of thrombosis and risk of CHD in prediabetes.

The Kidney Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) Pods Extract Affects the Central and Peripheral Serotonergic Systems in Rats With High-Calorie Diet-Induced Obesity

Background: Overweight and obesity have become a global epidemic that presents a risk to health. Serotonin is involved in the regulation of many important functions of the body as in the periphery (as a hormone), as well as in the central nervous system as a neurotransmitter, which can be involved in central mechanisms that control food intake. The present work aimed to study the features of serotonin metabolism functioning under the effect of the kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) pods extract in experimental obesity, which was induced by the consumption of high-calorie diet. Phaseolus vulgaris is the plant that possesses plenty of curative and therapeutic properties in particular for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. It has been known that plant extracts, unlike synthetic drugs, can be used practically without toxic effects. Methods: Experiments were carried out on four groups of white nonlinear male rats (10 rats per group) during a 10-week period. Studies of the serotonergic system functioning were performed using ion-exchange chromatography, spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Results: The consumption of kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) pods extract has a therapeutic effect on the obesity development in rats, as evidenced by changes in the functioning of the central and peripheral serotonergic systems. Tryptophan and serotonin levels have increased in duodenum mucosa compared to the obese rats, also had shown an increase of the serotonin synthesis enzymes activity (tryptophan hydroxylase and tryptophan decarboxylase) and a simultaneous decrease in the activity of monoamine oxidase. Central tryptophan and serotonin levels, as well as the activity of enzymes of the serotonin synthesis have increased compared to the obese rats while a simultaneous decrease in the activity of monoamine oxidase was observed. Conclusions: The obtained results indicated a therapeutic effect of the kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) pods extract on the dysfunction of the serotonergic system under obesity development. J Endocrinol Metab. 2021;11(5):123-133 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem650

The Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Pods Extract Affects the Central and Peripheral Serotonergic Systems in Rats With High-Calorie Diet-Induced Obesity

Background: Overweight and obesity have become a global epidemic that presents a risk to health. Serotonin is involved in the regulation of many important functions of the body as in the periphery (as a hormone), as well as in the central nervous system as a neurotransmitter, which can be involved in central mechanisms that control food intake. The present work aimed to study the features of serotonin metabolism functioning under the effect of the kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) pods extract in experimental obesity, which was induced by the consumption of high-calorie diet. Phaseolus vulgaris is the plant that possesses plenty of curative and therapeutic properties in particular for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. It has been known that plant extracts, unlike synthetic drugs, can be used practically without toxic effects. Methods: Experiments were carried out on four groups of white nonlinear male rats (10 rats per group) during a 10-week period. Studies of the serotonergic system functioning were performed using ion-exchange chromatography, spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Results: The consumption of kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) pods extract has a therapeutic effect on the obesity development in rats, as evidenced by changes in the functioning of the central and peripheral serotonergic systems. Tryptophan and serotonin levels have increased in duodenum mucosa compared to the obese rats, also had shown an increase of the serotonin synthesis enzymes activity (tryptophan hydroxylase and tryptophan decarboxylase) and a simultaneous decrease in the activity of monoamine oxidase. Central tryptophan and serotonin levels, as well as the activity of enzymes of the serotonin synthesis have increased compared to the obese rats while a simultaneous decrease in the activity of monoamine oxidase was observed. Conclusions: The obtained results indicated a therapeutic effect of the kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) pods extract on the dysfunction of the serotonergic system under obesity development. J Endocrinol Metab. 2021;11(5):123-133 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem650

АНАЛІЗ ПЕПТИДНОЇ СКЛАДОВОЇ ТКАНИН ЗА РОЗВИТКУ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ОЖИРІННЯ У ЩУРІВ

Obesity is characterized by a certain pathological imbalance in the mechanisms of proteolysis, which results in an increase in the number of degraded protein molecules, their fragments and the peptide pool in the tissues. Despite a significant number of literature on the biochemistry of obesity, the issue of the participation of proteolytic processes in the pathogenesis of obesity, their features and potential effects on metabolism is not well understood. At the same time, the appearance in the bloodstream of atypical protein molecules can be an important component of this pathology. Studying the processes of formation of these molecules can be very useful in planning strategies for correcting the development of this pathological condition, and the molecules described can be used as marker molecules for the development of obesity. The results of this work are the identification of changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the peptide component of the fraction of medium-weight molecules in rat tissues under experimental obesity. Chromatography, which separates by size, shows changes in the number of peaks and molecular weight of the peptide molecules in homogenates of obese rat tissue. The results indicate a certain imbalance in the proteolysis system with the development of obesity caused by the consumption of high-calorie diets, which in turn can be a potential cause of the appearance of certain non-physiological mechanisms in the functioning of metabolism in this pathology. This, in turn, can be triggers for the development of concomitant pathology and complicate the correction of the metabolic profile in the development of obesity. Further studies of the characteristics of changes in the peptide pool in rat tissues can contribute to a better understanding of biochemical processes in the context of this pathology, which is important for the development of approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of obesity. The study of potential mechanisms for the development of a dysfunction of the proteolysis system and methods for its correction can be successfully applied when working out strategies for treating various pathological conditions of the body, where a certain imbalance in the functioning of this system occurs.

ВПЛИВ ВВЕДЕННЯ МЕЛАТОНІНУ В РІЗНИЙ ЧАС ДОБИ НА БУРУ ЖИРОВУ ТКАНИНУ ЩУРІВ ІЗ ВИСОКОКАЛОРІЙНИМ ОЖИРІННЯМ

The aim of our study was to determine morpho-functional state (area of nucleus, brown adipocytes and also area and number of lipid droplets in each cells, general optical density of tissue) of brown adipose tissue in rats with high-calorie (high fat) dietinduced obesity after melatonin administration in different time of the day (morning and evening). Melatonin was administered daily by gavage for 7 weeks in dose 30 mg/kg either 1 h after lights-on (ZT01) or 1 h before lights-off (ZT11) rats with high-calorie diet (HCD). Besides morphometric parameters as well were measured related visceral fat weight and related brown adipose tissue mass. Rats with HCD had huge changes in brown adipocytes morphology, which summarized in become resembles of classical white adipocytes: grown lipid droplets and cells area, but goes down lipid droplets number and optical density of brown adipose tissue. In general brown adipose tissue with above mentioned characteristic from HCD rats lose their ability to conduct strongly thermoproduction function. After melatonin used in rats with HCD arise leveling of pathological changes, which associated with consumption of HCD. Namely, in groups HCD ZT01 and HCD ZT11 we obtain decreased cells and lipid droplets area, increased lipid droplets number and optical density of brown adipose tissue, in relation to group HCD. Therese received changes has evidence about functionally active brown adipose tissue state, which can also dissipate of exceed energy (lipids – triacylglycerols) amount into whole organism during heat production for avoid to its storage in white adipose tissue and in outside adipose tissue. In addition, evening administration of melatonin (group HCD ZT11) demonstrate more activated state of brown adipose tissueand also related visceral weight gain less, than morning(group HCD ZT01). In conclusions, melatonin influence on morpho-functional state brown adipose tissue in rats with HCD, moreover evening administration can use for obesity therapy via its strong action on activate brown adipocytes.

ВПЛИВ ВВЕДЕННЯ МЕЛАТОНІНУ В ПЕВНИЙ ЧАС ДОБИ НА НИРКИ ЩУРІВ ІЗ ОЖИРІННЯМ, ІНДУКОВАНИМ ВИСОКОКАЛОРІЙНОЮ ДІЄТОЮ

Kidneys, like the cardiovascular system, are one of the main target organs, the most vulnerable to obesity, because the first take on the metabolism correction function at an increasing excess of fat tissue in the body. Kidney affection under obesity is a multifactorial thing that is caused by a number of processes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism disorders, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, insulin resistance and other factors. An optimal candidate for reducing the harmful effects of kidneys obesity should be a compound that simultaneously exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, controls the circadian rhythm, and also affects on the adipokines secretion. The molecule that meets these conditions is melatonin.The aim of our study was to determine morpho-functional state (morphology characteristic of kidney glomeruli and tubules; morphometric parameters: area and density of glomeruli) of kidney in rats with high-calorie (high fat) diet-induced obesity after melatonin administration in determined time of the day. Melatonin was administered daily by gavage for 7 weeks in dose 30 mg/kg 1 h before lights-off (ZT11) rats with high-calorie diet (HCD). Rats with HCD had huge changes in kidney morphology, which manifested in presence of numerous mesangial cells outside glomeruli and lipid droplets in tubules epithelial cells, while area and density of glomeruli in cm2 decrease. In general kidney with above mentioned characteristic from HCD rats lose their ability to conduct strongly renal function. After melatonin used in rats with HCD arise leveling of pathological changes, which associated with consumption of HCD. Namely, in rats with development obesity melatonin administrations led to increase area and density in comparison to HCD group, moreover glomeruli density reach control values. This is suggest that melatonin have protecting effect against glomerular degeneration. In conclusions, melatonin influence on kidney morpho-functional state in rats with HCD and turn back pathological its changes, moreover evening administration can use for obesity therapy via its strong action on conservation glomerular morphology.

The Effect of Behavioral Contagion and Tie-Strength on Calorie Intake in Food Courts

Major contributors to the obesity epidemic are societal and result from sedentary lifestyles and consumption of high-calorie diets. Previous studies suggest that food choice behavior is socially transmissible. Hence, knowledge of the impact of social influence on calorie intake is critical to improve the understanding about the outcomes of policies related to healthful diets. There is the need to analyze the influence of social networks on choosing food in a public place. Thus, we interviewed groups of food court patrons in an all-you-can-eat college dining hall. Results show individuals dining in a group with at least one obese group member are consuming more calories from high-calorie foods and fewer calories from low-calorie foods. Food-related interactions in a group influenced food consumption. Hence, dining with obese peers likely increases calorie intake.

Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection.

Introduction: Over the years the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has drastically increased in developing countries as a major byproduct of industrialization. Many factors, such as the consumption of high-calorie diets and a sedentary lifestyle, bolster the spread of this disorder. Undoubtedly, the massive and still increasing incidence of MetS places this epidemic as an important public health issue. Hereon we revisit another outlook of MetS beyond its classical association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM2), for MetS also poses a risk factor for the nervous tissue and threatens neuronal function. First, we revise a few essential concepts of MetS pathophysiology. Second, we explore some neuroprotective approaches in MetS pertaining brain hypoxia. The articles chosen for this review range from the years 1989 until 2017; the selection criteria was based on those providing data and exploratory information on MetS as well as those that studied innovative therapeutic approaches.Pathophysiology: The characteristically impaired metabolic pathways of MetS lead to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, and hypoxia, all closely associated with an overall pro-oxidative status. Oxidative stress is well-known to cause the wreckage of cellular structures and tissue architecture. Alteration of the redox homeostasis and oxidative stress alter the macromolecular array of DNA, lipids, and proteins, in turn disrupting the biochemical pathways necessary for normal cell function.Neuroprotection: Different neuroprotective strategies are discussed involving lifestyle changes, medication aimed to mitigate MetS cardinal symptoms, and treatments targeted toward reducing oxidative stress. It is well-known that the routine practice of physical exercise, aerobic activity in particular, and a complete and well-balanced nutrition are key factors to prevent MetS. Nevertheless, pharmacological control of MetS as a whole and pertaining hypertension, dyslipidemia, and endothelial injury contribute to neuronal health improvement.Conclusion: The development of MetS has risen as a risk factor for neurological disorders. The therapeutic strategies include multidisciplinary approaches directed to address different pathological pathways all in concert.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: A mathematical model to study the relationship between the dietary profiles, core body temperature and sleep profile in the high school students

Body temperature (Tb), food intake and sleep cycle follows a circadian rhythm. Circadian variations of Tb may be influenced by changes in sleep time, late night consumption of high calorie diet and less physical activities. Deviations in any of these daily habits may alter the acrophase, mesor and amplitude of the cosinor curve of Tb. Changes in these confounding factors may also contribute to the body mass index (BMI) of the individual. This study was conducted on 29 high school going adolescents. We have employed an ideal cosinor model to study the changes in the 24 h cyclical changes in Tb (n = 12). Academic overload during examination days was seen in these high school going adults. Sleep duration and dietary habits were also studied in them to find out the relationship with BMI and circadian variations if any (n = 17). Higher BMI was observed in individuals having shorter sleep duration. BMI was high in students consuming high calorie diet at the time of the day when the body metabolism is normally low. A mathematical model exhibiting altered circadian rhythms is proposed that may be used to modify strategies to restore biorhythms for better health.

Differential response of rat strains to obesogenic diets underlines the importance of genetic makeup of an individual towards obesity

Obesity, a multifactorial disorder, results from a chronic imbalance of energy intake vs. expenditure. Apart from excessive consumption of high calorie diet, genetic predisposition also seems to be equally important for the development of obesity. However, the role of genetic predisposition in the etiology of obesity has not been clearly delineated. The present study addresses this problem by selecting three rat strains (WNIN, F-344, SD) with different genetic backgrounds and exposing them to high calorie diets. Rat strains were fed HF, HS, and HFS diets and assessed for physical, metabolic, biochemical, inflammatory responses, and mRNA expression. Under these conditions: significant increase in body weight, visceral adiposity, oxidative stress and systemic pro-inflammatory status; the hallmarks of central obesity were noticed only in WNIN. Further, they developed altered glucose and lipid homeostasis by exhibiting insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and fatty liver condition. The present study demonstrates that WNIN is more prone to develop obesity and associated co-morbidities under high calorie environment. It thus underlines the cumulative role of genetics (nature) and diet (nurture) towards the development of obesity, which is critical for understanding this epidemic and devising new strategies to control and manage this modern malady.

State of hyperglycemic animals during consumption of high-calorie diet with the bionanocomposite supplement

Glucose level and glucose tolerance test in blood of rats under conditions of obesity induced by consumption of high-calorie diet have been determined. It was also researched these indicators in the blood of animals that consumpt high-calorie diet with added bionanocomposite. These data suggest bionanocomposite preventive effect on the development of key indicators prediabetes.

Energy-dependent effects of resveratrol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The metabolic effects induced by resveratrol have been associated mainly with the consumption of high-calorie diets; however, its effects with standard or low-calorie diets remain unclear. To better understand the interactions between resveratrol and cellular energy levels, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. Herein it is shown that resveratrol: (a) decreased cell viability in an energy-dependent manner; (b) lessening of cell viability occurred specifically when cells were under cellular respiration; and (c) inhibition of oxygen consumption in state 4 occurred at low and standard energy levels, whereas at high energy levels oxygen consumption was promoted. These findings indicate that the effects of resveratrol are dependent on the cellular energy status and linked to metabolic respiration. Importantly, our study also revealed that S. cerevisiae is a suitable and useful model to elucidate the molecular targets of resveratrol under different nutritional statuses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЕФЕКТІВ ЛІКУВАЛЬНОГО ВВЕДЕННЯ ОРЛІСТАТУ Й БІОНАНОКОМПОЗИТУ НА ОСНОВІ ФЕНУГРЕКУ НА ПОКАЗНИКИ-МАРКЕРИ ЕНДОГЕННОЇ ІНТОКСИКАЦІЇ В ЩУРІВ ІЗ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНИМ ОЖИРІННЯМ

It were studied the markers of endogenous intoxication in males rats under development of the obesity induced by consumption of high-calorie diet. The acticle presents comparative analysis of the therapeutic effects with introduction bionanocomposite and orlistat which basic on the indicators of endogenous intoxication. It was shown increase the level of middle-mass molecules and oligopeptides in serum rats with obesity during of the research and normalization of these indicators after introduction bionanocomposit animals with obesity.

Prevalence of obesity and hypertension among adults in Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Developing countries are now witnessing an increase in overweight; obesity and obesity-related morbidity. We determined the prevalence of obesity using the measure of body mass index (BMI) and hypertension and the association between obesity and hypertension among adults in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive study of 400 adults was carried out. Participants were administered a standardized questionnaireand had measurements of weight, height and blood pressure taken. Four hundred subjects were randomly selected (221 females and 179 males) with a mean age of 48.65 ± 16.56 years. The overall prevalence of obesity was 14.75% (8.9% for males and 19.5% for females). In addition, 62.4% of the females were sedentary as compared to 50.8% of the males and the difference is statistically significant. The families of most of the subjects who were obese (88.1%) preferred high calorie diets. The prevalence of hypertension among the study population was 50.5% [49.3% for female and 52.0% for males (p>0.05)]. The prevalence of hypertension among the subjects who were obese was 72.9%. Obesity inthis environment is particularly significant among females and is associated with hypertension, physical inactivity and the consumption of high calorie diets.

Increased ghrelin sensitivity and calorie consumption in subordinate monkeys is affected by short-term astressin B administration

Animals chronically exposed to stressors with access to diets high in fat and sugar consume and prefer these diets, a result consistent with the association between stress and comfort food ingestion in humans. As social subordination in rhesus monkeys provides an ethologically relevant translational model of psychosocial stress, we tested the hypothesis that differences in food intake between dominant and subordinate female monkeys are due to corticotropin-releasing hormone-(CRH) induced alteration in sensitivity to ghrelin, a potent orexigenic signal. We assessed food intake of animals given a choice between a low (LCD) and high calorie diet (HCD) in response to 4-day treatment with the CRH receptor antagonist, astressin B, and to an acute treatment of ghrelin. Ghrelin stimulated intake of LCD in subordinates but did not further increase consumption of HCD, whereas ghrelin decreased LCD consumption without affecting HCD intake in dominant females. Astressin B decreased cortisol levels and increased preference for and intake of the HCD in subordinates and decreased calorie intake and HCD preference in dominant animals. These results suggest that increased caloric intake by subordinates may, in part, be explained by a greater sensitivity to postprandial increases in ghrelin and that CRH receptor antagonism leading to a decrease in cortisol has mixed effects on food choice depending on an individual's stress background.

Gene Expression Profiling of the Hepatic Transcriptome in Presence of TNF-alpha

Diabetes mellitus, often simply termed Diabetes, is a syndrome characterized by disordered metabolism and high blood sugar. It is caused due to low levels of insulin hormone or from abnormal resistance to insulin in its target tissues. World Health Organization estimates that India will alone have 79.4 million diabetic patients in 2030. One of its major form Type 2 diabetes, is often associated with obesity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol and metabolic syndrome. Changes in life style, such as consumption of high-calorie diet and lack of exercise, have increased the global prevalence not only of diabetes but also of obesity. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance in target tissue, occurs due to several reasons and one of them being the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. It is also known as the link between diabetes and obesity. High levels of TNF-α interfere with insulin signaling to cause the effect and to further investigate into the situation, gene transcription profiling was examined in control and TNF-α treated HepG2 cells. Results indicated that TNF-α could significantly alter the expression of a significant number of genes that were identified to be related to lipid and fat metabolism on one hand and to immunoglobulin receptor activity and IgE binding thereby on the other thereby indicating global dysregulation of fat metabolism and compromise in immune defense mechanism(s) within the hepatocyte by TNF-α. Pathway analysis revealed “biosynthesis of steroids” to be most effected. All these indicate TNF-α to be significantly altering the transcriptome profiling within HepG2 cells with genes involved in lipid and steroid metabolism being the most favoured and this could explain one of the underlying mechanisms of TNF-α action in the liver.

Gene Expression Profiling of the Hepatic Transcriptome in Presence of TNF-alpha

AbstractDiabetes mellitus, often simply termed Diabetes, is a syndrome characterized by disordered metabolism and high blood sugar. It is caused due to low levels of insulin hormone or from abnormal resistance to insulin in its target tissues. World Health Organization estimates that India will alone have 79.4 million diabetic patients in 2030. One of its major form Type 2 diabetes, is often associated with obesity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol and metabolic syndrome. Changes in life style, such as consumption of high-calorie diet and lack of exercise, have increased the global prevalence not only of diabetes but also of obesity. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance in target tissue, occurs due to several reasons and one of them being the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. It is also known as the link between diabetes and obesity. High levels of TNF-α interfere with insulin signaling to cause the effect and to further investigate into the situation, gene transcription profiling was examined in control and TNF-α treated HepG2 cells. Results indicated that TNF-α could significantly alter the expression of a significant number of genes that were identified to be related to lipid and fat metabolism on one hand and to immunoglobulin receptor activity and IgE binding thereby on the other thereby indicating global dysregulation of fat metabolism and compromise in immune defense mechanism(s) within the hepatocyte by TNF-α. Pathway analysis revealed “biosynthesis of steroids” to be most effected. All these indicate TNF-α to be significantly altering the transcriptome profiling within HepG2 cells with genes involved in lipid and steroid metabolism being the most favoured and this could explain one of the underlying mechanisms of TNF-α action in the liver.

High-Fat, High-Sucrose, and High-Cholesterol Diets Accelerate Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Tumor-Bearing Mice

Epidemiological studies indicate that the risk factors for the development of various cancers are closely associated with metabolic symptoms such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance caused by the excess consumption of high-calorie diets. However, the mechanisms of tumor growth and metastasis caused by feeding a high-calorie diet have not been clarified yet in tumor-bearing mice. In this study, we examined the effects of a high-fat (HF), a high-sucrose (HS), a high-cholesterol (HC) or a low-fat/low-sucrose (LF/LS) diet on tumor growth and metastasis in tumor-bearing mice. Angiogenic factors such as plasma leptin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were increased after the implantation of tumors, whereas conversely, an antiangiogenic factor, adiponectin, was reduced after the implantation of tumors in mice fed the HF, the HS, or the HC diet compared to LF/LS diet. Furthermore, we found that vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor-1α and MCP-1 expression levels in tumors of mice fed the HF, the HS, or the HC diet were increased compared to those of mice fed the LF/LS diet. These findings suggest that the acceleration of tumor growth and metastasis by feeding the 3 diets may be due to the increase of angiogenic factors and the reduction of antiangiogenic factors.