Crayfish Consumption Research Articles

Determination of Bisphenol A and its analogues in crayfish by UPLC-MS/MS and the assessment of dietary exposure of adults in Tianjin

Bisphenol A (BPA), an identified environmental endocrine disruptor, is under strict control due to its biotoxic effects. Alternatives to BPA, including Bisphenol F (BPF) and Bisphenol S (BPS), are progressively being developed and extensively utilized, with their potential health risks attracting heightened scrutiny. The objective of this study was to assess the exposure levels of BPA and its analogues (BPs) in crayfish and to evaluate the health effects related to crayfish consumption. Consequently, a robust ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the identification and quantification of BPs in crayfish. Furthermore, 96 crayfish samples purchased in Tianjin were obtained for analysis. The detection rate of BPA was 86.5 % in crayfish, with the maximum concentration of 31.3 µg/kg. BPS was found in 26.0 % of the samples, with the highest concentration at 33.1 μg/kg. Additionally, the levels of BPs in both abdominal muscle and hepatopancreas of the crayfish were determined. The results revealed a significantly higher concentration of BPA in the hepatopancreas compared to the abdominal muscle (P < 0.05). The total dietary intake of BPA through crayfish consumption was far below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 4 μg/kg body weight/day, suggesting minimal health risk associated with BPs exposure from crayfish consumption.

The effect of temperature on feeding and growth of australian redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Parastacidae)

The effect of temperature on feed intake and growth of juvenile Australian redclaw crayfish Cherax quadicarinatus was studied by individual observations. Three temperatures were studied: 19–20°C, 23–24°C and 27–28°C. Tetra Wafer Mix compound was used as feed. The duration of the experiment was 60 days. The correlation of feed intake with temperature, weight of juveniles and molting was shown. At the beginning of the experiment, the feed consumption of crayfish with a weight of less than 0,5 g was 2,7% at a temperature 19–20°C; 4,8% for 23–24°C and 5,3% for 27–28°C of the individual’s weight per day. At the end of the experiment, in juveniles weighing more than 2,5 g, the feed consumption for variants 23–24°C and 27–28°C was 1,5% and 2,1%, respectively. The growth rate depended on temperature and at 19–20°C was 3–4 times lower than in the other two versions of the experiment. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the range of 23–28°C is within the temperature range optimal for cultivating juveniles. The temperature of 19–20°C does not ensure effective growth of juveniles, however, at this temperature the release of juveniles into ponds is possible.

Parabens and triclosan in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from China: Concentrations, tissue distribution and related human dietary intake risk

Parabens (PBs) and triclosan (TCS) are commonly found in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). As a result, they have been extensively found in the environment, particularly in aquaculture operations. Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) consumption has significantly risen in China. Nevertheless, the levels of PBs and TCS in this species and the associated risk to human dietary intake remain undisclosed. This study assessed the amounts of five PBs, i.e., methyl-paraben (MeP), ethyl-paraben (EtP), propyl-paraben (PrP), butyl-paraben (BuP) and benzyl-paraben (BzP), as well as TCS in crayfish taken from five provinces of the middle-lower Yangtze River. MeP, PrP and TCS showed the highest detection rates (hepatopancreas: 46–86 %; muscle: 63–77 %) since they are commonly used in PPCPs. Significantly higher levels of ∑5PBs (median: 3.69 ng/g) and TCS (median: 7.27 ng/g) were significantly found in the hepatopancreas compared to the muscle (median: 0.39 ng/g for ∑5PBs and 0.16 ng/g for TCS) (p < 0.05), indicating bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the hepatopancreas. The estimated daily intake values of ∑5PBs and TCS calculated from the median concentrations of crayfish were 6.44–7.94 ng/kg bw/day and 11.4–14.0 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Although no health risk was predicted from consuming crayfish (HQ <1), consumption of the hepatopancreas is not recommended.

Surveillance for rhabdomyolysis after the consumption of crayfish in Wuhan, China, 2016-2022.

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and etiology of crayfish-related rhabdomyolysis. Cases of crayfish-related rhabdomyolysis in Wuhan were monitored, and professional training of city's surveillance personnel was conducted. Unified questionnaires were used to collect data. The first case of crayfish-related rhabdomyolysis occurred on July 12, 2016. Subsequently, 423 patients were reported over the next 7 years, with muscle pain, weakness, and chest distress as main symptoms. In total, 64.54% (273/423) of patients were females, and young adults (aged 20-49 years) account for 86.22% (363/423) of patients. The primary clinical presentations were muscle pain, muscle weakness, and chest discomfort. The median incubation time was 6 h. And the number of cases may be related to water levels in Yangzi river. Laboratory tests revealed elevated creatine kinase and myoglobin levels. In total, 95.16% (236/248) of patients had consumed crayfish tail shrimp and 91.53% (227/248) had consumed crayfish liver and pancreas (Female crayfish also contain ovaries). Only 25.00% (62/248) of patients had a history of alcohol consumption. On average, 227 patients consumed 15 (3-50) crayfish, of whom 84.14% (191/227) consumed more than 10 crayfish. All patients had a favorable prognosis. Crayfish-related rhabdomyolysis is a kind of a case or cluster of patients present with severe myalgia or weakness of unknown etiology and mechanism disease in Wuhan, China, 2016-2022. Excessive consumption of crayfish may be a risk factor for the disease. The relationship between the specific parts of crayfish consumed and the onset of the disease is unclear, suggesting further research is needed to identify the relevant risk factors for the disease.

Occurrence and health risks of heavy metals in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from Jiangsu province, China

Concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in crayfish from Jiangsu province, China, were measured and their health risks were evaluated. For crayfish from both crayfish-rice culture system (CRCS) and crayfish intensive culture system (CICS), concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in whole body of crayfish (WB) were significantly higher than those in abdominal muscle of crayfish (AM), while concentration of Hg in WB was significantly lower than that in AM. No significant difference in concentrations of the heavy metals was found between CRCS and CICS. Concentrations of the heavy metals in AM from both systems were below the limit set by the national standard of China. Estimated daily intake values of the heavy metals were far below the provisional tolerable daily intakes set by Joint FAO/WHO committee on Food Additives, and the corresponding hazard quotient and hazard index were below one. Therefore, consumption of crayfish with the average daily consumption rate (DCR) could be generally regarded as safe. For the consumption with two more times of average DCR during peak season, there might be a potential health risk from intakes of As and Hg in abdominal muscle of crayfish.Graphical

Exposure, bioaccumulation, and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in crayfish in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), a novel class of persistent pollutants, are widely distributed in the environment, and their potential health risks have garnered significant global attention in recent years. Crayfish is a popular freshwater crustacean product in China primarily sourced from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The purpose of this study was to investigate the exposure levels of OPFRs in crayfish, assess the health and safety risks associated with crayfish consumption, and explore the bioaccumulation of OPFRs in environmental water and sediment on crayfish. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was employed to analyze 7 common OPFRs in 106 crayfish samples and 76 environmental samples. The results revealed that OPFRs were detected at a high frequency of 100 % in crayfish, with tripropyl phosphate (TPP) being the predominant pollutant found in edible portions while also exhibiting secondary contamination within the crayfish food chain. Monte Carlo modeling combined with @risk risk assessment software demonstrated that TPP present in crayfish muscles had the most substantial impact on health effects, however, overall OPFR exposure did not pose significant risks to human health. Furthermore, analysis of OPFRs bioenrichment ability indicated that crayfish predominantly accumulated these compounds within their edible parts from surrounding environmental water sources, particularly highlighting TPP's potential for bioaccumulation.

Temperature affects predation of schistosome-competent snails by a novel invader, the marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis.

The human burden of environmentally transmitted infectious diseases can depend strongly on ecological factors, including the presence or absence of natural enemies. The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) is a novel invasive species that can tolerate a wide range of ecological conditions and colonize diverse habitats. Marbled crayfish first appeared in Madagascar in 2005 and quickly spread across the country, overlapping with the distribution of freshwater snails that serve as the intermediate host of schistosomiasis-a parasitic disease of poverty with human prevalence ranging up to 94% in Madagascar. It has been hypothesized that the marbled crayfish may serve as a predator of schistosome-competent snails in areas where native predators cannot and yet no systematic study to date has been conducted to estimate its predation rate on snails. Here, we experimentally assessed marbled crayfish consumption of uninfected and infected schistosome-competent snails (Biomphalaria glabrata and Bulinus truncatus) across a range of temperatures, reflective of the habitat range of the marbled crayfish in Madagascar. We found that the relationship between crayfish consumption and temperature is unimodal with a peak at ~27.5°C. Per-capita consumption increased with body size and was not affected either by snail species or their infectious status. We detected a possible satiation effect, i.e., a small but significant reduction in per-capita consumption rate over the 72-hour duration of the predation experiment. Our results suggest that ecological parameters, such as temperature and crayfish weight, influence rates of consumption and, in turn, the potential impact of the marbled crayfish invasion on snail host populations.

The Accumulation of Toxic Elements (Pb, Hg, Cd, As, and Cu) in Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in Qianjiang and the Associated Risks to Human Health.

Due to rapidly expanding crayfish consumption worldwide, the food safety of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is of great concern. China is the largest consumer and producer of crayfish globally. As of yet, it is unknown whether the main crayfish production cities in China are within safe levels of toxic heavy metals and metalloids. For 16 consecutive years, Qianjiang city ranked first in China in processing export volumes of red swamp crayfish. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the enrichment levels and associated health risks of the species in Qianjiang. In our research, samples of four crayfish tissues, including the head, hepatopancreas, gills, and muscles, were collected from 38 sampling sites distributed in Qianjiang to evaluate the concentration levels of five heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, As, and Cu). The concentration levels of all five metals in muscle did not surpass the national standard. Furthermore, eight significant correlations have been found. For further in-depth assess risk of crayfish in Qianjiang, estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), carcinogenic risk (CR), and estimated maximum allowable consumption rates (CRmm) were evaluated in the abdomen muscle and hepatopancreas. The THQ values for each metal were found to be less than 1, while the CR values were below 10-6. Additionally, the CRmm for adults was determined to be 17.2 meals per month. These findings, based on the analysis of five metallic elements included in this study, suggest that the consumption of crayfish abdomen muscle in Qianjiang does not pose any significant health risks. However, it is noteworthy that certain regions exhibit elevated levels of arsenic in the hepatopancreas, surpassing the national standard, thereby rendering them unsuitable for excessive consumption. In general, the findings can be used to provide guidance for safe dietary practices in China.

Trace elements in crayfish from China: Tissue concentrations, spatial distribution and health risk assessment

The rising consumption of crayfish may lead to the accumulation of essential and toxic trace elements, but relative health risk via crayfish ingestion is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the concentrations and health risks of eight trace elements in crayfish from five different provinces in China, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and selenium (Se). The results showed that trace element levels in crayfish abdominal muscle samples were below limits set by the Chinese food safety standard, whereas 87.9% (51/58) of hepatopancreas samples exceeded the limits. Trace elements in hepatopancreas were generally more abundant than in abdominal muscle (P < 0.001). The highest target hazard quotient (THQ) of As, Cd and Cu in hepatopancreas were 4.589, 1.268 and 1.380, respectively. The probabilistic risk assessment showed that the 95th percentile of THQ value for As in hepatopancreas was 3.240. These findings implied that consuming crayfish hepatopancreas may have a non-carcinogenic health risk. Thus, protective measures should be carried out to reduce trace elements pollution in crayfish cultivating regions.

Seasonal Changes in the Diet of Urban Raccoon Dogs in Saitama, Eastern Japan

We examined the food habits of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) at an urban high school in Saitama, Japan. The study place is surrounded by residential areas but is adjacent to a pond. Fecal samples (n = 126) were collected from January to December 2022 and analyzed using the point frame method. Fecal composition was diverse in winter, including leaves, fruits, seeds, and artificial materials. In spring, the proportion of Japanese toads (Bufo japonicus formosus) and insects increased, whereas in summer, proportion of hackberry (Celtis sinensis) fruits, insects, and red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) increased. In autumn, fruits of hackberry and muku tree (Aphananthe aspera) were predominant. Consumption of toads and swamp crayfish suggests that the raccoon dogs are opportunistic feeders. We recovered seeds from only ten species, including fruits from five wild plants; these numbers were lower than those reported previously in rural areas of the same district, where raspberries (Rubus spp.), mulberries (Morus spp.), and Eurya japonica have often been recovered at great proportions. A wide range of artificial materials were recovered but in low quantities. These results reflect the characteristics of the study area, which is an urbanized environment with limited trees and adjacent to a pond.

Trace elements in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China: Spatiotemporal variation and human health implications

The enrichment and health risk assessment of trace elements in crayfish on a national scale are significant for food safety due to the rapidly expanding crayfish consumption in China. In the present study, 4709 samples were extracted from databases to explore the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of trace elements in crayfish. Due to the variance in the background value of trace elements, the level of trace elements varies by region. Additionally, levels of As and Cr in crayfish increased with the promotion of intensive rice-crayfish coculture in China. Health risk assessment results revealed that trace elements may cause non-carcinogenic risk for crayfish consumption for adults and children from the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the main risk was from As and Hg. The cancer risk values of As for children and adults in Zhejiang, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Shandong provinces were above the allowable value. There is concern about the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of consuming crayfish containing trace elements in some areas in China. Therefore, the results can serve as a critical reference for policy purposes in China. In addition, it is recommended that further research and assessment on crayfish consumption are required.

Estimation of contamination level in microplastic-exposed crayfish by laser confocal micro-Raman imaging

Crayfish is one of the most important freshwater aquaculture species in China. The potential risks of crayfish consumption caused by environmental microplastic pollution have attracted much attention. In this study, a total of 72 crayfish samples were exposed to the microplastic concentrations of 1 mg/L, 3 mg/L, and 9 mg/L for 7, 14, and 28 days, and microplastic contamination levels in crayfish were then explored by laser confocal micro-Raman (LCM-Raman) imaging and scanning electron microscope (SEM). LCM-Raman imaging showed better performance in microplastics identification. Besides, the average percentage of the contaminated area in visualized LCM-Raman images was used to quantitatively assess contamination levels. Following 28 days of exposure to 9 mg/L microplastics, microplastic accumulation reached about 13,000 particles per crayfish. The results confirmed that LCM-Raman imaging combined with image processing technology could be used to construct a high-performance analytical strategy for the assessment of microplastic contamination in crayfish.

Health risk assessment of perchlorate and chlorate in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China

Perchlorate and chlorate are both strong oxidants and thyroid toxicants that are widely distributed in soil, water and human foods. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a common aquatic organism that is popular in Chinese culinary dishes. Dietary intake is the main route of human exposure to perchlorate and chlorate, though the health risks of crayfish consumption are unknown. Thus, this study investigated the quantities of perchlorate and chlorate in red swap crayfish from sampling sites in five provinces located near the Yangtze River in China, along with the associated health risks of consuming this species. Perchlorate was detected in 55.6–100 % of crayfish samples in each sampling location, and chlorate was found in 100 % of samples cross all sites. Concentrations of perchlorate in crayfish from upstream provinces (Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi) were higher than those from downstream provinces (Anhui and Jiangsu). Perchlorate and chlorate concentrations were positively correlated in crayfish, suggesting that chlorate may be a degradation byproduct of perchlorate. The quantities of both pollutants in hepatopancreas tissue were higher than in muscle tissues (p < 0.05), such that we do not recommend ingesting crayfish hepatopancreas. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for chlorate in crayfish were <1 across all provinces, suggesting no potential health risk of chlorate exposure through crayfish consumption. However, perchlorate concentrations in crayfish from the Jiangxi province had an associated HQ value >1, suggesting potential risks for human health. These results will be useful in informing mitigation measures aimed at reducing perchlorate exposure associated with crayfish consumption.

Assessment of some trace elements accumulation in Karst lake sediment and Procambarus clarkii, in Guizhou province, China

Lake wetland quality has decreased with the elevated concentrations of some trace elements. The consumption of crayfish in the trace elements concentrated lake wetland can be a hazard for the waterbirds and human health. Thus, the bioaccumulations of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediments and abdominal muscles of Procambarus clarkii in Caohai lake wetland, China were quantified. Sediment-bound Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn were remarkably elevated compared to the parent rock, while 64.71–94.12% of adverse effect index in sediment-bound Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn were > 1. Abdominal muscle-bound Cd, Pb and Zn in several samples were all above the maximum permissible limits. Pb, Zn and Ni in abdominal muscles were significantly linked with those in sediments (R2 =0.60–0.89, p < 0.01) and lake sediment might be the important feed sources of P. clarkii. Target hazard quotients of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn at the 95th percentile was all below the benchmark, normal consumption of the abdominal muscle of P. clarkii posed low or no probabilistic health risk to the Grus nigricollis and local inhabitants.

A Multi-Medium Analysis of Human Health Risk of Toxic Elements in Rice-Crayfish System: A Case Study from Middle Reach of Yangtze River, China.

Rice-crayfish system has been extensively promoted in China in recent years. However, the presence of toxic elements in soil may threaten the quality of agricultural products. In this study, eight toxic elements were determined in multi-medium including soil, rice, and crayfish from the rice-crayfish system (RCS) and conventional rice culture (CRC) area. Crayfish obtained a low level of toxic element content, and mercury (Hg) in rice from RCS showed the highest bioavailability and mobility. Health risk assessment, coupled with Monte Carlo simulation, revealed that the dietary exposure to arsenic (As) and Hg from rice and crayfish consumption was the primary factor for non-carcinogenic risk, while Cd and As were the dominant contributors to the high carcinogenic risk of rice intake for adults and children, respectively. Based on the estimated probability distribution, the probabilities of the total cancer risk (TCR) of rice intake for children from RCS were lower than that from CRC.

Investigation of Bioaccumulation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) Farming with a Rice-Crayfish-Based Coculture Breeding Modes.

Due to the rapid development of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) industry in Chinese catering, people are paying more attention to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in crayfish. To evaluate the health risks associated with the consumption of crayfish, nine types of heavy metals in both crayfish and abdominal muscles of crayfish were investigated. Crayfish samples were collected from rice-crayfish-based coculture breeding modes from different areas located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The average concentrations of heavy metals in the whole crayfish were much higher than the abdominal muscle of crayfish. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of heavy metals in the abdomen of crayfish was calculated to assess the noncarcinogenic risk and the overall noncarcinogenic risk including the target hazard quotient (THQ), the hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The results of the present study showed that the consumption of crayfish may not present an obvious health risk to human associated with heavy metals. However, the THQ values of As in the abdominal muscles of crayfish for adults in EnShi (ES) and children in JiaYu (JY) should be of concern due to the higher contribution to the potential health risks of crayfish compared to other metals. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detection of heavy metal As, it is found that As in crayfish culture environment mainly exists in the form of As3+.Therefore, the quality and quantity of crayfish consumption should be moderated to prevent the bioaccumulation of As. The results indicate that crayfish cultured in different areas may have similar pollution levels and/or emissions from the same pollution sources.

Dietary Intake, Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Potentials of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Arsenic Exposure via Consumption of Dried Crayfish in Calabar, Nigeria

Intense pressure from both onshore and offshore oil exploration and exploitation activities, together with the accompanying urbanization and industrialization has resulted in massive contamination of land and water resources in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Whereas crayfish is very sensitive to contaminant in the aquatic environment and constitute an important part of human diet, its quality and safety from environmental pollutant is of serious health concern. Evaluation of dietary intake, potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic exposure via consumption of dried crayfish purchased from major markets in Calabar, Nigeria was carried out between June and August 2021. Thirty-six composite samples of dried crayfish purchased from 180 vendors were used for the study. Heavy metals concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model AA-6800, Japan) after wet digestion. Metals concentrations (Mg/kg) were of the ranges 0.02 - 0.24, 0.14 - 0.86, 0.32 - 0.72, 0.04 - 0.19 for Pb, Cd, Hg and As respectively. The mean content of cadmium and mercury exceeded FAO/ WHO and Commission of European Communities maximum levels for crustaceans. Average Estimated Daily Intake for each of the metals was found to be above the recommended daily intake level except for arsenic. The average estimated daily intake values for Cd and Hg were also above the tolerable upper intake level. Average Target Hazard Quotient of all the metals and Hazard Index of all the markets were below 1.00. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk of the metals was greater than the standard tolerable regulatory risk (10-4) for carcinogens. Consumption of crayfish purchased from major markets in Calabar could pose a range of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks.

STUDI PERBANDINGAN SHELTER TERHADAP RESPON PASCA PRODUKSI LARVA LOBSTER PASIR Panulirus homarus PADA KONTAINER SISTEM RESIRKULASI

Sand lobster (Panulirus homarus) is a commodity with high economic value. The demand for sea crayfish consumption continues to increase from year to year. This is due to the decreasing availability of lobster and its effect on activities in catching lobster in the wild. Many lobster cultivation efforts have been carried out in an effort to meet the demand for lobster. This study aims to analyze the effect of the use of individual square shelters and PVC pipes on the post-production response of sand lobster Panulirus homarus in a recirculation system container. This research had been carried out from December 2020 to July 2021 at the Aquaculture Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Satya Negara Indonesia. This experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of three and each treatment had four replications. The treatments consist of: Treatment A: PVC pipe shelter; Treatment B: Individual Shelter; Treatment C: Control (without shelter). The use of different number of shelters has an effect on survival, specific growth rate, carapace length and feed conversion ratio of sand lobster post larvae. Treatment A gave the best production performance with survival, carapace length and feed conversion ratio of 88.89%±19.24a, 95.76±2.43 mm, 104.02±11.49 mm, and 6 ,7 ± 0.1 g/day. Keywords: Sand Lobster (Panulirus homarus), Shelter, Recirculation System, Growth

Application of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Rhabdomyolysis.

Early diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyolysis are very important, but difficult to achieve for some atypical cases. Our study was aimed at determining the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in rhabdomyolysis caused by different factors. The study enrolled 50 patients with rhabdomyolysis diagnosed in our hospital. Among the 50 cases (mean age=38.4 y, 22 women) of rhabdomyolysis, 26 cases (mean age=35.5 y, 8 women) were induced by exercise. During the patients' first visit, 5 cases (mean age=30.6 y, 1 woman) were suspected of having rhabdomyolysis and were diagnosed by clinicians; 12 cases (mean age=34.8 y, 5 women) were correctly diagnosed under ultrasound; and 9 cases (mean age=39.2 y, 2 women) were misdiagnosed. Ultrasound did not play a critical role in 24 patients (mean age=41.5 y, 14 women) with rhabdomyolysis caused by trauma, infection, crayfish consumption, drugs, alcohol and heat stroke. We then concluded that exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis is a common type of rhabdomyolysis. Ultrasonography plays an important role in the early diagnosis of exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis but has limited value in the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis caused by other etiologies.

Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Procambarus clarkii from six provinces of China.

Contamination with heavy metals in wild red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from 7 different geographical areas in six provinces of China (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shandong) was evaluated. Concentrations of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in the abdominal muscle, gonad, and hepatopancreas were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). Except for the Cd content in the hepatopancreas, the contents of selected heavy metals in three different tissues were significantly lower than the proposed limits provided by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The maximum accumulations of Cd and Pb were in the hepatopancreas, while the maximum accumulation of As was in the gonad, and the maximum accumulations of Hg and Cr were in the abdominal muscle. The highest contents of Cr, Hg, and Pb were all detected in Dongting Lake, Hunan, which was consistent with the trend of the metal pollution index (MPI). Risk value of the target hazard quotient (THQ) was below 1.0, suggesting that the intake of selected heavy metals through crayfish consumption would not pose a significant health risk to consumers.