Consumption Of Consumer Goods Research Articles

INFLATION TARGETING OF THE NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article presents the results of achieving a stable level of inflation in the medium term, which is a fundamental factor in sustainable economic growth. Since 2015, the National Bank has been pursuing monetary policy in the inflation targeting regime with a floating tenge exchange rate, hence inflation targeting is a monetary policy regime in which price stability is the ultimate goal. An important role in the inflation targeting regime is played by the interest rate channel, through which the central bank's interest rate policy affects market rates with further transfer to the consumer, savings, and investment behavior of the population, and, ultimately, to inflationary processes. The analysis shows that the dynamics of inflationary processes in Kazakhstan is significantly influenced by the import of goods, the share of which in consumption has not changed for several years. Thus, over the past 5 years, the share of imports in the consumption of consumer goods has fluctuated on average within 33-42%. The largest number of imported goods can be traced in the consumption of non-food products, the share of which increased from 63% in 2015 to 93% in 2019. At the same time, the share of imports in food consumption increased from 16% in 2015 to 18% in 2019.

Production and consumption of consumer goods as an object of geographical research

Production and consumption of consumer goods as an object of geographical research

Letter From the Editor

Letter From the Editor Christopher Gaffney 親愛的同事們, A few years ago I was wandering through the Saara region of Rio de Janeiro in the late afternoon and stopped to have an esfiha in a traditional Syrian eatery. The young girl behind the counter was clearly Han Chinese and spoke just enough Portuguese to facilitate our transaction. As I was happily munching away, I looked down a row of stores selling the myriad shimmering and feathery things necessary for Carnaval. The stores were closing and each metal curtain was pulled down by a young Chinese person. From the parking garages emerged a series of rather expensive cars driven by Chinese patresfamilias, the new dons of the Carnaval trade in Rio. This insignificant moment in Rio's vibrant commercial district got me thinking about the ways in which Latin America and China are interconnected beyond the production and consumption of consumer goods. The retreat of the United States fro the region has opened opportunities for Chinese investment in infrastructure, technology, and political interaction. A number of academic journals have produced special issues that explore the relationships between Latin America and China but none have taken the explicitly geographic perspective that we offer in this Special Issue on China and Latin American Relations. Our guest editors Julie Klinger and Tom Narins have worked closely with Associate Editor Jorn Seemann to bring together a wonderful array of stories, perspectives, and ideas that give us ample food for thought about this enduring and dynamic interchange. As part of our ongoing efforts to modernize and expand the reach of JLAG, we have included Chinese abstracts for the first time. We hope that this will allow the journal to reach new audiences and stimulate interchange between Latin American and Chinese geographers. Additionally, we continue to direct ever more resources to editing and production and continue to seek avenues for innovation and engagement with geographers throughout the Americas and beyond. It is fitting, therefore, that this is the first issue of JLAG that will be published under the aegis of the "new CLAG." The removal of the "ista" nomenclature from CLAG was an overdue recognition that the organization is not only a home for North American geographers who study Latin America, but rather a place of encounter and exchange between and for all Latin American Geographers regardless of origin or residence. As the Conference of Latin American Geography approaches its 50th year, the editorial team at JLAG would like to renew our call to all of our Latin American colleagues to contribute to the growth of the journal through which we can foster debate, promote change, and develop lasting relationships. 好利潤! [End Page 5] Christopher Gaffney Editor-in-Chief Copyright © 2018 Distributed by the University of Texas Press

Egyptian consumers' willingness to pay for carbon-labeled products: A contingent valuation analysis of socio-economic factors

Carbon emissions from products contribute to anthropogenic climate change. Because of the growing concern over the environmental impact of production and consumption of consumer goods, carbon footprint information started to appear on labels of several products. In this paper we use both parametric and non-parametric econometric models in order to estimate Egyptian consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for carbon-labeled products. Contingent valuation methods based on log-logistic, log-normal and Weibull regression models revealed that consumers in Egypt are willing to pay a price premium of approximately 75 Egyptian pounds (EP) for carbon-labeled products based on the single-bound dichotomous choice (SBDC) model and up to 90 EP based on the double-bound dichotomous choice (DBDC) model. From a socio-economic perspective, results have also revealed that income, age, gender, and educational level have a significant influence on the respondent's WTP. Implications of this study highlight the fact that understanding consumers' preferences for eco-friendly products may play an important role in formulating environmental policy changes to face complex problems as diverse as environmental pollution or global climate change.

Smuggling Silks into Eighteenth-Century Britain: Geography, Perpetrators, and Consumers

AbstractAs part of protectionist policy in eighteenth-century Britain, imported silks were banned from being sold. Although it is known that bans on imported textiles were widely broken, there have been few systematic studies of the contraband trade in silks. Using customs' records, this article shows how smuggling supplied the demand for imported consumer goods. The illegal trade in silk was diverse, bringing in a variety of products from Asia and Europe. The evidence supports a market segmentation analysis of the different products and their consumers. The trade with Asia supplied “populuxe goods” in the form of handkerchiefs that appealed to a broad, middling customer base. These were brought into the country by the East India Company's trading network. By contrast, continental Europe provided contraband for the high-fashion market. These silks were distributed in more informal and personal ways—travelers and diplomats being the main offenders. The official response to these black markets differed, with silks from Europe posing particular problems for enforcement. Finally, this article provides a reassessment of the transnational influences—specifically the relative importance of Asia and Europe—on production and consumption of consumer goods in Britain.

From local gardens to the national market: the case of cut flowers in Kathmandu

Emerging economies develop unevenly, with comparatively small and mostly urban areas being the centre of most development and the place of accommodation for those benefiting from it. In Nepal, a landlocked country graduating from least developed country status, that space is provided almost entirely by central Kathmandu, the capital city. It is there that consumption of consumer goods acquired commercially takes place almost completely. As a middle class emerges, it tends to aspire towards the professionalisation of important family-based rituals, such as weddings and births, as well as religious celebrations. In this situation, cut flowers represent a genuine commercial opportunity as these rituals are professionalised on a seasonal, at least partly predictable pattern. This paper examines how small-scale operations might come to participate in such a commercial sector and what problems and constraints they face in so doing. The result is an exposition of market development in an emerging market.

Estimating municipal solid waste generation by different activities and various resident groups: A case study of Beijing

Reliable and accurate determinations of the quantities and composition of wastes is required for the planning of municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. A model, based on the interrelationships of expenditure on consumer goods, time distribution, daily activities, residents groups, and waste generation, was developed and employed to estimate MSW generation by different activities and resident groups in Beijing. The principle is that MSW is produced by consumption of consumer goods by residents in their daily activities: ‘Maintenance’ (meeting the basic needs of food, housing and personal care), ‘Subsistence’ (providing the financial requirements) and ‘Leisure’ (social and recreational pursuits) activities. Three series of important parameters – waste generation per unit of consumer expenditure, consumer expenditure distribution to activities in unit time, and time assignment to activities by different resident groups – were determined using a statistical analysis, a sampling survey and the Analytic Hierarchy Process, respectively. Data for analysis were obtained from the Beijing Statistical Yearbook (2004–2008) and questionnaire survey. The results reveal that ‘Maintenance’ activity produced the most MSW, distantly followed by ‘Leisure’ and ‘Subsistence’ activities. In 2008, in descending order of MSW generation the different resident groups were floating population, non-civil servants, retired people, civil servants, college students (including both undergraduates and graduates), primary and secondary students, and preschoolers. The new estimation model, which was successful in fitting waste generation by different activities and resident groups over the investigated years, was amenable to MSW prediction.

A New Nation of Goods: The Material Culture of Early America (review)

A New Nation of Goods: The Material Culture of Early America. By David Jaffee. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010. Pp. 400. Cloth, $45.00.)Reviewed by Wendy A. WolosonA New Nation of Goods is the latest contribution to a growing body of scholarship dedicated to American material from the 1790s to the 1850s. David Jaffee's book documents the material objects and creators that together worked as agents of change, driving the and material transformations that paved the way for mass consumption before the Civil War. Focusing on New England towns in Massachusetts and Connecticut, the author richly details how, like their urban counterparts, Americans living in the hinterlands had serious material aspirations that fulfilled by a group of talented local artisans.Each sprawling chapter begins with a different object, moving us through time, generations, and significant market transformations. The book opens with a deep analysis of two eighteenth-century portrait paintings of the Ebenezer Devotions Sr. and Jr., illustrating the shifts in education, religion, craftsmanship, authority, and regional culture from one generation to the next. The paintings depict the intellectual authority of the clergyman and its displacement by the economic authority of the ascendant merchant, the father's extensive library in the background of his portrait replaced by a quill pen and open account book in the foreground of his son's portrait.The following chapter on the Village Enlightenment documents these shifts in greater detail. The object lesson here is Marlborough, Massachusetts resident Silas Felton's Franklinesque manuscript autobiography, which, among other things, expresses his keen desire to read books all day, rejecting the of farming into which he was born. For ambitious young men, the country's increasing access to print exposed them to ideas that themselves agents of change and inspired their readers, already primed and anxious for experiences, to be the agents of change through the production and consumption of consumer goods. This new group of lesser lights, the rising men and women of the post-Revolutionary gentry, according to Jaffee, eager to engage in the project of improving their persons, their houses, and their villages (96).The process of cultural integration and hybridization (145) that took place in newly cosmopolitan communities could not have been possible without material adaptation and invention. Clocks perhaps best exemplify the transformation of consumer during this time. Finely crafted precision objects that occupied valuable domestic real estate, tall case clocks the ultimate status symbols in upper-class households. By the first decades of the nineteenth century, artisan-entrepreneurs such as Eli Terry fundamentally changed their design, exchanging expensive brass workings for standardized wooden parts, assembling them using efficient divisions of labor, and making them mantle-sized to accommodate more modest household budgets and the logistical needs of the people who peddled them.Indeed, itinerant peddlers' ability to easily transport clocks (and tinware, books, and fancy goods) was crucial to their commercial success. Itinerants, Jaffee writes, were at the center of the process of commercialization, facilitating the shift from local exchange, fostering the expansion of production in the countryside, and expanding the role of commodities in everyday life (157). Peddlers distributed more widely the production of rural artisans and brought into the hinterlands products from cities that came from across the Atlantic. Itinerants encouraged their customers to consume beyond necessities, educated them about the latest fashions, and promoted the transforming properties of goods (157).In order to meet consumer demand, craftsmen applied manufacturing efficiencies to their work to increase production and offer a choice of styles and prices. …

The Consumption of Rental Property: Gloucestershire Plebeians and the Market Economy, 1750-1860

Economy, I750-I860 In recent years, historians have come to rely on wills and probate inventories for the study of such diverse subjects as economic structure, inheritance practices, the mass consumption of consumer goods, and patterns of religious belief. Scholars have generally favored working with inventories because, as formal lists of the monetary values of personal assets at the death of a testator, this source seems to lend itself more completely to systematic analysis. Wills, in contrast, are narrative documents that by their qualitative nature may render systematic study more difficult. Spufford once complained that local historians often avoided using wills because they regarded such documents as the preserve of genealogists.1