Chemical Consumption Research Articles

Studies on the ssDNA-Based Biosensor Regeneration and Miniaturization for Electrochemical Detection of miRNAs

Abstract One of the most significant disadvantages of biosensing systems is the limited possibility of their regeneration, which only allows for their single use for detection of most targets. The reduction of biosensor fabrication cost could thus be achieved by elaboration of protocol providing the highest recovery of sensing layer response. A further drop of production expenses could yield the biosensor miniaturization as it leads to consumption of chemicals required for receptor layer formation as well as execution of measurements. To address the above-mentioned challenges, we aimed to find the most adequate method of regeneration of single-stranded DNA-based layers specific to miRNA 141 molecule which elevated concentration might refer to progression of cancer. The studies indicated that 5 min. incubation of ssDNA-modified electrode in 4 M urea provided the highest response towards miRNA 141 among all tested regeneration procedures. Furthermore, the possibility of ssDNA immobilization on was shown. This enabled miRNA 141 detection within 0.1 nM – 1 µM concentration range with high selectivity. Moreover, ssDNA layers elaborated on miniaturized transducers were distinguished with sufficient stability after 24 h storage in 20 mM PBS and could be also regenerated using 4 M urea.

Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review

Oil and gas refineries are highly water-intensive industrial settings, with effluent containing a significant level of pollution stemming from diverse organic and inorganic compounds. Besides adhering to discharge standards for industrial effluent, incorporating treated oil refinery effluent (ORE) into the production cycle can play a pivotal role in curbing water consumption. In recent years, there has been research into different approaches to reclaiming ORE. Yet, selecting treatment methods that are technically, economically, and environmentally effective is crucial to preventing resource waste. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the last two decades of literature on methods and technologies used for ORE treatment. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 82 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.86. The included studies were of biological treatment (n = 27), physicochemical processes (n = 12), advanced purification processes (n = 16), membrane-based technologies (n = 15), and green technologies (n = 13). This comprehensive review showed that the advanced membrane-based techniques are effective in the removal of pollutants from ORE for several reasons, such as reducing the consumption of chemicals, high efficiency, and ease of setup and maintenance. However, combined methods with a focus on membrane-based processes (e.g. UF-RO) are the most promising options for the reclamation of ORE. Since some effluent treatment methods require the use of chemicals and energy to run, future research should focus on environmentally friendly methods and the use of renewable energy.

Extraction of high-quality moso bamboo fibers by enzyme/alkali synergistic mechanism

As an emerging non-wood resource, moso bamboo has attracted extensive attention because of its short growth cycle and high holocellulose content. However, the internal structure of moso bamboo is more compact than that of wood, leading to higher chemical consumption during the pulping process, which greatly reduces the quality of the extracted fibers. Herein, an innovative pulping system including enzymes and alkali is proposed to achieve higher-quality extraction of moso bamboo fibers. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of high-temperature and alkali-resistant cellulase, xylanase, and laccase, supplemented with alkaline pulping, adequate retention and softening of moso bamboo fibers were ultimately achieved. The sample treated with an enzyme/alkali system resulted in a relative increase in fiber length of 7.19 % and a 31.26 % increase in beating efficiency over alkaline pulping. In addition, the tensile index and tearing index of the paper treated with the enzyme/alkali system reached 50.17 N·m·g−1 and 9.12 mN·m2·g−1, which were 22.52 % and 20.53 % higher than those of the alkaline pulping, respectively. This work provides new insights into the production of high-performance moso bamboo fibers and paper with low energy and alkali consumption.

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The cover illustrates electrochemical recycling advancements for lithium‐ion batteries, showcasing a selective recovery process for valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. This approach focuses on reducing environmental impact by minimizing chemical usage and energy consumption. We emphasize the importance of sustainable technologies to enhance resource recovery, critical for supporting the energy transition and addressing resource scarcity. image

Demonstration scale treatment of drainage canal water in the Nile Delta through a combination of facultative lagoons and hybrid constructed wetlands

Drainage canal water (DCW), a mixture of Nile water, drainage water and municipal wastewater, is largely used for irrigation in the Nile Delta. Facultative lagoons (FL) and constructed wetlands (CWs) represent interesting options for DCW treatment before its agricultural re-use, but very few studies investigated their implementation in Egypt. This work aimed at developing at demonstration scale (250 m3 d-1) a FL+CW treatment train capable to turn DCW into an effluent reusable in agriculture. Three types of hybrid CWs were tested in parallel for 530 days. The combination of FL with a cascade hybrid CW, operated at a 200 L d-1 m-2 surface loading rate, led to medium-to-high removal efficiencies (suspended solids 90%, total nitrogen 84%, phosphate 80%, COD 67%, faecal coliforms 2.2 Log) and surface removal rates (COD 47.5 t y-1 ha-1, total nitrogen 10.9 t y-1 ha-1, faecal coliforms 1.5 1011 MPN y-1 ha-1). The effluent, compliant with class C of EU 2020/741 regulation, is potentially reusable to irrigate numerous Egyptian crops. The results show that the combination of FLs with cascade hybrid CWs has a great potential for the treatment of DCW and low-strength municipal wastewater, with near-zero energy consumption, null consumption of chemicals and a land requirement varying between 1.1% and 1.5% of the agricultural land irrigated with the treated DCW.

Precise regulation of layered-to-rock structure of spent Li-ion cathodes achieving ultrahigh lithium recovery rate

With the rapid development of electric vehicles and digital devices, the accumulated spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cause severe anxiety about lithium resources and environmental safety. However, the low capture rate of Li+ and the high chemical consumption of the existing recovery methods lead to high Li loss, treatment costs and disposal fees. Herein, we propose a universal strategy of spent LIBs recovery via precise directional regulating structures (from layered to rock) to achieve ultrahigh lithium recovery rate with super-low chemical and energy consumption. Experimental characterization and theoretical calculations reveal the dissociation of structure, reorganization of Li–O bonds and phase transformation of the cathode materials in the limited-domain reduction process, realizing the complete recovery of Li+ without consuming acid leaching agent. This process realizes an extra-high Li separation index (19154) and extra-long cycle half-life (173 cycles) which are far superior to those of traditional methods (9–191 and 7 cycles). Besides, ecological and economic analysis shows that the consumptions of chemicals and energy are only 9 % and 9.7 % those of the existing literature, respectively, providing a bright pathway for industrializable lithium batteries recycling.

Mathematical Modeling and Indirect Carbon Emission Reduction Analysis of Urban Wastewater Treatment Systems Under Different Temperature Conditions

In the context of achieving the two-carbon target, this study utilized a wastewater treatment plant in Shenyang City as a case study to accurately calculate indirect emissions related to energy and chemical consumption within the energy-intensive wastewater treatment industry. Sumo software was employed for precise mathematical modeling. Considering the operational characteristics of wastewater treatment plants in cold regions, this study innovatively divided the annual operation cycle into two periods, namely normal temperature and low temperature, and determined the optimal operational parameters under a low-carbon mode. The results indicate that precise regulation of dissolved oxygen concentration to 0.5–1.5 mg/L (normal temperature period) and 1–2 mg/L (low temperature period) can significantly reduce carbon emissions related to electricity consumption by 13,781.9 t CO2-eq. From the perspective of chemical consumption, adjusting the dosage of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) to 75% and sodium acetate to 70% during the normal temperature period can lead to a reduction in indirect carbon emissions of 1614.4 t CO2-eq compared to the same period last year. During the low-temperature period, by reducing the dosage of polyaluminum chloride to 80% and sodium acetate to 75%, the indirect carbon emissions can be reduced by 1557.3 t CO2-eq compared to the corresponding period last year. After optimization, USD 1.49 million can be saved. This study simulated the operation conditions of cold-region urban wastewater treatment plants at different times to effectively control carbon emissions resulting from energy and chemical consumption in wastewater treatment. This result can provide innovative ideas for energy saving and carbon reduction in cold-region wastewater treatment plants.

Soil Analysis by Mobile Multinuclear NMR: Quantification of Phosphorus, Aluminum, and Sodium.

Soil analyses are essential to ensure economically and environmentally sustainable crop production while maintaining the soil fertile for future use. Unfortunately, common soil analyses may be highly demanding in terms of time, chemicals, and costs. This applies, in particular, when total quantities of elements are desired. As an easy and fast alternative without consumption of chemicals, we here present mobile 31P, 27Al, 23Na, and 1H NMR for quantification of phosphorus, aluminum, and sodium contents in soil. This enables accurate on-site analysis and is suitable for direct measurement on fresh, undried soil samples since the water content is quantified as well. For demonstration, 40 various Danish agricultural soil samples were analyzed using a mobile NMR sensor, and the results were compared with external laboratory analyses for P, Al, and Na. The laboratory analyses were conducted with ICP-OES after four-acid digestion, which additionally were compared with aqua regia digestion, showing inadequacies in the performance of the latter. Good agreement between NMR and laboratory analyses (correlation coefficients 0.91 for P, 0.98 for Al, and 0.90 for Na, in the concentration ranges 250-1200 ppm P, 1.4-5% Al, and 0.3-1% Na) were obtained with high accuracy using NMR measuring times of 20 min to 1 h for P, 4-12 min for Al, and 6-20 min for Na. Additionally, the NMR measurements provide information on the amount of P associated with paramagnetic centers (e.g., Fe3+). Good correlations were also observed to other parameters such as the clay content, which is predictable from the intensity of the more fast-relaxing of three 27Al NMR components.

Recent modification, mechanisms, and performance of zinc oxide-based photocatalysts for sustainable dye degradation

The textile industry, which has crucial social and economic roles, faces sustainability challenges due to the generation of abundant wastewater contaminated by dyes. A wide range of photocatalysts has been developed to degrade dyes to reduce chemical and energy consumption in the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater. This review mainly focuses on the photocatalytic mechanism and past studies of low-cost zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalysts with various dopants to degrade dye degradation performance. Unlike previous reviews, this review delves deeply into property changes and possible mechanisms of ZnO-based photocatalysts induced by various dopants. ZnO-based photocatalysts are commonly doped with other semiconductors, metals, and non-metallic dopants. Semiconductor dopants such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) significantly modify the band gap and broaden the spectral response range of ZnO photocatalysts. Metallic dopants, including silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and cobalt (Co), introduce plasmonic effects that enhance the electrical conductivity and photocatalytic activity. Conversely, non-metallic dopants, especially carbon nanomaterials and sulfur (S), enable the adjustment of the band gap and surface properties of ZnO. Photocatalytic coating and thin films should be developed for photocatalyst reuse in future works.

Efficient Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Seaweed Waste via a Radiation Process and Their Conversion to Porous Nanocarbon for Energy Storage System.

This article presents an efficient method for isolating cellulose nanocrystals (CNcs) from seaweed waste using a combination of electron beam (E-beam) irradiation and acid hydrolysis. This approach not only reduces the chemical consumption and processing time, but also improves the crystallinity and yield of the CNcs. The isolated CNcs were then thermally annealed at 800 and 1000 °C to produce porous nanocarbon materials, which were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to assess their structural and chemical properties. Electrochemical testing of electrical double-layer capacitors demonstrated that nanocarbon materials derived from seaweed waste-derived CNcs annealed at 1000 exhibited superior capacitance and stability. This performance is attributed to the formation of a highly ordered graphitic structure with a mesoporous architecture, which facilitates efficient ion transport and enhanced electrolyte accessibility. These findings underscore the potential of seaweed waste-derived nanocarbon as a sustainable and high-performance material for energy storage applications, offering a promising alternative to conventional carbon sources.

Application of non-acid stripping solution in hydrophobic membrane process for high-purity ammonia recovery from high-strength ammonium wastewater

Recently, resource recovery from wastewater has been in the spotlight due to climate change and the energy crisis. Ammonia has significant value as a resource that serves as fertilizer or eco-friendly fuel, with a market value ranging from $0.4 to $1.0 per kg-N. In the membrane contactor (MC) process, an acid stripping solution such as H2SO4 is generally used for high ammonia recovery efficiency. However, the ammonia-recovered stripping solution often has limited applications as fertilizer due to the presence of anions, necessitating costly downstream processes like electrochemical treatments to separate ammonia from these contaminants. This study introduces a novel approach that dynamically compares various stripping solutions to reduce chemical consumption while achieving high-purity ammonia recovery. Notably, the recovered ammonia from the membrane contactor showed no detectable levels of nitrate, other ions, or organic carbon, all without the use of acidic solutions. Furthermore, the benefit-cost ratio of 1.42, derived from the dynamic comparison, highlights the cost-effectiveness and demonstrates the practicality of this method compared to traditional acidic stripping approaches.This innovative comparison underscores the membrane contactor system’s ability to recover high-purity ammonia, presenting a sustainable and economically viable solution for ammonia recovery in wastewater treatment. It achieves this without the need for additional chemical agents or expensive downstream processes, offering a more efficient alternative to conventional methods.

Hierarchically ordered porous carbon crystals for nanoconfined and sustainable fenton oxidation of water pollutants

In this work, we developed a hierarchically multi-faceted ordered porous carbon crystal (HOPC) for generating a favorable chemical microenvironment to intensify both Fe3+ binding and H2O2 utilization efficiency. The confined pore space and surface functionality enable •OH and micropollutants to be concentrated in the pores, thus significantly accelerating pollutant degradation kinetics (0.034 min−1) with reduced chemical consumption (0.081 mM H2O2). Theoretical calculations and in-situ characterizations reveal that both CO and pyrrolic N act as active sites bridging Fe3+, facilitating the transfer of outermost e− from the p-orbital of active sites (O and N) to the d-orbital of iron, effectively reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+ and enhancing the open-circuit potential of HOPC-Fe3+ complexes, as well as facilitating e− extraction from H2O2. For the first time, H2O2 was unveiled to be both an electron donor and acceptor to cooperate with the iron redox cycle for sustainable •OH generation toward fast pollutant decontamination.

Stabilisation of subsoil using colloidal silica beneath shallow foundation - a case study

Shallow foundations are commonly used to support various equipment in industrial projects. If the subsoil is too weak to withstand the equipment loads, the settlement or tilting of the foundations takes place. To avoid further distress to such foundations, weak soil beneath the damaged foundation is required to be strengthened. This paper presents a similar case study wherein the strengthening of subsoil was performed beneath the shallow foundations which experienced settlement and tilting beyond the permissible limits due to the presence of weak subsoil. The stabilisation of soil was performed using injection grouting with colloidal silica-based chemical grout to prevent further settlement and tilting of foundations. The particulars of the chemical stabilisation program, injection methodology, chemical consumption, field trials, and laboratory test results are explicated in this paper with the details of post rectification performance of the test foundation. The properly executed injection grouting using chemical components was observed to be an effective measure to stabilise the subsoil by enhancing its engineering properties to a certain extent. The key factors that can affect the performance of colloidal silica-based chemical and precautions to be considered during soil stabilisation are also discussed in this paper.

Extreme Chemical Reduction on Photoresist Stripping Process by Using Sulfuric Acid Ozone Mixture in Liquid Film

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mixture (SPM) has been widely used in the photoresist (PR) stripping process of semiconductor manufacturing. However, the consumption of H2SO4 and H2O2 increases environmental burden such as water pollution. To reduce SPM consumption, one of the ideas was that SPM was supplied to the wafer until liquid film was formed and stopped during stripping process instead of continuous dispensing. It was concerned that chemical species in SPM became inactive while SPM was stopped. Therefore, in this work, H2SO4 liquid film was formed on the wafer and then exposed to ozone (O3) atmosphere so that chemical species remained active. Generation of peroxydisulfate ion (S2O8 2−) by reacting hydrogen sulfate (HSO4 −) with O3 was the key to achieve PR stripping (1, 2). Results showed sulfuric acid ozone mixture (SOM) in liquid film was comparable to conventional SPM even though chemical consumption of SOM was extremely reduced.

Effect of Sodium Cyanide and Jin Chan Chemicals on Gold Gain from Ore

In this article, experiments were carried out on samples taken from two different gold mines located in İzmir Province, Dikili District Çukuralan Locality and Eskişehir Province Sivrihisar District Kaymaz Site. Jin Chan, a new chemical approach with sodium cyanide (NaCN), comparatively evaluated leaching kinetics, gold recovery efficiencies and chemical consumption in the course of leaching. In the study using hydrometallurgical methods; the leaching studies with Çukuralan ore, the optimum parameters were observed at a 40% solid/liquid ratio and 300 mg/l Jin Chan concentration, and gold was recovered with a yield of 90.89%. Hereby, Jin Chan consumption was 0.72 kg/t. In NaCN, on the other hand, the optimum parameters were achieved at a solid/liquid ratio of 40% and a concentration of 300 mg/l NaCN, and gold was obtained with a yield of 91.98%. NaCN consumption was 0.31 kg/t. In the leaching studies with Kaymaz ore, the optimum parameters were reached at 40% solid/liquid ratio and 300 mg/l Jin Chan concentration, and gold was recovered with an 81.55% yield. Jin Chan chemical consumption is seen at 1.27 kg/t. In NaCN, on the other hand, the optimum parameters were achieved at a solid/liquid ratio of 40% and a concentration of 300 mg/l NaCN, and gold recovery was achieved with a yield of 82.86%. NaCN consumption is calculated at 0.95 kg/t.

Evaluation of energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions in major crops in the Ardabil plain

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated energy flow and the emission of greenhouse gases in the major crop production of the Ardabil plain, Iran, including wheat, potato, alfalfa, barley, and canola. The information required for this study was obtained using a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with 1,078 farmers in the Ardabil plain during the crop year 2017–2018. Indices of input energy, output energy, specific energy, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and global warming potential were calculated. The results showed that among the studied crops, the highest energy use efficiency was obtained with wheat and barley, being 5.2 and 5.14, respectively, and the lowest energy efficiency was obtained with alfalfa, rapeseed, and potato, being 4.6, 4.5, and 2.15, respectively. Potato (equivalent to 3,186.2 kg CO2/ha) and wheat (equivalent to 1,727.5 kg CO2/ha) had the largest share in the potential of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions compared to canola (equivalent to 1,326.22 kg CO2/ha), alfalfa (equivalent to 1,157.04 kg CO2/ha), and barley (equivalent to 952.39 kg CO2/ha). The production of crops with high water requirements and high chemical fertilizer consumption using old machines had a greater share in the amount of energy consumption and global warming compared to other crops.

Forming performance and environmental impact of bamboo fiber reinforced polypropylene composites based on injection molding process for automobiles

AbstractTo explore the potential application of plant fiber reinforced composites for automotive component applications, this study prepared bamboo fiber (BF)/nano‐talc/polypropylene (PP) composites based on the injection molding process, comprehensively evaluated the effect of reinforcement materials on the forming properties of composites, including thermal performance, mechanical properties, water absorption, etc. Furthermore, taking a certain automotive injection molded interior part as the object, a life‐cycle assessment from production to the gate was conducted based on the real energy and material consumption during the composite preparation process. The results indicate that adding BF and talc powder increased the thermal stability, density, hardness, viscosity, and crystallinity of the composites while reducing the water contact angle on the surface. Surface‐modified BF and PP showed good compatibility. Talc powder exhibited good dispersibility in PP, and the synergistic effect of BF and talc powder effectively enhanced the composite performance. The tensile, flexural, and impact strength of the composites were improved by 40.64%, 51.48%, and 66.51%, respectively, compared with pure PP. The modulus of the composite increased nearly 2 times compared with pure PP. Additionally, the composite demonstrated good friction and wear properties. The environmental impact of the BF composite manufacturing process was significantly higher than that of pure PP. The substantial consumption of electricity, chemicals, and water resources in the extraction and modification processes of BF were the main factors. The findings of this study contribute to achieving green, high‐performance BF composite manufacturing and the expansion of its applications.Highlights Composites have a higher environmental impact compared to PP. BF and talc can synergistically enhance the performance of composites. BF shows good compatibility with PP. Composites exhibit good friction and wear characteristics.

Electrochemical Relithiation in Spent LiFePO4 Slurry for Regeneration of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode.

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in a green and economical way is vital for maintaining the sustainability of the LIB industry. However, given the low content of high-value components in olivine-type lithium iron phosphate (LFP), traditional metallurgical processes are economically unfeasible for recycling due to high chemical/energy consumption and labor-intensive procedures. This study proposes a facile electrochemistry strategy to directly regenerate the spent LFP material by an electrically driven lithiation process as a spent LFP slurry (200 g/L) rather than as electrodes. Minimal energy and chemical consumption are achieved by enabling the healing of spent LFP without destroying the original olivine-type crystal structure. The proposed method utilizes mild healing conditions (25 °C for 2 h) and LiCl solution as the only reagent in the regeneration process, significantly lowering the expenses associated with producing cathode electrodes. The electrochemical performance of the regenerated LFP have been dramatically recovered after regeneration, exhibiting a capacity of 151.5 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C and 96.6% capacity retention over 400 cycles at 1 C. This approach demonstrates a high processing capability and offers considerable economic and environmental benefits, making it an eco-friendly option and supporting the sustainable development of the LFP industry.

A 96-position platform for magnetic sorbent-based dispersive microextraction: Application to the determination of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in saliva of cannabis smokers

BackgroundIn order to obtain sustainable analytical methods, it is essential to develop kinetically efficient sample preparation strategies in which equilibria are reached faster, as dispersive extraction techniques. In addition, the higher the reduction in size, the higher number of extraction vessels can be located and thus the higher number of samples can be simultaneously treated. All this increases sample throughput, and contributes to the reduction of chemical waste, and energy and sample consumption. In this sense, multiposition extraction platforms are smart strategies to achieve these goals, but they are scarcely developed for dispersive extraction techniques. ResultsTaking miniaturized stir bar sorptive dispersive microextraction (mSBSDME) as a starting point, a 96-position extraction platform has been developed using a 96-position stirring plate and a tailor-designed 3D-printed support for locating the miniaturized extraction vessels, achieving a high-throughput miniaturized sample preparation strategy. In order to show the applicability of this novel platform, the determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in human saliva has been carried out and applied to samples collected after the consumption of marijuana and legal CBD-rich cannabis. Only 100 μL of saliva were needed for the analysis and good analytical features in terms of linearity (at least up to 500 ng mL−1), limits of detection (0.7 and 2.8 ng mL−1 for THC and CBD, respectively), and precision (RSD ≤ 14 %) were achieved. SignificanceThe miniaturization of the vessel allows the use of small volumes of sample (i.e., a few microliters) and the treatment of 96 samples in parallel, being the first proposal for carrying out dispersive sorbent-based microextraction under the concept of 96-well format. Additionally, this new workflow contributes to the development of analytical methods that meet the three pillars of sustainability, i.e., greenness and easily affordable in terms of economics and applicability.

Coupling Electrochemical Leaching with Solvent Extraction for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries.

We propose coupling electrochemical leaching with solvent extraction to separate and recover Li and Co from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Electrochemical leaching occurs in the aqueous electrolyte for converting solid LiCoO2 into soluble Li+ and Co2+, in which electrons act as reductants to reduce Co(III) to Co(II). Simultaneously, solvent extraction occurs at the interface of aqueous and organic phases to separate Co2+ and Li+. By capturing and utilizing the protons from P507, leaching yields for both Co and Li exceed ∼7 times than acid leaching without solvent extraction. The extraction efficiency of Co2+ reaches 86% at 60 °C, 3.5 V, while simultaneously retaining the majority of Li+ in the H2SO4 solution. The total leaching amount was improved because the organic phase provides protons to help the leaching of Co2+, and the continuous extraction process of Co(II) maintains the low Co2+ concentration in the aqueous solution. The synergistic interaction between electrochemical leaching and solvent extraction processes significantly reduces the consumption of chemicals, enhances the utilization efficiency of protons, and simplifies the recovery process. The leaching kinetics of Li and Co both conforms well to the residue layer diffusion control model and the activation energy (Ea) values of the leaching for Li and Co are 4.03 and 7.80 kJ/mol, respectively. Lastly, the economic and environmental assessment of this process also demonstrates the advantages of this method in reducing inputs, lowering environmental pollution, and enhancing economic benefits.