Breast Milk Consumption Research Articles

Perceptions of Mothers with Children Aged 0 to 59 Months Regarding Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) in the Rural Community of Wogo, Sinder, Tillabery, Niger

The objective of this study was to evaluate perceptions and beliefs regarding exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) according to the sociodemographic and economic characteristics of mothers of children aged 0 to 59 months in the Wogo rural commune of Sinder/Tillabery/ Niger. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, on a representative sample of mothers of children aged under five years. A questionnaire was completed using a structured interview. The data were collected with ODK software then analyzed with SPSS and Epi Info version 7.2 software. Mothers in the age groups of 15 to 24 and 25 to 34 years mainly perceive that colostrum is bad for the health of the newborn 22.22% and 17.20%. These mothers use pre-lacteal products until the milk matures, which then changes color and becomes white. Mothers aged 35 to 53 years, for their part, perceive more of an insufficiency of milk secretion 26.87%. Among those not in school, 20.93% say that colostrum is bad; 14.53% think they don't have enough milk. 23.4% of those at primary level reject colostrum. Among unemployed mothers, 19.31% perceive colostrum as bad milk, and 16.55% of them perceive insufficient milk. First-time mothers mainly believe that the child is not satisfied with the consumption of milk only 28.67%. Despite their awareness, some mothers 10.24% say that the child will be thirsty, 14.45% perceive insufficient milk and 13.25% consider colostrum bad for health. The majority of mothers who gave birth in health centers and who did not practice EBF perceive insufficient milk secretion and the majority of women who gave birth at home say that colostrum is bad for the child 27, 37% and 22.10% say that the child is not satisfied with the consumption of breast milk alone. The perceptions and beliefs of mothers and their elders in traditional myths dangerously hinder the practice of EBF in this community.

Factors associated with stunting incidence in toddlers in Cibungbulang sub-district, Bogor

Background: Stunting is a developmental disorder characterized by L/A or H/A index z-score ≤2 SD and contribute to various negative impacts until adulthood. The prevalence of stunting among toddlers in Bogor Regency reached 24.9 percent according to SSGI. This study aimed to determine relationships between family income, being breastfed and drinking other milks, eating habits, handwashing and oral hygiene habits with stunting incidence among toddlers in Cibungbulang sub-district. Methods: The study used cross-sectional design with 307 samples selected through systematic randomization. Almost all data, except stunting, were collected through interview with respondents, while stunting was identified through height measurement. Results: Most toddlers had family income under the minimum wage (81.4%), did not drink breast milk anymore (52,4%), consumed other milks (60.6%), ate independently (69.4%), washed their hands after using toilets (91.2%), and cleaned their mouths at least once a day (85%). A total of 35% toddlers were stunted. There were significant relationships between family income (p=0.001), drinking breast milk (p=0.000) and other milks (p=0.001), eating habits (p=0.001), handwashing (p=0.035) and oral hygiene habits (p=0.039) with stunting incidence in toddlers (p<0.05). Conclusions: Family income, consumption of breast milk and other milks, eating habits, and handwashing and oral hygiene habits were associated with stunting in toddlers.

Health risk assessments of heavy metals and trace elements exposure in the breast milk of lactating mothers in the Northeastern Iran.

Mother's breast milk is a natural and complete food for infants but can be a main source of exposure to toxic pollutants. These pollutants can negatively affect the health of the infant. Therefore, conducting biomonitoring surveys is essential to evaluate such health effects in toxicological research. This study aimed to estimate the probable health risks for infants exposed to essential and non-essential trace elements through breast milk ingestion. This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 90 breastfeeding mothers referred to the health centers in Mashhad, Iran in January 2021. The health risk assessments (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk) were estimated using chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and lifetime carcinogenic risk (CR), which were recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The results of the HQ values of trace elements through ingestion exposure for arsenic (90%), copper (90%), zinc (40%), and iron (10%) exceeded the threshold of HQ, and arsenic (66.59%), copper (16.91%), and zinc (9.68%) and iron (4.57%) had the highest contribution to increasing the HI index. The average value of CR was 5. 08 × 10-3. Chromium and iron showed significant relationships (P<0.05) with education level and disease background in this study, and the concentration of chromium, iron, and zinc in the breast milk samples significantly changed during lactation stages (P<0.05). Overall, the risk of carcinogenicity through exposure to breast milk for infants was higher than the safety level of US EPA risk. Therefore, there could be a potential health risk of trace elements, particularly arsenic, copper, and zinc for infants in Mashhad, Iran through the consumption of mothers' breast milk. More efforts are required to control and reduce routes of receiving trace elements in breastfeeding mothers by the competent authorities.

Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food.

EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. The assessment focused on hexaCNs due to very limited data on other PCN congeners. For hexaCNs in feed, 217 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures for food-producing and non-food-producing animals; however, a risk characterisation could not be performed because none of the toxicological studies allowed identification of reference points. The oral repeated dose toxicity studies performed in rats with a hexaCN mixture containing all 10 hexaCNs indicated that the critical target was the haematological system. A BMDL20 of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified for a considerable decrease in the platelet count. For hexaCNs in food, 2317 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures across dietary surveys and age groups. The highest exposure ranged from 0.91 to 29.8 pg/kg bw per day in general population and from 220 to 559 pg/kg bw per day for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs for the high dietary exposures ranged from 1,700,000 to 55,000,000 for the general population and from 90,000 to 230,000 for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. These MOEs are far above the minimum MOE of 2000 that does not raise a health concern. Taking account of the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded with at least 99% certainty that dietary exposure to hexaCNs does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. Due to major limitations in the available data, no assessment was possible for genotoxic effects or for health risks of PCNs other than hexaCNs.

Bridging the Gaps between Microplastics and Human Health

Given the broad and intense use of plastic, society is being increasingly affected by its degradation and by-products, particularly by microplastics (MPs), fragments smaller than 5 mm in size, and nanoplastics (NPs), with sizes less than 1 µm. MPs and NPs may enter the body primarily through inhalation, consumption, and skin contact. Once ingested, MPs can penetrate tissues, deviating to other parts of the body and potentially affecting important cellular pathways such as nonconforming chemokine receptors that control the communication between the fetus and the mother. Consequently, the potential health harm induced via MP internalization is a major issue, evidenced by multiple studies demonstrating harmful consequences in diverse animal models and human cells. Here, an overview of the various modes of exposure to MPs and NPs is presented, including inhalation, placental transfer, ingestion, breastmilk consumption, and skin absorption, as well as placental and fetal toxicity due to plastic particles based on animal and in vitro studies. Though MPs in our environment are becoming more recognized, their developmental toxicity is still scarcely known. Besides negatively affecting pregnancy, MPs and NPs have been shown to potentially harm the developing fetus, given their ability to cross the placental barrier. Still, considerable gaps remain in our understanding of the dispersion and toxicity of these particles in the environment and the precise types of NPs and MPs bearing the greatest dangers. As a result, we advocate for larger-scale epidemiological investigations, the development of novel approaches for measuring NP and MP exposures, and the necessity of understanding the toxicity of various kinds of NPs to guide future research efforts.

Endothelial Slc35a1 Deficiency Causes Loss of LSEC Identity and Exacerbates Neonatal Lipid Deposition in the Liver in Mice

BACKGROUND & AIMSThe functional maturation of the liver largely occurs after birth. In the early stages of life, the liver of a newborn encounters enormous high-fat metabolic stress caused by the consumption of breast milk. It is unclear how the maturing liver adapts to high lipid metabolism. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) play a fundamental role in establishing liver vasculature and are decorated with many glycoproteins on their surface. The Slc35a1 gene encodes a CMP-sialic acid transporter responsible for transporting CMP-sialic acids between the cytoplasm and the Golgi apparatus for protein sialylation. This study aimed to determine whether endothelial sialylation plays a role in hepatic vasculogenesis and functional maturation. METHODSEndothelial-specific Slc35a1 knockout mice were generated. Liver tissues were collected for histological analysis, lipidomic profiling, RNA sequencing, confocal immunofluorescence, and immunoblot analyses. RESULTSEndothelial Slc35a1-deficient mice exhibited excessive neonatal hepatic lipid deposition, severe liver damage, and high mortality. Endothelial deletion of Slc35a1 led to sinusoidal capillarization and disrupted hepatic zonation. Mechanistically, VEGFR2 in LSECs was desialylated and VEGFR2 signaling was enhanced in Slc35a1-deficient mice. Inhibition of VEGFR2 signaling by SU5416 alleviated lipid deposition and restored hepatic vasculature in Slc35a1-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that sialylation of LSECs is critical for maintaining hepatic vascular development and lipid homeostasis. Targeting VEGFR2 signaling may be a new strategy to prevent liver disorders associated with abnormal vasculature and lipid deposition.

The Relationship between giving formula milk and the incidence of diarrhea in babies 0-6 months in the Work Area of Batangtoru Public Health Center in 2023

ABSTRACT Giving formula milk too early will also reduce breast milk consumption, and if it is too late it will cause the baby to be malnourished and feeding at an early age will result in the baby's digestive ability not being ready to accept additional food. The problem of giving formula milk is greatly influenced by the baby's health behavior such as diarrhea. The mother's knowledge about giving formula milk and having a good attitude in giving formula milk can determine the best development for her child. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between breastfeeding mothers regarding giving formula milk to babies 0-6 months with the incidence of diarrhea in the Batangtoru Community Health Center Work Area in 2023. This type of research is quantitative with a cross sectional approach method. The population in this study were all mothers who had babies aged 0-6 months, totaling 49 mothers. Because the population is less than 50 people, the sampling technique uses a total sampling technique. Chi Square Test results obtained p=0.000 (&lt;0.05). So the conclusion is that there is a relationship between giving formula milk and the incidence of diarrhea in babies 0-6 months in the Batangtoru Health Center Working Area. 21 people were given formula milk, 21 people had diarrhea. It is recommended that the results of this study can provide information to respondents regarding knowledge of giving formula milk to babies 0-6 months with the incidence of diarrhea. Keywords: Formula feeding, incidence of diarrhea, babies 0-6 months

Occurrence of ochratoxin A in breast milk and urine samples of nursing mothers in Bangladesh.

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent nephrotoxin with carcinogenic properties and, thus, of concern as a food contaminant. Since food contaminant data are scarce in Bangladesh, we applied human biomonitoring to gain more insights into OTA exposure in the country's population. OTA concentrations in human milk and urine samples of nursing mothers were determined with the aim to assess also exposure to this mycotoxin in breastfed infants. Breastfeeding mothers (n = 74) from three districts of Bangladesh (Sylhet, Cumilla, and Mymensingh region) participated in this study. They provided demographic data, along with breast milk and urine samples. OTA levels were measured by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a detection limit of 60ng/L for milk and 30ng/L for urine.OTA was detected in 62.2% of all breast milk samples (mean 74.8 ± 49.0ng/L, range < LOD-243.3ng/L) and in 51.4% of all urine samples (mean 44.3 ± 63.5ng/L, range < LOD-519.3ng/L). The differences observed between regions for mean breast milk or for urinary OTA levels were relatively small. No significant correlation was observed between OTA levels in breast milk and food consumption patterns among nursing mothers. Regarding infant exposure, the estimated average daily intake of OTA for all was 15.0ng/kg bw/day (range 4.5-45ng/kg bw/day). In 34.5% of these infants, their estimated daily OTA intake exceeded a preliminary TDI value set by EFSA (17ng/kg bw/day). The mean OTA intake was slightly higher (16.2 ± 7.8 ng/kg bw/day) in 1-2months babies than in older infants (< 2 to 12months), although the difference was not significant. Presence of OTA in most milk and urine samples of nursing mothers documents their widespread dietary mycotoxin exposure. Although based on a relatively small number of participants, the present analysis indicates non-negligible exposure of some nursed infants in Bangladesh. Therefore, further biomonitoring studies and investigations on major sources of OTA in food commodities are encouraged.

Etiological Theories of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): A Narrative Review

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common pediatric rheumatic disease. It can be classified by diverse clinical presentations across subtypes classified by inflammation, swelling, and pain. This review examines current perspectives on factors impacting JIA etiology and future areas of development. Genetic and environmental factors, including early-life nutrition (i.e. breastmilk), mode of infant delivery, antibiotic exposure, and infections have been proposed as etiological candidates in the literature. Various human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and non-HLA genes related to immune signaling are risk factors for specific JIA subtypes. The impact of infection on JIA development has also been examined; it remains unclear whether infection plays a protective or harmful role. Moreover, shorter durations of breastfeeding during childhood may be associated with an increased risk of JIA development, given that breast milk consumption favorably increases bifidobacterium, changes the composition of the microbiome, and increases microbial diversity. Additionally, mode of delivery can play a role in the onset of JIA as birth delivery through Cesarean section puts children at a higher risk of JIA compared to infants born vaginally. Lastly, antibiotic exposure and its dose- and timedependent relationship also play a role in the microbiome and JIA pathogenesis. This research is significant, as an increased understanding of the etiology of clinically heterogeneous JIA subtypes may improve future treatments. Current limitations, research gaps, and future directions in the field are also discussed.

Efficacy of Lavender Aromatherapy in Increasing Breast Milk Consumption Among Postpartum Mothers at Kertajati Health Centre

Breast milk production is a cumulative value based on what is seen and can be measured by the volume of milk a baby drinks for one day. The causes of decreased breast milk are consumption of drugs and hormonal disorders. To overcome the issue of decreased drain generation, lavender fragrance-based treatment can be done. The reason for this ponder was to decide the adequacy of giving lavender fragrance-based treatment to expand the sum of drain excretion in postpartum moms. This type of investigation is pre-experimental, with a number of pretest-posttest designs. Total sampling is a technique for sampling. The comes about appeared that the normal sum of breastfeeding time recently given fragrance-based treatment was 72.75. The minimum amount of breastfeeding in postpartum mothers is 60 cc and the maximum amount is 85 cc. After aromatherapy, the average amount of nursing in postpartum women is 100.25. Giving lavender aromatherapy is beneficial in raising milk production in postpartum moms, and it is anticipated that Kertajati Health Center in Majalengka Regency would be able to use this approach as a non-pharmacological treatment to improve milk production.

Relationship Between DDT Concentrations with Multiparity and Breastfeeding History.

Organochlorine pesticides are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that can enter the body through environmental exposure and food consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of parity and breast milk consumption on dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) concentrations in women from Southern Mexico. Gas chromatography was used to detect o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in milk samples. The frequency of detection of the compounds was above 78%, finding low median concentrations of o,p'-DDT (0.010mg/kg) and p,p'-DDT (0.043mg/kg) compared to p,p'-DDE (0.672mg/kg). The median DDE/DDT ratio was 14.7. The concentrations of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were significantly higher in primiparous women (0.010mg/kg and 0.868mg/kg) compared to multiparous women (0.005mg/kg and 0.583mg/kg) (p < 0.05). Breastfed donors had similar levels of o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, and Σ-DDT compared to those who were not breastfed.

Sex-biased parental investment and female wealth accumulation in ancient California.

The mortuary record at Middle Period site Kalawwasa Rummeytak (CA-SCL-134) (2600-1225 cal BP) in California's southern Santa Clara Valley shows pronounced wealth inequality; Olivella shell bead wealth, as well as other grave goods, are concentrated in the burials of several older adult females. The concentration of wealth among women, along with regional strontium isotopic evidence of male-biased residential shifts in early adulthood, suggests a matrilineal kinship system that practiced matrilocal post-marital residence patterns. We suggest local resource enhancement effects incentivized keeping women in their natal communities and investing more in female offspring. With the consent of, and in collaboration with, the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, this paper employs isotopic analysis (δ15 N and δ13 C, 86 Sr/87 Sr) to examine duration of exclusive breastfeeding, weaning age (complete cessation of breastmilk consumption), early childhood diet, and lifetime residential mobility of individuals interred at Kalawwasa Rummeytak to test the assumption that the site inhabitants favored matrilocality and that female offspring received greater levels of investment in groups with female wealth/status attainment. First molars, third molars, and bone was sampled from 22 individuals. The average weaning age for females at Kalawwasa Rummeytak is 36.3 months ± 9.7 (1 SD), or just over 3 years. The average weaning age for males is 31.2 ± 7.9 months (1 SD), or about 2.6 years. Infants at the site were provisioned with supplemental foods dominated by C3 plants and terrestrial herbivores, as well as anadromous fish. After weaning, individuals consumed a diet dominated by acorns, C3 plants, and terrestrial herbivores, with periodic inclusion of anadromous fish. 30% of the sampled population of females exhibit local first molar 87 Sr/86 Sr values, suggesting that Kalawwasa Rummeytak is their natal community. None of the males interred at the site are locals. Despite the small sample size often unavoidable in archaeological contexts, we find possible female-biased parental investment strategies. Cessation of breastfeeding (weaning) was, on average, 5 months earlier for males compared to females. There are no differences between females and males in the consumption of supplemental or post-weaning foods. Strontium data suggest a flexible postmarital residence system that favored matrilocality. This may have incentivized greater investment in female offspring.

Feeding Homemade Sugar Sweetened Beverages in Addition to Breastfeeding: Survey Results from Caregivers of Infants and Young Children in Peri-Urban Lima, Peru.

Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with childhood obesity and other negative health conditions. Feeding SSB to infants and young children (IYC) under 2years may displace consumption of breastmilk and nutrient rich foods critical for optimal growth and development. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends avoiding added sugar (e.g. SSB) for IYC under 2years. We sought to describe the variety of homemade and commercial SSB as well as breastmilk and beverages without added sugar fed to IYC aged 4-23months living in a low-income, populous peri-urban area of Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 181 households with IYC aged 4-23months. A list of common local homemade and commercial beverages was used to investigate what caregivers had fed to the child in the past 24h. A total of 93.9% of caregivers reported feeding at least one beverage to their child other than breastmilk in the past 24h. This included a variety of homemade SSB (73.5%), commercial SSB (18.2%) and homemade beverages without added sugar (70.2%). A high percentage (83.4%) of children were also breastfed. Our findings suggest that interventions toaddress feeding homemade SSB to IYC within householdsare needed to support WHO recommendations and complement current commercial SSB policy regulations in Peru.

Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the breast milk consumed by infants in Western Iran

This study aimed to assess the human health risk of some toxic metals/metalloids [lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As)] on infants via consumption of the breast milk of women living in urban areas of Kermanshah city, west of Iran. After collecting milk samples, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment as well as uncertainty analysis of toxic metal levels were carried out. The order of concentration of heavy metals/metalloids in the breast milk samples was Cr (41.07 ± 23.19) > Ni (19.25 ± 11.81) > Pb (11.5 ± 4.48) > As (1.96 ± 2.04) > Cd (.72 ± 0.42) > Hg (0.31 ± 0.26). The results revealed that the levels of Cr and Pb in the breast milk samples were exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) tolerable daily intake. In the breast milk samples a high levels of one of the trace elements As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni were observed (over 73%) and in 40% of them the levels of Cr, Pb, Cd, As, and Ni were all above WHO tolerable daily intake. Moreover, the As-related point assessment of target risk factor (THQ) was higher than the allowable limit only for 1-month-old male neonates and 2-month-old female neonates (THQ > 1). In addition, Cr-related THQ scores were higher at all age and gender groups (THQ > 1). In conclusion, our findings suggest a potential risk of some metals for infants via the consumption of mothers' breast milk.

Prevalence of Novel and Traditional Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Baby Food from China: A Dominant Pathway for Infant Exposure.

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a group of ubiquitous contaminants with multiple toxicities. However, current knowledge on the occurrence of SPAs in baby food and associated infant exposure is lacking. Herein, we analyzed three categories of baby food from China: infant formula, cereal, and puree, for a broad suite of 11 traditional and 19 novel SPAs. In addition to 11 traditional SPAs, up to 13 novel SPAs were detected in the baby food samples. The median concentrations of novel SPAs for infant formula, cereal, and puree were 604, 218, and 24.1 ng/g, respectively, surpassing those of traditional SPAs (53.4, 62.1, and 10.0 ng/g). The prevalent SPAs in the samples were butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (AO 1010), and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO 1076). Source analysis indicated that the prevalence of these four SPAs in baby food was associated with contamination of packaging materials, mechanical processing, or raw ingredients. Migration experiments demonstrated that contamination of plastic packaging constituted an important source. Exposure assessment suggested that there may be no appreciable health risk posed by the SPAs in baby food. Even so, baby food consumption was still a dominant pathway for infant exposure to SPAs, with a higher contribution than breast milk consumption, dust ingestion, dermal dust absorption, and air inhalation, which requires special attention.

Behavior Change Communication and Breastfeeding Practices Measured by Deuterium-Oxide Turnover Method Among Infants Aged 4-5 Months in Rural Senegal

Breastfeeding promotion is widely recognized as one of the most cost-effective investments in promoting optimal child health, growth, and development. Several studies have shown that breastfeeding education and counseling interventions have a significant impact on improving breastfeeding practices, including exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates. However, very few studies have evaluated the association between breastfeeding education and infant breast milk intake. The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of behavior change communication provided by the Nutrition Enhancement Program (NEP) on improving infant breast milk intake and breastfeeding practices. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 Local Communities in rural Senegal, of which 6 were located in the NEP intervention area and the remaining, in the non-intervention area. Breast milk intake and EBF were measured using the deuterium dose-to-mother isotope dilution (DTM) in 140 mother-infant (4-5 mo.) pairs. Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices were also assessed by questionnaire. Student's t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test and McNemar test were used to compare means and percentages. A mixed model linear regression was performed to identify the associated factors of breast milk intake, measured by DTM. Breast milk intake was significantly higher in infants from the NEP area (994.7 ±197.3 g/d), compared to those from the non-NEP area (913.6 ± 222.8) g/d), p=0.023. Consumption of water from sources other than breast milk was not different between the groups. EBF rates measured by DTM were 37.0% and 28.4% in the NEP area and the non-NEP area, respectively. There was no difference on exclusive breastfeeding rate between the two areas regardless of evaluation method. Stunting and wasting were associated with lower milk intake of 107.1 g/d and 211.9 g/d, respectively. Mothers' participation in behavior change communication activities improved infants' breast milk intake, but not EBF rates. Lower breast milk consumption was associated with stunting and wasting.

Occurrence of microsporidia spp. infection in children with diarrhea in southern Iran.

Microsporidia spp. are recognized emerging zoonotic microorganisms in immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the occurrence, sociodemographic and risk factors of microsporidia spp. infection using microscopic and molecular techniques in children with diarrhea in Jahrom city (Fars province, southern Iran). Stool samples were gathered from 395 children aged ≤ 14 years between January 2017 and January 2018. Next, a questionnaire includes the age, sex, living area, immune system status, breast milk consumption, contact with animals, and type of water source was completed for all children. For microscopic assessment, modified acid-fast trichrome staining was applied for detection of microsporidia spores. Furthermore, DNA extraction and PCR were accomplished for all samples. A total of 15 (3.79%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.14-6.19) and 8 (2.02%; 95% CI 0.88-3.95) samples were positive for microsporidia infection by microscopic and molecular techniques, respectively. Although none of the sociodemographic and risk factors were significant (pvalue > 0.05), the prevalence of this infection was higher in some variables (e.g., rurality, contact with animals and well water consumption). Three random samples were sequenced that all isolates belonged to Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Cognizance of microsporidia occurrence, risk factors, and disease disorders for the health specialists, physicians, children's families are important for appropriately control the infection.

Preliminary Exploration into the Impact of Mistimed Expressed Breast Milk Feeding on Infant Sleep Outcomes, Compared to Other Feeding Patterns.

Background and Objective: The presence and fluctuation of melatonin in breast milk during the night and day may be providing sleep timing information to infants, thereby supporting/enabling the development of their own circadian cycle. If this is the case, then it is important that infants consume breast milk according to the time of day it is produced. However, breast milk is not always consumed at the "right" time. The aim of this study was to investigate whether consuming mistimed expressed breast milk impacts infant sleep compared with other feeding types. Methods: A total of 329 mothers completed an online anonymous survey. Mothers were grouped into one of five groups; direct breastfed only, formula only, express mistimed, express-timed, and combined breastfed/formula fed. Results: Cross-sectional analysis showed mistimed expressed breast milk was significantly associated with delayed sleep onset of the infant (p < 0.001), but direct breastfed infants had significantly more awakenings at night (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest a potential effect of mistimed expressed breast milk consumption on an infant's circadian rhythm, affecting some aspects of their sleep. This is an important first step in exploring mistimed feeding on infant sleep outcomes and provides preliminary evidence that warrants future research.

Proinflammatory maternal diet and early weaning are associated with the inflammatory diet index of Brazilian children (6–12 mo): A pathway analysis

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and its association with maternal factors and excess body weight in Brazilian children aged <2 y during complementary feeding. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study (2016–2019), conducted with 231 mothers and children ages 6 to 24 mo. The food consumption of the mother-child dyad was obtained through the mean of three 24-h recalls, as well as information on the consumption of breast milk. The DII was used to verify the quality of the diet. Children's weight and length were measured, and the weight/height index was calculated. Path analysis was used to assess the interrelationships between variables. Multiple linear regression was conducted to identify the components of the child's DII (C-DII) that contributed the most to explaining its variation. ResultsThe children had an anti-inflammatory diet (C-DII –0.37 ± 0.91) whereas the mothers had a proinflammatory diet (M-DII +0.24 ± 0.86). Fiber was the nutrient that contributed most to the variations in the C-DII. Approximately 28% of children were overweight. In the pathway analysis, we verified a direct negative effect of education on excess body weight (standardized coefficients [SC], –0.180; P = 0.034) and C-DII (SC, –0.167; P = 0.002); negative direct effect of breastfeeding on the C-DII (SC, –0.294; P < 0.001); and positive direct effect of M-DII on C-DII (SC, 0.119; P = 0.021). ConclusionChildren's proinflammatory diet during the period of complementary feeding was associated with maternal proinflammatory diets, lower education, and absence of breastfeeding practice.

PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN TENTANG MAKANAN PENDAMPING ASI DINI TERHADAP TUMBUH KEMBANG BAYI DI POSYANDU DESA BANGSALAN TERAS BOYOLALI

&lt;p align="center"&gt;Complementary foods are complementary foods given to infants after the age of 6 months. If complementary feeding is given too early (before the age of 6 months) it will reduce the consumption of breast milk and the baby can experience digestive disorders. On the other hand, if complementary foods are given too late, the baby will be malnourished, if it occurs for a long time. Early childhood babies are very susceptible to bacteria that cause diarrhea, especially in an environment that lacks hygiene and poor sanitation. Looking at the results , there needs to be more attention from Integrated Healthcare Center cadres in improving services, especially regarding the provision of appropriate complementary feeding.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: Complementary foods, breast milk, Integrated Healthcare Center, breastfeeding&lt;/p&gt;