Consumption Norms Research Articles

A mechanized assembly for erecting soil-cement barriers to protect agricultural lands from low-active waste during flood

The object of this study is the process of constructing a waterproof underground barrier from local soil using loess loam and medium-sized sand as an example. The values of waterproofing of soil cements on different types of soil and the norms of net labor consumption corresponding to them were obtained. The research solves the task of protecting agricultural lands in the areas of geological burials of low-level radioactive waste. Configuration of a mechanized drilling mixing assembly for installing a waterproof barrier in the field has been proposed. Waterproofness of soil cement on clay and sandy soils was determined experimentally. The corresponding norms of the net consumption of time for manufacturing the barrier in these soils have been determined. Units of the mechanized assembly are repairable, utilize widely available materials, parts, and mechanisms. As a result of studies on the labor intensity of the installation of soil cement, a net labor rate was established, which varies from 35 to 52 min/m3 depending on the type of soil. The corresponding values of waterproofness, which ranged from W6 to W14, were determined, which substantiates the possibility of effective functioning of soil-cement underground barriers. Options for the structural solution for impenetrable barriers have been offered. The values of the obtained net time rates are explained by the high degree of mechanization of the technological process and the use of local materials. A distinctive feature of the results is the emphasis on the data collection on the time consumption of machines and mechanisms, the characteristics of local soils under production conditions, and the use of local materials. The assembly implies using affordable and repairable units that can be serviced right in the field. Given this, the manufacturability of the proposed process was defined, confirmed by time-keeping studies. The realm of practical application of the reported results are sites within flat areas with sandy or loess bases. Barrier solutions are designed exclusively for geological waste storage facilities under the conditions of a high level of groundwater and the presence of a waterproof layer at the base

Assessment of material consumption planning methods in part of waste and losses at pipe industry enterprises

This article focuses on the subsystem of economic planning, specifically the standardization of material consumption in industrial production within the pipe industry, particularly in terms of calculating planned waste and loss indicators. Waste and losses are key components of the material consumption norm that currently require thorough analysis. The objective of the study is to evaluate the methodologies used in economic planning within pipe industry enterprises for standardizing waste and losses through comparison with the results of a control calculation. The main hypothesis posits that methodologies not fully adhering to the principles of the computational-analytical method of economic planning may not accurately calculate the amount of waste and losses as part of the material consumption norms. The study employs a method of comparative analysis, ensuring its reliability by developing a two-stage approach to comparing methodologies based on objective waste quantity indicators. Real data from pipe manufacturing companies is utilized to validate the author's approach, with calculations conducted using two methodologies and a control model, leading to an assessment and justification of the preferred methodology for standardization practice, highlighting its advantages. The research provides a scientific rationale for selecting the most objective standardization methodology based on two key criteria – the accuracy of economic calculations and their alignment with the production process. The conclusions and recommendations of the authors can be foundational in developing industry-specific guidelines for standardizing material consumption in the pipe industry. The adoption of a more effective methodology will result in the establishment of objective material consumption norms and enhance the quality of economic planning in pipe industry enterprises.

Prerequisites for cultivating frost-resistant peach varieties in the Right-Bank part of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The necessity of cultivating frost-resistant peach varieties in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine arises due to frequent sharp fluctuations in air temperature during the winter-spring period. Their cultivation can mitigate the impact of weather conditions, ensuring stable fruit production of this crop. The study aimed to analyse the prospects for growing peaches (Prunus persica Mill.) using intensive technologies under changing climate conditions. An analysis of the peach-growing situation revealed that it is a widely cultivated drupe in Ukraine and globally. The main countries leading in peach fruit production were identified: China, Italy, Turkey, Greece, and Spain. Despite a 24% increase in global peach production between 2013 and 2023, the demand for this crop has also risen, leading to a deficit and increased imports to Ukraine. Calculations of the scientifically justified annual consumption norms for peaches showed a shortfall of 187 thousand tonnes in production, with current production standing at 11.2 thousand tonnes. Several factors hindering the expansion of peach orchards were identified. The development of frost-resistant varieties by breeders, suitable for cultivation in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, alongside changing weather conditions, offers opportunities for the safe cultivation of peaches in the region. An analysis of the weather conditions in the Right-Bank part of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine was conducted. It was found that between 2013 and 2023, there was a significant increase in the total active temperatures, with 2023 recording a maximum of 3,777°C. At the same time, precipitation decreased by 58%, amounting to only 325 mm. Considering the changing weather conditions and the development of new frost-resistant varieties, which have expanded the peach cultivation zone to northern regions of Ukraine, it is essential to prepare and implement specific measures to adapt the horticultural industry to peach cultivation in these new regions to meet domestic market demands. It is recommended to initiate trials in irrigated horticulture and develop new methodological guidelines to provide scientific support for establishing perennial peach orchards in the Right-Bank part of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Food security in Ukraine today’s conditions

The system-forming element of national security is food security, which guarantees effective management of the food system, ensuring the food needs of the appropriate quantity and quality of each country’s citizen. Despite the significant potential of the agricultural sector, which forms the basis of food security, the need to analyse the state of food security in the current situation is due to military operations on the territory of Ukraine, which led to its negative global results. In this regard, the need to develop effective strategies and legal regulation is essential to ensure national and global food security, which in turn requires coordination of efforts of all countries and international organisations through international cooperation. The study aims to establish a pattern regarding the current state of food security by analysing the impact of availability, access, usefulness and stability of food supply on food security. Research methods: comparative analysis; taxonomic analysis; systematisation, generalisation. The survey found that Ukraine’s position in the Global Food Security Index (FSI) among 113 countries in 2022 worsened by 13 points, where the worst indicators for domestic food security are sustainability and adaptability (43.5 points out of 100 and 94th place globally) and economic affordability of food (48.1 points out of 100 and 93rd place in the world). It was found that the actual consumption of vegetables, melons, potatoes, and oil in 2021 was slightly higher than the rational norm, indicating sufficient consumption of these products, while the actual consumption of products that are lower than the rational norm includes meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fish and fish products, and fruits, berries, and grapes. It has been determined that since 2016, the number of kilocalories in the daily diet of the population of Ukraine has not reached the minimum norm of consumption of basic foodstuffs for the working population. It has been established that in 2020 and 2021, the value of the taxonomic indicator for assessing the level of food security (I) has been decreasing, i.e. the distance to the reference vector has been increasing, which indicates a decrease in the level of food security. The forecasting results suggest a downward trend in the food security index for the period 2022–2027, and there is an urgent need to take measures to eliminate this trend and improve the value of the index, which is extremely important for the security of the state, especially in times of war.

Defining women’s incomes: household disruptions and gendered resolutions

Abstract Women increasingly work for pay, disrupting cultural expectations and relational dynamics tied to men’s breadwinning. Scholars have examined how women’s incomes impact measures of domestic gender inequality, yet there is limited research on the mechanisms underlying that relationship, including how households define and spend women’s wages. Adopting economic sociology’s relational work approach, this study shows how tandem processes, relational accounting of feminine consumption and relational obfuscation of women’s earnings, shape the meaning of women’s work—processes that extend beyond marital dyads to involve siblings, children, and parents. Drawing from interviews with sixty-four Emirati women and men, I show how households leverage contradictory feminine consumption norms to designate women’s wages as communal resources, while at the same time, they conceal women’s financial contributions and disproportionately recognize men’s breadwinning. I call these relational adaptations to the breakdown of patriarchal bargains predicated on men’s provision gendered resolutions, because they illustrate processes through which women’s wages may paradoxically uphold unequal gendered arrangements. This study offers a framework to understand shifting gender relations during periods of economic change.

Прогнозування обсягів електроспоживання в Україні з урахуванням міграції населення внаслідок воєнних дій

The peculiarities of energy consumption in the field of housing and communal services are characterized by a high dependence on the population's demand for various services provided by enterprises and institutions of various subordination. The volume of fuel and energy usage depends on the lifestyle, population size, structure, and other demographic characteristics. Household electricity consumption norms depend on the social level of comfort provision for the population. In Ukraine, the onset of war has led to significant population displacement, altering the usual way of life and comfort level. This research aims to analyze the impact of population migration due to wartime on electricity consumption volumes for various uses. Data on population size before and after full-scale invasion by regions and countrywide are analyzed. Absolute population changes in each region and the country as a whole are determined. Migration patterns and their influence on changes in electricity consumption are studied. The distribution of migrants by regions and changes in electricity consumption volumes in these regions are examined. The main significant factors affecting population energy consumption during wartime are identified. The average annual electricity consumption per capita is calculated, and comparisons are made with major European countries. Trends in the structure of electricity consumption by the population during the retrospective period are analyzed, along with potential influencing factors. Keywords: energy consumption, specific electricity consumption per capita, population, migration, forcibly displaced persons.

Alcohol Consumption Norms and the Favored Alcohol Consumption Policies of Citizens of Seoul.

The purpose of this study was to define the alcohol consumption norms and attitudes toward alcohol regulation policies among citizens of Seoul and the relationships between such norms and the favored regulatory policies. The study population consisted of 1001 adults aged 19-80 years living in Seoul. We collected demographic data and data on health behaviors, attitudes towards drinking, and preferred alcohol regulation policies. The correlations between drinking and the favored regulatory policies were analyzed. Male, as well as being employed, aged 19-39 years, single, a smoker, and a current or heavy episodic drinker were associated with more positive attitudes toward drinking (all p < 0.001) and less desire for alcohol regulation policies (all p < 0.001). We found a significant negative correlation between attitudes toward drinking and preferred alcohol regulation policies (p < 0.001). Participants who favored reduced or no alcohol consumption and a reduction in alcohol-related harm were more accepting of restrictive alcohol consumption policies. To establish alcohol control polices, differences in drinking norms within populations should be considered. Furthermore, for a successful alcohol control policy, efforts should be made to change drinking norms, as well as consider differences in regulatory policy preferences between population groups.

Assessment of the impact of the adopted norm of specific water consumption on the efficiency of operation of pumping stations

Assessment of the impact of the adopted norm of specific water consumption on the efficiency of operation of pumping stations

Investigation of the effect of bio-ap-irga dietary supplements on the composition and properties of yogurts

Today, consumers pay special attention to the quality of their products. They also expect a high level of innovation. Thus, the dairy sector's supply is increasingly focusing on the use of various additives with proven health benefits. The modern market of functional products consists of 65% dairy products. The basis of the technology of functional food products is the modification of traditional products, which ensure an increase in the content of useful ingredients in them to a level correlated with the physiological norms of consumption. Many scientific studies from different regions of the world are engaged in research, and their goal is to identify herbal supplements that have a beneficial effect on the human body. A specific feature of plant raw materials is the ability to synthesize a large number of various chemical compounds of various natures that have physiological activity. This article presents the results of studies on the effect of a biologically active additive obtained by using whey protein concentrate, saskatoon berries and mountain ash. The results of the physico-chemical, organoleptic parameters of yogurt obtained using the developed dietary supplement are presented. It was found that the content of proteins, vitamin C, and polyphenols in the finished yoghurts significantly increased. An increase in antioxidant properties was noted. The data obtained indicate the biological value of the developed yogurt was enriched with BIO-AP-IRGA dietary supplement.

ОЦЕНКА РАЦИОНОВ ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ ПРЕДУНИВЕРСАРИЯ НА ПРЕДМЕТ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ИНДОЛОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ПРОДУКТОВ

Annotation. A sociological study conducted by the authors showed that the nutritional intake of indoles through the use of vegetable products of the cabbage family Brassicaceae among respondents - medical students - is at a low level. Analysis of the questionnaires showed that only 35% of respondents use cabbage family vegetables in their diet, providing the daily intake. At the same time, 10% of students do not use this group of products in food at all, which proves the absence of indoles in the body. According to the survey, white cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are most often used in the diet. Brussels sprouts have the highest level of glucosolate content, but unfortunately this vegetable was not noticed in the diet of students, perhaps this is due to the fact that the vegetable is not popular enough in the Moscow region. For proper nutritional intake of the recommended amount of indolic substances, it is necessary to regularly use cabbage family vegetables in the diet, preferably raw or with minimal heat cooking in portions of 50-100 grams at a time. Of particular concern is the fact that all respondents are medical students and, as expected, should be more attentive to their health. There is an obvious urgent need to introduce additional elective hours into training programs, during which students need to be introduced to the principles of forming a food set that provides not only the supply of nutrients, but also has a functional property due to the content of biologically active compounds. Due to the importance of indole consumption and the survey results - about low consumption of vegetables, the next stage of work we plan to develop a diet for students taking into account the norms of indole consumption.

Power consumption of electric centrifugal pumping plants under extraction of highly watered oil

Relevance. Currently, oil fields in Russia are mainly developed using the method of artificial maintenance of reservoir pressure to achieve high oil recovery. The use of artificial impact on productive formations by the method of water injection contributes to the premature irrigation of production wells. Water content of productive layers in oil fields significantly complicates the technology of oil production. With the increase in water content of the surface fluid, the power consumed by the engine increases. Minimization of energy consumption is quite relevant, as oil is produced with significant expenditures of electrical energy. It is important to investigate the dependences of the electric energy consumption on the well water cut. Aim. To study the dependence of energy consumption of submersible electric centrifugal units operated in oil production wells on water cut. Methods. Submersible electric centrifugal installations for oil production. Results. In order to study the effects of formation water cut on electrical energy specific consumption, wells with a water cut of more than 90% were selected. Using the formula, the authors have calculated the electrical energy specific consumption for oil production. The analysis of the results of the calculated data showed that in producing wells with a water cut of up to 90 %, the average specific electric power consumption for oil production is within the recommended standards. In wells with the water cut more than 90%, the average specific electric power consumption for oil production exceeds recommended specific norms of electric energy consumption during operation of oil producing wells equipped with electric centrifugal installations. Based on calculated data, the dependence of the specific electrical energy consumption for oil production on the water cut of reservoir products was plotted, and wells with a water cut of more than 90% were selected. The analysis of the graphical dependence showed that in wells with an oil water cut of more than 90%, the specific energy consumption reaches maximum values ​​(the specific energy consumption increases by 40%).

An Integrated Approach to the High-Quality, Safe and Healthy Nutrition Provision for Schoolchildren

Schoolchildren nutrition is one of the urgent problems and is currently one of the most important aspects for federal executive authorities. The study aims at the integrated approach development to ensure high-quality, safe and healthy nutrition for schoolchildren at the municipal level. The study object is the school nutrition system in Ekaterinburg. Nutrition satisfaction assessments results in 2019–2020 revealed that 81 % of headmasters, 48 % of teachers, and 62% of school medical staff believed that children liked to eat in the school canteen. At the same time, a man determined that 40 % of elementary school students, 31 % of high school students, 31 % of parents of elementary school students and 28 % of parents of high school students were satisfied with the catering at school, generally. The thesis presents the proportion data on the unsatisfactory samples of nutritional value identified in the course of inspections in schools in Ekaterinburg in 2019–2022, as well as the dynamics of satisfaction with catering in the school canteen and menu. The researchers systematized data on the reasons for nutrition refusal and (or) limited nutrition in the school canteen; on the attainment of the macro- and micronutrients consumption norms compared to the actual daily rations of schoolchildren in Ekaterinburg. The proportion of children with diseases of the endocrine system in schools varies from 0 to 37 %, including those with obesity – from 0 to 15 %, with diseases of the circulatory system – from 0 to 10 %, digestive system – from 0 to 72 %, musculoskeletal system – from 0 to 65 %. The researchers interrelate the number of unsatisfactory laboratory test samples of food products in public catering enterprises in schools with the digestive diseases in schoolchildren. Based on the research results, a man developed draft municipal program.

What are the Barriers to the Consumption of Millet-based Foods in India? An Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT) Perspective

This research article addresses a significant knowledge gap by investigating the barriers that hinder millet consumption among consumers. Millet, with its potential to contribute to sustainable and diverse diets, remains underutilized despite its numerous benefits. To fill this gap, we employed a rigorous mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative essays and thematic analysis, alongside a survey of 300 consumers using structural equation modeling for data analysis. Our findings reveal two primary barriers impacting consumer choices: limited availability of millet-based products and the influence of prevailing consumption norms. To gain deeper insights into these barriers, we applied Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT) for a novel perspective on the study. This research helps policymakers, entrepreneurs, and retailers build targeted millet consumption strategies and sustainable food system initiatives. Addressing these barriers can promote better dietary habits, traditional food cultures, food security, and environmental sustainability. The paper provides evidence-based advice to boost millet consumption and improve global food systems.

Emerging zoonotic viral diseases and preventive strategies with Islamic perspectives of halal foods

There are several emerging zoonotic viral diseases associated with wildlife or non-wildlife food that arise with the passage of time. Different pathogenic strains with advanced mutational changes results in severe pathogenicity in respective hosts either animals or humans. The viability in human host employs the certainty of transmission from animals. Most of the viral diseases in humans caused by direct close contact between animals or indirectly through intermediate hosts. Many of the coronaviral diseases spread by bats specie and its reservoirs. Moreover, the consumption of other wildlife animals common in certain regions of world escalate the potential risk for gaining various zoonotic viral ailments. On the other hand, the Islamic norms for food consumption remarkably reduces the risk of these diseases by devouring the Halal (lawful) or Tayyab foods. The xenobiotic transformations in animals also illustrates the prohibition of haram (unlawful) food consumption. Humans with compromised immune system in elderly or suffering from chronic diseases can easily adopt these viral diseases and thus may prone to lethality. One of the emerging zoonotic viral diseases involve COVID-19 caused by novel β-coronavirus (nCov) transmission has been suspected in Wuhan wildlife market that also have origin of bat reservoirs as natural host based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be especially implemented in populations at greater risk.

Public health engagement in alcohol licensing in England and Scotland: the ExILEnS mixed-method, natural experiment evaluation.

International systematic reviews suggest an association between alcohol availability and increased alcohol-related harms. Alcohol availability is regulated through separate locally administered licensing systems in England and Scotland, in which local public health teams have a statutory role. The system in Scotland includes a public health objective for licensing. Public health teams engage to varying degrees in licensing matters but no previous study has sought to objectively characterise and measure their activity, examine their effectiveness, or compare practices between Scotland and England. To critically assess the impact and mechanisms of impact of public health team engagement in alcohol premises licensing on alcohol-related harms in England and Scotland. We recruited 39 diverse public health teams in England (n = 27) and Scotland (n = 12). Public health teams more active in licensing were recruited first and then matched to lower-activity public health teams. Using structured interviews (n = 66), documentation analysis, and expert consultation, we developed and applied the Public Health Engagement In Alcohol Licensing (PHIAL) measure to quantify six-monthly activity levels from 2012 to 2019. Time series of PHIAL scores, and health and crime outcomes for each area, were analysed using multivariable negative binomial mixed-effects models to assess correlations between outcome and exposure, with 18-month average PHIAL score as the primary exposure metric. In-depth interviews (n = 53) and a workshop (n = 10) explored public health team approaches and potential mechanisms of impact of alcohol availability interventions with public health team members and licensing stakeholders (local authority licensing officers, managers and lawyers/clerks, police staff with a licensing remit, local elected representatives). Nineteen public health team activity types were assessed in six categories: (1) staffing; (2) reviewing and (3) responding to licence applications; (4) data usage; (5) influencing licensing stakeholders/policy; and (6) public involvement. Usage and intensity of activities and overall approaches varied within and between areas over time, including between Scotland and England. The latter variation could be explained by legal, structural and philosophical differences, including Scotland's public health objective. This objective was felt to legitimise public health considerations and the use of public health data within licensing. Quantitative analysis showed no clear evidence of association between level of public health team activity and the health or crime outcomes examined, using the primary exposure or other metrics (neither change in, nor cumulative, PHIAL scores). Qualitative data suggested that public health team input was valued by many licensing stakeholders, and that alcohol availability may lead to harms by affecting the accessibility, visibility and norms of alcohol consumption, but that the licensing systems have limited power to act in the interests of public health. This study provides no evidence that public health team engagement in local licensing matters was associated with measurable downstream reductions in crime or health harms, in the short term, or over a 7-year follow-up period. The extensive qualitative data suggest that public health team engagement is valued and appears to be slowly reorienting the licensing system to better address health (and other) harms, especially in Scotland, but this will take time. A rise in home drinking, alcohol deliveries, and the inherent inability of the licensing system to reduce - or in the case of online sales, to contain - availability, may explain the null findings and will continue to limit the potential of these licensing systems to address alcohol-related harms. Further analysis could consider the relative success of different public health team approaches in terms of changing alcohol availability and retailing. A key gap relates to the nature and impact of online availability on alcohol consumption, harms and inequalities, alongside development and study of relevant policy options. A national approach to licensing data and oversight would greatly facilitate future studies and public health input to licensing. Our interview data and therefore PHIAL scores may be limited by recall bias where documentary evidence of public health activity was not available, and by possible variability in grading of such activity, though steps were taken to minimise both. The analyses would have benefited from additional data on licensing policies and environmental changes that might have affected availability or harms in the study areas. The study was registered with the Research Registry (researchregistry6162) on 26 October 2020. The study protocol was published in BMC Medical Research Methodology on 6 November 2018. This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme as award number 15/129/11.

Pandemic and Nutrition: Analysis of Eating Behavior of Russians in the Context of Health Maintenance

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed usual behavior and habits, including dietary practices, of Russian people, which has implications for public health. Objective: To identify specifics of transformation of dietary practices of Russians before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in order to establish the impact of conditions and context of this infectious disease spread on eating behavior and habits. Materials and methods: We used the method of content analysis of unique Russian-language messages from the VKontakte and Odnoklassniki social networks (145 thousand messages). Data were collected using the IQBuzz social media monitoring service during three time spans: before (January 1, 2018 to February 28, 2020), during (March 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022), and after the COVID-19 pandemic (July 1, 2022 to August 31, 2023). Results: We found that, regardless of the time span under study, Russians consider fruits and vegetables (26.9 %), dairy and fermented milk products (12.6 %), water (9.0 %), tea (10.0 %), and meat (8.3 %) as key components of a healthy diet. Attempts to cope with stress caused by the pandemic were manifested by a 2.6-fold and double increase in the number of festive feasts during and after the pandemic, respectively; cooking for relaxation; higher consumption rates of sweets (before – 3.9 %, during – 6.2 %, and after – 5.1 %) and alcohol (3.6 %, 3.2 %, and 4.3 %, respectively). The persistence of high social tension deepened the practices of emotional eating of sweets and drinking alcohol. We observed a shift from traditional offline shopping to a widespread use of online services, which became a sustainable norm of consumption after the pandemic. Conclusion: Health maintenance is closely related with food choices and eating behavior, so healthy eating has become a more frequent topic of discussion after the pandemic. Our findings suggest that the majority of Russians are stable in their dietary practices in the context of preserving health.

FORMATION OF THE COST SYSTEM BASED ON THEIR OPTIMAL STRUCTURE

The functioning of business entities of the machine-building industry is closely related to the consumption in the process of manufacturing and selling products (goods, services) of a wide range of material, energy, labor, financial, and intellectual resources. Accordingly, the amounts incurred by the enterprise constitute a generalized monetary estimate of the cost of consumed production resources, and also reflect the optimal use of resources, the consumption of which is important for providing all the needs of the enterprise at the stage of production processes. Effective management influence at the stage of formation and implementation of expenses requires ensuring an equally significant degree of differentiation of the defined management system, as well as the justified application of norms and methods of solving management problems related to the optimal regulation of consumption norms. The basis of the integrated cost management system is a hierarchical system of performance indicators of the enterprise, which provides an opportunity to implement the principle of decentralization in the implementation of management decisions. The budgeting system creates prerequisites for attracting additional financial resources, finding channels for their mobilization, adequate centralization of cash flows, and regulates their rational use. The proposed algorithm for implementing an integrated cost management system is shown in Fig. 3.6. determines the procedure for implementing a set of systematized measures regarding the implementation of management technology, the system of intra-firm cost planning, which prescribes key regulations and management procedures.

How perceptions of meat consumption norms differ across contexts and meat consumer groups

Social norm perceptions are implicit standards describing what is typically done or seen as acceptable and have shown to be important both in sustaining meat consumption as well as facilitating meat reduction. Norm perceptions depend on individual differences and the contexts (e.g., supermarket, restaurant). Yet, evidence how norm perceptions differ within and across individuals is scarce. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how descriptive, injunctive, and personal norms perceptions favouring meat consumption differ across contexts and meat consumer groups. The second aim was to investigate how generic dynamic norm perceptions vary across meat consumer groups. British meat eaters (n = 1205, 25–65 years) participated in an online cross-sectional survey. Weekly meat, fish and meat substitute consumption was measured with the adapted Oxford Meat Frequency Questionnaire. All but dynamic norm perceptions were measured for the supermarket, restaurant and worksite cafeteria context. Dynamic norms were measured without a specified context. A two-step cluster analysis was conducted to identify meat consumer groups. Descriptive norm perceptions favouring meat consumption were strongest in supermarket and restaurant contexts, compared to the worksite cafeteria. Injunctive and personal norms favouring meat consumption were both perceived strongest in the supermarket, followed by the restaurant, and least in the worksite cafeteria context. Four meat consumer groups were identified and those with higher meat intake (i.e., Meat lovers and Exceeders) perceived norms favouring meat consumption stronger and norms favouring meat avoidance weaker than the groups with lower meat intake (i.e., Flexitarians and Moderates). While norm perceptions differed between meat consumer groups, the pattern of contextual differences is similar for these meat consumer groups. Our findings underscore the importance of considering contexts and meat consumer groups in efforts to reduce meat consumption.

Research on excessive consumption of luxury goods by the “Generation Z”

Given the inadequacy of research objects and theories on the problem of overconsumption of luxury goods by young people in academic circles. This paper applies the theory of behavioral economics to study the phenomenon of overbuying, the reasons, and the solutions to the consumption of luxury goods by Generation Z. Firstly, the consumption concept of young people in Generation Z is influenced by family background, education, and other factors, which leads to irrational purchasing behavior in luxury consumption. Secondly, behavioral economics theory is applied to explain the reasons for Generation Z’s excessive consumption of luxury goods. It is pointed out that the group effect, psychological illusion, and instant gratification drive are the reasons for the overconsumption of luxury goods. Finally, from the perspectives of Generation Z consumers, luxury goods manufacturers, and social third parties, the following solutions are proposed: strengthening education and training to promote the formation of rational consumption concepts; luxury goods manufacturers and the government taking social responsibility to provide transparent information and a healthy market environment; guiding consumers to establish reasonable consumption concepts and cultivate hobbies; formulating reasonable consumption norms and improving financial literacy to reduce the occurrence of overconsumption, and so on. The overconsumption can be minimized by formulating reasonable consumption norms, enhancing financial literacy, etc.

Estimation of gammaaminobutyric acid intake from the human diet

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an endogenous bioactive compound with essential properties for the normal functioning of the human nervous system. As a potent neurotransmitter, it plays an important role in modulating synaptic transmission by exerting phasic inhibition of neurons. This and other effects of GABA provide the phenomenon of neural tissue plasticity underlying learning, memory, maturation and repair of neural tissue after damage. It also has a wide range of biological actions, including antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. In this regard, GABA is increasingly used in the composition of food for special dietary uses and dietary supplements. However, its adequate intake levels have not yet been assessed and its dietary intake has not been characterized. The aim of the review was to estimate the level of GABA intake under balanced consumption of foods, corresponding to rational norms that meet modern requirements of a healthy diet. Material and methods. The existing literature on the problem in recent years was reviewed using the databases RISC, CyberLeninka, Pubmed, and ResearchGate. Results. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, we evaluated the content of GABA in the average daily diet, compiled on the basis of the rational norms of food consumption that meet modern requirements for healthy nutrition (Order of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation dated August 19, 2016. No. 614). The balanced diet can provide about 740 mg of GABA per day, mainly due to vegetables (potatoes - 419 mg/day, beet - 49 mg/day, pumpkin - 41 mg/day), fruits (apple - 15 mg/day, grapes - 3.8 mg/day), as well as low-fat dairy products (92 mg/day). Conclusion. The presented data may be useful in assessing the adequacy of enrichment of foods for special dietary uses and dietary supplements with GABA.