Consumption In Study Area Research Articles

A Systematic Review on Fluoride Contamination in Water Resources of Iran from 2016 to 2023: Spatial Distribution and Probabilistic Risk Assessment (Monte Carlo Simulation).

Because of significant variations and existence of high fluoride (F-) in some waters, Iran has been considered for various fluoride studies in recent decades. Nevertheless, there is a no updated review on fluoride levels especially including F- risk assessment. Thus, this systematic review is mainly aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of F- content in water sources of Iran using geographic information system (GIS) and conduct the health risk assessment. Besides, the Monte-Carlo Simulation technique with 10,000 iterations was applied for determination of the non-carcinogenic effects of F- in different exposed groups (infant, children, teenagers, and adults). The results indicated that the maximum and minimum concentrations of F- content were related to Jazmourian (Roudbar plain) (4.8mg/L) and Sahneh (0.1mg/L) provinces, respectively, and F- content of more than ≅ 19% of the samples exceeds the Iranian standard value (1.5mg/L). The results showed that the HQ of F- in all groups were higher than 1 with the order of children > infants > teenager > adults in which children were the vulnerable group to F- consumption in study area. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and continuously measure water supplies for fluoride content and control measures, including removal steps, be taken for human risk reduction.

Spatial analysis and probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to fluoride in drinking water using GIS and Monte Carlo simulation.

Prevalence of fluorosis is a worldwide public health problem especially in many states of India. It is necessary to find out the fluoride endemic areas to adopt remedial measures to the people on the risk of fluorosis. The target goals of this research were to assess (a) the exposure of fluoride concentration; (b) probabilistic risk assessment, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty through intake of groundwater among population of Agra City (infants, children and adults) by Crystal Ball software; and (c) spatial distribution of HQ and fluoride concentration. A total of sixty samples from standing tube wells/hand pumps were gathered from selected and identified fluoride prevalent areas in Agra City. The concentration of fluoride scrutinized was obtained to be ranging from 1.32 to 4.60 mg/L with mean value of 2.36 in Agra City, and more than 91% of samples investigated surpassed the allowable level set for fluoride concentration in potable water 1.5 mg/L, although 9% of the samples were well within the drinking water guidelines (0.5-1.5 mg/L). The hazard quotient (HQ) was obtained to an enormous difference in the exposure dose in infants (1.66-3.91), children (1.87-4.4), and adults (0.92-2.16), correspondingly. The non-carcinogenic HQ values in the group of infants, children, and more than 90% of adults were higher than those of the safety level (i.e., HQ >1). Consequently, the non-carcinogenic risks (HQ level) of fluoride vary from the most to the least: children, infant, and adults, respectively. With 87.41% certainty, the results indicated that the HQ values are between 1 and 3.42. So, infant is the most vulnerable group to fluoride consumption in study area. Uncertainty analysis results indicated that the children group's HQ level was between 1 and 1.90 with 38.48% certainty. To avoid further worsening of the situation as far as health is concerned, remedial actions like alternate sources of water supply and appropriate treatment of water need to be adopted besides required medical attention to affected people.

Assessment of Cement Consumption Pattern: A Case from Pokhara, Nepal

Purpose: Cement is a major construction material used in civil engineering works due to which its demand is very high. The consumers and suppliers of the cement market may feel that every brand they are buying and selling is of good quality. The study has been focused to assess the consumption of different cement brands available in the Pokhara Metropolitan city. Design/Methodology/Approach: cement suppliers’ data and field data were collected. Cement suppliers within the study area were considered during the survey. The different brands of cement in use at the site were examined by field survey and analysis was conducted on SPSS software to obtain the results. Findings/Result: Maximum cement suppliers prefer Shivam (18.18%) in OPC type and Brij cement (17.53%) in PPC type. A positive increasing trend of annual cement consumption was observed from 2070 BS to 2076 BS. Annual cement consumption of OPC and PPC were separately studied. Cement consumption data from mass concreting areas were collected. High rise buildings, Pokhara international airport, midhill highway section in the study area, siltation dams, and cement consumption in bridges near the study area were taken into consideration for the study. All RMC suppliers' cement consumption in study area was studied differently from the establishment period. Descriptive statistics was used to study the association between cement preference and the price of cement. Preference of suppliers of cement was not found to be associated with the price of cement. Preference for cement in RMC was not found to be associated with price of cement. Originality/Value: It is action research to analyze cement consumption pattern. Paper Type: Ex-post facto research.

Assessment of Cement Consumption Pattern: A Case from Pokhara, Nepal

Purpose: Cement is a major construction material used in civil engineering works due to which its demand is very high. The consumers and suppliers of the cement market may feel that every brand they are buying and selling is of good quality. The study has been focused to assess the consumption of different cement brands available in the Pokhara Metropolitan city. Design/Methodology/Approach: cement suppliers’ data and field data were collected. Cement suppliers within the study area were considered during the survey. The different brands of cement in use at the site were examined by field survey and analysis was conducted on SPSS software to obtain the results. Findings/Result: Maximum cement suppliers prefer Shivam (18.18%) in OPC type and Brij cement (17.53%) in PPC type. A positive increasing trend of annual cement consumption was observed from 2070 BS to 2076 BS. Annual cement consumption of OPC and PPC were separately studied. Cement consumption data from mass concreting areas were collected. High rise buildings, Pokhara international airport, midhill highway section in the study area, siltation dams, and cement consumption in bridges near the study area were taken into consideration for the study. All RMC suppliers' cement consumption in study area was studied differently from the establishment period. Descriptive statistics was used to study the association between cement preference and the price of cement. Preference of suppliers of cement was not found to be associated with the price of cement. Preference for cement in RMC was not found to be associated with price of cement. Originality/Value: It is action research to analyze cement consumption pattern Paper Type: Ex-Post Facto Research

Human Health Risk Assessment of Some Toxic Metals in Groundwater Resources in Four Selected Towns of Delta State, Nigeria

Aims: The health risk assessment of some toxic metals in groundwater in four selected towns of Delta State, Nigeria was confirmed by this study.
 Methodology: Ninety six groundwater samples were obtained from sixty four hand-dug wells and thirty two boreholes between December 2016 and May 2017. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals using standard procedures. Data collected was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 22.0. Health Risk Assessment for Non cancer hazard and carcinogenic effects were determined.
 Results: The HQ of Cr, Mn and Ni were below 1.0 indicating no threat to the water consumers while the HQ values for Pb, Cd and Cu were above 1.0 indicating risk to human health. The HI value was found to be greater than 1.0, indicating noncarcinogenic adverse effects. The estimated Lifetime of Carcinogenic Risks (LTCR) for Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni exceeded the predicted lifetime risk for carcinogens of 10−6 from ingestion pathway. The groundwater had higher risks of Cr and Cd as LTCR value in most sites were >10−4. The high LTCR should be given high priority as public health is concerned.
 Conclusions: This study indicated possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic human health hazard from groundwater consumption in study area through oral consumption.

Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and human health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in edible fish from Wuhan, China.

The objective of this study was to determine concentration and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in edible fish from Wuhan, China, in order to assess health risk to the human via fish consumption. Two edible fish species (Aristichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were collected and analyzed for 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and eight heavy metals (HMs). Concentrations of ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, and ∑OCPs in fish samples were in the range of 0.37-111.20, not detected (nd)-123.61, and 2.04-189.04 ng g(-1) (wet weight), respectively. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of OCPs in bighead carp (A. nobilis) were higher than those in silver carp (H. molitrix). Concentrations of ∑HMs in bighead carp and silver carp were 352.48 and 345.20 mg kg(-1) (dw), respectively. Daily exposure of OCPs and HMs for consumers was estimated by comparing estimated daily intake (EDI) with different criteria. The results revealed that the EDIs in our study were all lower than those criteria. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and risk ratio (R) were used to evaluate non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. As regard to non-carcinogenic effects of the contaminants, hazard quotients (THQ) of OCPs and HMs were both lower than 1.0, implying negligible non-carcinogenic risk via fish consumption in study area. Nevertheless, in view of carcinogenic effects of the contaminants, the total value of risk ratio (R) of OCPs was lower than the threshold of tolerable risk while the total value of risk ratio (R) of HMs was higher than the threshold of tolerable risk due to the high carcinogenic risk ratios of As and Cr, indicating high carcinogenic risks via fish consumption. The results demonstrated that HMs in edible fish from Wuhan, China, especially As and Cr required more attention than OCPs.

Resource Utilization Pattern with Special Reference to Fodder and Fuel in Village Shahdarah Sharief, District Rajouri (J&K)

The present study was conducted to understand fodder and fuel utilization pattern in village Shahdarah Sharief, Rajouri, India. The common fodder types used were green fodder, top feeds, crop residues and tree leaves. The green fodder consumption was found to be highest (16.83 kg/day/family) while top feed was least utilized (1.10 kg/day/family). The major fuel types fulfilling the energy demand of local people in study area were wood, LPG and dung cake. LPG constituted the major share of consumption (10.7x105 kcal/month) while dung cake consumption was least (3.1x105 kcal/month). The total fuel and fodder consumption in study area was 17.2x105 kcal/month and 36.65 kg/day/family, respectively. Livestock population of study area was comprised of cow, bullock, buffalo, he-buffalo, goat and sheep with highest share of buffaloes (43.38%) and lowest of he-buffaloes (4.42%).

Socio-economic factors influencing foreign rice consumption in Ikwuano and Umuahia north local governmentareas of Abia State.

The study examined the socio-economic factors influencing foreign rice consumption in Ikwuano and Umuahia North local government Areas of Abia state. A total of 93 rice consumers were selected across the two local government areas using the simple random technique. Data, which comprised information on the socio- economic characteristic and other quantitative variables of interest, were collected using a well-structured questionnaire administered to the consumers. The socio-economic characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistic such as percentages and frequencies. The ordinary least square (OLS) model of multiple regression technique was used to analyze the consumption functions of rice consumers. From the results obtained, it was revealed that the price of commodity (X ), price of substitute (X ), Household size (X ) frequency of consumption (X ), and educational status(X ) were significant and positively related to foreign rice consumption in the study area. The economic implication is that foreign rice has become an essential commodity whose demand is not easily decreased by the decrease or rise in its price or price of its substitute, household size and its frequency of consumption in study area. The government should therefore regulate importation of the foreign rice commodity and on the other hand increase investment on agriculture so as to boost and accelerate indigenous production of local rice which can match the imported ones in quality and standard. Government should create enabling environment to attract foreign rice producing companies in Thailand, China, e.t.c. to enter into partnership with Federal, State, Local governments as well as organized private sector for production of same high quality rice in Nigeria. Keywords: Socio-Economics, Foreign Rice, Consumption.