Consumer Acculturation Research Articles

Contextualizing the “Spanish dream”: using critical HRM to understand immigrant homeownership in Spain, 2000–2009

PurposeA pronounced rise in postpandemic immigration is creating consumption opportunities and challenges for countries worldwide. Past research has shown that immigrant homeownership indicates advanced consumer acculturation. However, critical factors which differentiate immigrant decisions to purchase a home remain underexplored. This study aims to examine the importance of different identity resources in determining homeownership gaps between immigrant groups in Spain during a dynamic decade.Design/methodology/approachA mixed methods research design with triangulation was used. First, the critical “historical research method” is used to empirically assess 15,465 household-level microdata files from the National Immigrant Survey of Spain. Second, the analysis is corroborated through informant interviews, an evaluation of digital news archives and other historical traces such as relevant advertisements in Spain from 2000 to 2009.FindingsResults provided an account of immigrant homeownership whereby foreign-born consumers leveraged resources to promote social identities aligned with an advanced level of acculturation through housing investment during this period. Furthermore, marketing focused on specific targets of ethnic minority consumers coupled with government policies to promote immigrant homeownership reinforced the “Spanish Dream” as a new paradigm for housing market integration.Originality/valueSpain provides an unprecedented historical context to explain marketing-related phenomena due to a perfect storm of immigration, job availability and integration supports. Contrary to popular wisdom, immigrant consumer homeownership gaps are not solely a result of differences in income and economic mobility, but rather an advanced acculturation outcome driven by personal and social investments in resources that lead to consumer identities.

Transnational Market Navigation: Living and Consuming across Borders

Abstract Prior research has investigated global mobility through the lenses of consumer acculturation, identity, and possessions with a focus on consumers’ socialization and identity management in the host consumer culture. It has neglected, however, the ways that globally mobile consumers simultaneously navigate the multiple, cross-border markets in which they are embedded. We adopt the social network perspective to investigate the transnational consumer lifestyles of people who live and consume simultaneously in two or more countries and sustain multiple relationships of a diverse nature (e.g., market, social, financial, professional) across borders. Through a qualitative study, we dimensionalize the transnational social space inhabited by transnational consumers and demonstrate how it shapes their consumption. We introduce the concept of transnational market navigation, defined as the process of strategically and pragmatically selecting and leveraging social networks to engage simultaneously with multiple cross-border markets. We identify three transnational market navigation strategies: clustering consumption, embracing commercial lock-ins, and developing cluster-based competency. By mobilizing a network perspective to examine consumption in global mobility, we show that globally mobile consumers are also motivated by ways of being (the actual social and commercial relationships and consumption practices with which consumers engage), in addition to the identities associated with their consumption.

The Role of Platform Quality on Consumer Purchase Intention in the Context of Cross-Border E-Commerce: The Evidence from Africa.

Africa, as one of the rapidly growing markets, presents a significant opportunity for cross-border e-commerce companies to penetrate their consumer market, which is in dire need of development. This study utilizes the Information System Success model to investigate the impact of cross-border e-commerce platform quality on consumers' purchase intentions. Additionally, the study identifies the role of perceived value and trust in the purchase process. Moreover, the moderating effect of consumer acculturation on the relationship between cross-border platform quality and perceived value is examined. A total of 446 valid responses were obtained through a questionnaire survey and analyzed using structural equations. The findings reveal that platform information quality, system quality, and service quality significantly enhance consumers' perceived value, thereby positively influencing their purchase intention. Furthermore, the results highlight the joint effect of perceived value and trust on purchase intention, and trust plays a mediating role in this relationship. The moderating effect of acculturation is also confirmed, indicating that it negatively moderates the impact of system and information quality on perceived value, while positively moderating the impact of service quality on perceived value. These findings complement and extend existing cross-border e-commerce research and provide valuable insights into the buying behavior of African consumers.

Social media discussion forums, home country and immigrant consumer acculturation: the case of Iranian immigrants in Australia

PurposeSocial media has transformed communication possibilities for immigrant consumers with their home country in their acculturation efforts. However, the acculturative outcomes of consumer interactions with the home country through social media are largely overlooked in previous research. This study aims to investigate the acculturative processes and outcomes resulting from interacting with the home country through social media.Design/methodology/approachA netnographic approach is used to collect data from a social media platform that provides an interactive social context in which Iranian immigrants in Australia share their experiences of immigration with non-immigrants who are considering and planning to migrate to Australia.FindingsFindings show how both immigrants and non-immigrant users via social media reflexively contribute to the formation of two competing collective narratives, namely, the dominant, romanticizing narrative and counter, pragmatic narratives. Findings highlight how notions of the home and host countries, and the idea of migrating from home to host, are constructed as the result of the circulation of the dominant and counter narratives. Further findings include how these two collective narratives come into play in the formation of three acculturative outcomes, namely, self-validating, ordinary experts and wellbeing. These insights extend consumer acculturation theory through highlighting the acculturative processes and outcomes of interactions with the home country via a social media platform. This includes, for example, how interacting with the home culture can take on assimilationist properties through the construction of a romanticized representation of the hosting society (i.e. Australia) in the dominant collective narrative.Practical implicationsImplications for ethnic marketing practice, policymakers and non-governmental organisations are advanced, especially regarding using social media as a channel to communicate with current and potential immigrant consumers. Notably, policymakers can use social media to engage with immigrants before and after migration to reduce the potential for cognitive dissonance in recent arrivals. Managerially, brands can advertise on Web-based forums, independent websites and social media platforms to target potential immigrants to sell relevant products immigrants needs after migrating to the host country.Social implicationsFindings broaden the understanding of the potential acculturative outcomes on social media by moving away from the traditional outcomes, which are restricted to the dichotomy between the home and host cultures.Originality/valueScholarly attention is deficient on the role of direct interaction with the home country in immigrant consumer acculturation, especially through social media, which is the focus of this study.

City, Consumption and Interculturalism: How Cities Can Facilitate Consumer Acculturation

With the rise of interculturalism as an alternative paradigm to the dominant multicultural integration policies in immigration countries, the importance of cities, as landscapes of intercultural interactions and consumption has become more and more important. This study aims to investigate how cities and city-related consumption practices play a role in consumer acculturation, an area that is largely overlooked in previous research. A hermeneutic approach is used to analyse and interpret the data collected through semi-structured and unstructured go-along interviews with 18 Iranian immigrants who live in Dortmund, Germany. Beyond the dichotomy of the home and host countries, the findings of this study show how city-related activities and interactions can lead to the construction of a sense of belonging to the hosting society. We show how such a sense of belonging can be constructed through immigrant consumers’ involvement in city-related rituals, private appropriation of public space and reterritorialisation.

Immigration blues: understanding market dynamics through consumer acculturation

ABSTRACT Several studies on market dynamics emphasize the role of consumers and other market actors in shaping the existing market logics. However, little attention has been paid to how immigrant consumer communities navigate among market actors and the mainstream institutional environment to alter markets in host societies. Through an acculturation lens, we set out to study the development of immigrant grocery shops in Norway. The findings reveal how the market formation is influenced by “immigration blues” through the challenges of acculturation, institutional constraints, and the role of the immigrant community as a network that is used to cope with the various challenges. We argue that many dynamics can be traced back to the confrontation between a neo-liberal “everything can be negotiated” logic and the “statist individualistic” society within which the entrepreneurial activity takes place.

Accommodating ethnic minority consumers during service encounters: the fine line

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effect of intercultural accommodation efforts on service quality perceptions among ethnic minority consumers. Specifically, the paper postulates that during an intercultural service encounter, the impact of the service provider’s language and ethnicity on the consumer’s service quality perceptions is moderated by the level of service involvement, consumer acculturation and perceived discrimination, which, in turn, influence purchase intent.Design/methodology/approachA 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design with an online nationwide consumer panel of Hispanic consumers was conducted where 377 participants were randomly assigned to a series of service encounter scenarios in the banking service context to manipulate accommodation efforts (yes vs no) and the level of involvement with the service (high vs low).FindingsWhen such language and ethnicity accommodations were offered, highly acculturated minority consumers regarded the service encounter less favorably than low acculturated minority consumers. Moreover, during low-involvement service encounters, intercultural accommodations positively impacted consumer’s service quality perceptions compared to situations involving high-involvement services. Also, minority consumers with perceptions of past discrimination had less favorable evaluations of the service quality than when such perceptions were nonexistent when intercultural accommodation efforts were made by the service provider.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings add to the sparse literature that examines the effectiveness of intercultural accommodation and focuses on the combined use of service provider’s language and ethnicity as a means to enhance service quality.Practical implicationsThe study delivers cautions for service firms not to generalize the receptivity of intercultural accommodation efforts. Given the increasingly sizable segments of minority customers, this study offers insights for service providers to develop suitable recruitment strategies and training programs when devising effective ethnic targeting strategies.Originality/valueThis research is among the first to explain why the effect of target marketing is not homogenous by expanding the research on intercultural accommodations toward a new context considering service involvement levels among varied minority consumer groups.

Dissociative fashion practices and identity conflicts: local resistance as a response to clothing acculturation in the context of rural–urban migration

PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to examine how local consumers disassociate themselves from migrants' acculturative practices and negotiate their identity through the symbolic consumption of fashion.Design/methodology/approachData for this interpretive study were obtained via phenomenological interviews with locally-born Chinese youth in Guangzhou, China, to examine their acculturative consumption practices as well as their subjective experiences of perceived threats to their lifestyle imposed by the influx of outsiders. Snowballing and purposive sampling methods were adopted in recruiting the research participants.FindingsData analyses revealed that local consumers adopt three dissociative strategies (stigmatization, avoidance and self-assertion) in order to ascribe meanings to their fashion consumption practices as a means of resolving identity conflicts and differentiate themselves from the migrant consumers.Research limitations/implicationsThis research offers a single perspective (i.e. that of local-born young consumers residing in Guangzhou) on the locals' attitudes aimed at distinguishing and negotiating their identities in an intercultural setting via specific fashion-clothing choices. This research has theoretical implications for the consumer acculturation theory and identity negotiation.Practical implicationsFindings yielded by the present study have important implications for commercial companies focusing on fashion consumption, in particular for marketing practices aimed at rural-urban identification and youth market segmentation.Social implicationsThis study contributes to the existing discussion on consumer acculturation by offering an intracultural perspective to the understanding of local consumers' responses to migrants' acculturation. It also provides managerial insights for fashion retailers, prompting them to rethink their market segmentation strategies to address population mobility in the marketplace and better understand how it alters the in-between social relationships that result in different consumption patterns and practices.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing discussion on youth consumer acculturation theories by offering an intercultural perspective to the understanding of local consumers' responses to migrants' acculturation attempts. It also offers managerial insights for fashion retailers, prompting them to rethink their market segmentation strategies to address population mobility and better understand how it alters the social relationships that result in different consumption patterns and practices.

Consumer Approach to Acculturation and Complementary/Alternative Medication: Differences between English Speakers, English Speakers of Color, and Spanish Speakers of Color

The current study implements a qualitative explanatory framework of consumer acculturation to explore the perceptions of Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) among recently medicated persons from three different ethnic and racial groups: whites, Latino minority (English-speakers), and Latino minority (Spanish-speakers) to understand the social mechanisms that contribute to differences in perceptions of and experiences with CAM use. Findings suggest that there is a continuum of receptivity to CAM use based on levels of acculturation. Latinos speaking primarily English mirrored patterns of CAM use among non-Hispanic whites which showed that CAM is complementary rather than a substitute for conventional care. For Spanish-speaking Latinos, CAM was more about expressions of a culture rooted in ethnicity and acculturation. For Spanish-speaking Latinos, CAM is about identity and part of a culture-making process.

재한 조선족의 문화적 시민권 획득 노력: 소비자문화변용(consumer acculturation)의 측면에서

1992년 한중수교 이후, 중국에서 한국으로 이주해 온 조선족이 늘어나면서, 이들의 사회경제적 영향력도 점점 커지고 있다. 하지만 한국에서 현지인들의 재한 조선족을 향한 차별과 편견은 존재하며, 조선족은 문화적으로 존중받지 못하는 상황, 즉 문화적 시민권에서 배제되어 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 이들이 다양한 방식으로 문화적 시민권의 확보를 위해 노력하는 과정에서 소비가 어떤 역할을 하는가를 탐구하였다. 11명의 재한 조선족과의 심층 면접결과, 소비가 이러한 노력에서 중요한 역할을 담당하는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 조선족들은 소비를 통해 한국주류 사회 정체성을 표현하고, 이와 동시에 중국의 소비문화를 한국 현지인들에 소개하는 매개체 역할도 적극적으로 수행한다. 이 결과는 소비자문화변용 연구에 새로운 시사점을 제공한다. 우선 이주국의 이데올로기가 이주민의 소비자문화변용 결과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 문화적 시민권 획득이 소비자문화변용 과정에서 현지문화를 수용하는 동시에 모국의 문화적 정체성도 유지하는 데 중요한 내적 동기가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Home culture consumption as ambivalent embodied experience

PurposeThe consumer acculturation literature argues that reconstituting familiar embodied practices from the culture of origin leads to a comforting sense of home for consumers who move from one cultural context to another. This paper aims to extend this thesis by examining further dimensions in migrant consumers’ experiences of home culture consumption.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyses data gathered through multi-modal depth interviews with Southeast Asian skilled migrants in New Zealand through the conceptual lens of embodiment.FindingsBuilding on Dion et al.’s (2011) framework of ethnic embodiment, the analysis uncovers home culture consumption as multi-layered experiences of anchoring, de-stabilisation and estrangement, characterised by convergence and divergence between the embodied dimensions of being-in-the-world, being-in-the-world with others and remembering being-in-the-world.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper underscores home culture consumption in migration as an ambivalent embodied experience. Further research should investigate how other types of acculturating consumers experience and negotiate the changing meanings of home.Practical implicationsMarketers in migrant-receiving and migrant-sending cultural contexts should be sensitised to disjunctures in migrants’ embodied experience of consuming home and their role in heightening or mitigating these disjunctures.Originality/valueThis paper helps contribute to consumer acculturation theory in two ways. First, the authors show how migrants experience not only comfort and connection but also displacement, in practices of home culture consumption. Second, the authors show how migrant communities do not only encourage cultural maintenance and gatekeeping but also contribute to cultural identity de-stabilisation.

Acculturation of Expatriate Consumers: Conditional Effects of Mental Attachments to Home Country

In this paper authors explore insufficiently addressed acculturation behaviors of expatriates. Based on the consumer acculturation literature and congruity theory, authors explore how expatriate’s acculturation behaviors steer consumer’s propensity to buy local food brands under conditional effects of mental attachments to home country. In order to test the proposed model a survey was conducted among 212 expatriates from developed economies living in the Greater Middle East. Study shows that expatriate consumers’ acculturation will lead to higher propensity for buying local food brands when: 1) they perceive higher similarity between their home and host country retail system attributes and 2) locally produced food brand’s perceived value is equal or better than the perceived value of food brands from expatriates’ home country.

“One country, two systems”: consumer acculturation of Hong Kong locals

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine local consumers’ acculturation process as they observe, encounter and shop with an influx of outsiders.Design/methodology/approachThe multi-year qualitative study (involving in-depth interviews and netnography) investigates Hongkongers’ adaptation to encounters with Mainland Chinese shoppers in Hong Kong.FindingsThe authors focus on the world of luxury brand consumption, which plays a key role in signaling a newfound status for Mainlanders, and a change in identity construction for Hongkongers. Hongkongers’ acculturation process in response to large numbers of Mainland luxury shoppers includes emotional responses, behavioral adaptation and identity negotiation.Research limitations/implicationsThis research has theoretical implications for consumer acculturation theory.Practical implicationsThis research has managerial implications for consumers’ luxury consumption experiences.Originality/valueFirst, the authors extend the consumer acculturation literature by focusing on the adaptation of locals to visitors. Unlike other acculturation studies that focus on poorer immigrants from less industrial countries to a wealthy nation, the study focuses on local perspectives of elite Hong Kong consumers about Mainland Chinese visitors who are economically well-off but lack cultural capital. Second, emotions are found to be an important component of acculturation and their causes and consequences are analyzed.

The impact of social media on consumer acculturation: Current challenges, opportunities, and an agenda for research and practice

The concept of acculturation has been based on the assumption of an adaptation process, whereby immigrants lose aspects of their heritage cultures in favour of aspects of a host culture (i.e. assimilation). Past research has shown that acculturation preferences result in various possibilities and influence consumption behaviour. However, the impact of social media on consumer acculturation is underexplored, although the social purpose and information sharing online is utilized for a variety of social purposes. Recent studies have shown the transformation from an offline to an online context, in which social networks play an integral part in immigrants’ communications, relationships and connections. This study merges the views from a number of leading contributors to highlight significant opportunities and challenges for future consumer acculturation research influenced by social media. The research provides insights into the impact of social media on consumer acculturation.

Towards a framework for understanding ethnic consumers’ acculturation strategies in a multicultural environment

Purpose While it is essential to further research the growing diversity in western metropolitan cities, little is currently known about how the members of various ethnic communities acculturate to multicultural societies. The purpose of this paper is to explore immigrants’ cosmopolitanism and acculturation strategies through an analysis of the food consumption behaviour of ethnic consumers in multicultural London. Design/methodology/approach The study was set within the socio-cultural context of London. A number of qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews, observation and photographs were used to assess consumers’ acculturation strategies in a multicultural environment and how that is influenced by consumer cosmopolitanism. Findings Ethnic consumers’ food consumption behaviour reflects their acculturation strategies, which can be classified into four groups: rebellion, rarefaction, resonance and refrainment. This classification demonstrates ethnic consumers’ multi-directional acculturation strategies, which are also determined by their level of cosmopolitanism. Research limitations/implications The taxonomy presented in this paper advances current acculturation scholarship by suggesting a multi-directional model for acculturation strategies as opposed to the existing uni-directional and bi-directional perspectives and explicates the role of consumer cosmopolitanism in consumer acculturation. The paper did not engage host communities and there is hence a need for future research on how and to what extent host communities are acculturated to the multicultural environment. Practical implications The findings have direct implications for the choice of standardisation vs adaptation as a marketing strategy within multicultural cities. Whilst the rebellion group are more likely to respond to standardisation, increasing adaptation of goods and service can ideally target members of the resistance and resonance groups and more fusion products should be exclusively earmarked for the resonance group. Originality/value The paper makes original contribution by introducing a multi-directional perspective to acculturation by delineating four-group taxonomy (rebellion, rarefaction, resonance and refrainment). This paper also presents a dynamic model that captures how consumer cosmopolitanism impinges upon the process and outcome of multi-directional acculturation strategies.

Consumer Multicultural Identity Affiliation: Reassessing identity segmentation in multicultural markets

The increasing intra-national diversity of many modern markets poses challenges to identity segmentation. As consumers require greater recognition of their diverse identities from brands, marketing science and practice are in search of theories and models that recognize and capture identity dynamics as impacted by cultural influences both from beyond and within national market borders. This paper extends consumer acculturation theory into multicultural market realities and offers a Consumer Multicultural Identity Affiliation (CMIA) Framework22Throughout this paper CMIA abbreviation refers to Consumer Multicultural Identity Affiliation framework and measure developed in this paper that distinguishes and integrates three key types of intra- and trans-national cultural influences informing identity dynamics. By examining consumer cultural identities within the CMIA framework in a mixed-method, two-country study, we show that gaining such an integrative view on cultural identity affiliations uncovers greater diversity and complexity (mono-, bi-, or multi-cultural) of consumer segments. We conclude with discussing future directions for CMIA applications to support marketing managers, scholars and educators dealing with culturally heterogeneous markets.

The consumer acculturative effect of state-subsidized spaces: spatial segregation, cultural integration, and consumer contestation

ABSTRACT Although extant consumer acculturation research has investigated the acculturative effect of various ideological and institutional contexts, it has devoted minimal attention to how spatial structural conditions, in particular state-subsidized spaces, affect the consumer acculturation experiences of poor immigrants. This study builds on spatial governmentality theory to investigate the creation and consumption of a racialized gated community in Italy. Specifically, it reveals three state-sponsored spatial governmentality strategies (race-restrictive zoning, domestic space standardizing, and technological self-surveilling) used to transform perceived norm-breaking Roma immigrants (derogatorily referred to as “Gypsies”) into acculturating consumers to regional sedentary norms, as well as the accompanying Roma consumer resistance responses (community-protective insulating, domestic space rearranging, and behavioral boundary testing) used to partly contest the imposed consumer acculturation and preserve some of the minority’s nomadic culture. The article concludes with implications for research on consumer acculturation, consumer resistance, and spatial governmentality.

The agentic body in immigrant maternal identity reconstruction: embodiment, consumption, acculturation

ABSTRACTDrawing from Merleau-Ponty’s theory of the agentic body, this research uses phenomenological in-depth interviews and auto-ethnographic journaling to explore South Korean immigrant women’s experiences of body changes in consumption over the course of pregnancy, childbirth and early motherhood in the U.S. The findings trace women’s experiences of disembodiment as they defer and alter their consumption, detail multicultural embodiment favoring South Korean cultural knowledge and traditions, and elaborate how their self-sacrificial and compensatory consumption aids in re-embodiment. The paper contributes to theoretical understandings by elaborating the force and layered dynamics of the agentic body in opposing and supporting women’s maternal identity construction, and as a powerful, gendered agent that orients consumer acculturation processes.

Consumer Acculturation of Chinese Students’ Beauty Ideals and Consumption Behavior in a Multicultural Environment

ëª©ì  본 ë ¼ë¬¸ì€ 기원문화(중국)와 이주문화(영국) ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ ë˜ 다른 외국문화 중 어떤 것이 더 문화동조 요인인지, 문화동조 및 ë¬¸í™”ì  다원주의 ì „ëžµì´ 어떻게 ë¯¸ì  이상을 ë³€í™”ì‹œí‚¤ê³ , 영국에 거주하는 중국 여성들의 미용 소비에 ì ìš©ë ìˆ˜ 있는지를 탐구하기 위한 것이다. 방법 ë¯¼ì¡±ì§€í•™ì  연구를 통해 영국에 거주하면서 ê³µë¶€í•˜ê³ ìžˆëŠ” 중국 여학생들이 본 실험에 참여하였다. 12번의 심층인터뷰를 통한 ì •ì„±ì  연구 ë°©ë²•ë¡ ì´ 영국에 있는 중국 이민자들의 ë¯¸ì  이상과 미용 소비를 ê³ ì°°í•˜ê¸° 위해 이용되었다. ê²°ê³¼ 미디어와 인터넷 개발로 인한 한류의 또 다른 문화동조 요소와 기원문화(중국)에 대한 외국의 ì˜í–¥ë ¥ì€ 영국에 ì‚´ê³ ìžˆëŠ” 중국 여학생들의 미용 소비를 ê²°ì •í•˜ëŠ” 데에 ê²°ì •ì ì¸ 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다. 또한 얼굴의 ì´ìƒì ì¸ 아름다움에 관해서, 이주문화에 대한 외국의 ì˜í–¥ë ¥ 보다는 ì˜¤ížˆë ¤ 기원문화 내에서의 외국의 ì˜í–¥ë ¥ì´ 더 컸다는 것은 동양과 서양의 ë¬¸í™”ì  영향의 융합을 보여준다. ëŒ€ì¡°ì ìœ¼ë¡œ ì‹ ì²´ì˜ ì´ìƒì ì¸ 아름다움에 대해서는 이주문화와 더 잘 융화되었다. ê²°ë¡ ë³¸ 연구는 ë‹¤ë¬¸í™”ì  맥락에서 소비자 문화동조 구조와 함께 문화동조 요소를 확장함으로써 다문화 및 소비자 ë§ˆì¼€íŒ ì— 관한 문헌으로 ê¸°ì—¬í• ê²ƒì´ë‹¤. 핵심용어: ë‹¤ë¬¸í™”ì  소비 행동, 소비자 문화융합, 소비자 행동, ë¬¸í™”ì  다원주의, 미용 소비

Continued Barriers Affecting Hispanic Families’ Dietary Patterns

Obesity and changing dietary patterns continue to be concerning issues among Hispanic immigrant families. Using consumer acculturation theory, the researchers conducted three focus groups with 19 mothers to examine changing behaviors (postimmigration) that affect healthy eating habits. Using a priori codes and data displays, the analysis revealed that mothers: (i) realize family food consumption needs to be healthier; (ii) recognize as barriers food availability, time constraints, and shopping practices; and (iii) link financial constraints and children's preferences to unhealthy eating. Findings suggest continued investigation of the complex factors impacting changing lifestyles, plus exploration of innovative, behavioral interventions to support immigrant families, is needed.