Supertall Building Construction Research Articles

CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS DURING TOP-DOWN CONSTRUCTION

New advances in top-down construction are developing with the construction of supertall buildings in China. This study presents a finite element analysis for high-rise structural construction with a top-down method (TDM) considering complex environmental conditions. Based on this analysis model, the forces and the deformation of the diaphragm wall, beams, and soldier piles at various stages of construction are computed. Taking a super high-rise building with a 5-story basement in Nanjing as an example, the reliability and accuracy of the model is verified by comparing the measured and simulated results of displacement and stress values at various locations. The research results reveal the relationship between excavation depth, soil settlement and pile displacement, which is convenient for finding the optimal construction critical surface. It lays a foundation for the study of the critical height of the subsequent construction and facilitates the prediction of the weak link in the process. At present, this project is under construction, so this study has reference value for subsequent construction projects.

High-rise building foundation design of the Lakhta Center

The foundation is the most significant element of buildings. The foundation structure closely relates to the general construction of the building frame and is largely determined by soil conditions. High-rise buildings are complex engineering structures with increased requirements for strength, stability and durability. Therefore, their safety and durability depend on strength, deformity and stability of foundation. These principles allow creating foundations of the higher quality, bearing capacity, reliability, and durability.Purpose: Optimization of production processes in the construction of foundation structures of super tall buildings and structures.Research findings: The structural design of the Lakhta Center 462 m high in Saint-Petersburg, which is the tallest building in Europe. A particular attention is paid to the design and construction of the foundation. Key results can prove operation and design of high-rise buildings designed for weak and unstable soils.Value: Determination of the most significant factors influencing the choice of production processes during the construction of super-tall buildings.

Automatic Identification of the Working State of High-Rise Building Machine Based on Machine Learning

High-rise building machines (HBMs) play a crucial role in the construction of super-tall buildings, with their working states directly impacting safety, quality, and progress. Given their extensive floor coverage and complex internal structures, monitoring priorities should shift according to specific workflows. However, existing research has primarily focused on monitoring key HBM components during specific stages, neglecting the automated recognition of HBM workflows, which hinders adaptive monitoring strategies. This study investigates the critical states of HBM construction across various structural layers and proposes a method rooted in vibration signal analysis to determine the HBM’s working state. The method involves collecting vibration signals with a triaxial accelerometer, extracting five distinct vibration signal features, classifying these signals using a k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) classifier, and finally, outputting the results through a classification rule that aligns with the actual workflow of the HBM. The method was implemented in super-high-rise buildings exceeding 350 m, achieving a measured accuracy of 97.4% in HBM working state recognition. This demonstrates its proficiency in accurately determining the construction state and facilitating timely feedback. Utilizing vibration signal analysis can enhance the efficiency and safety, with potential applications in monitoring large-scale formwork equipment construction processes. This approach provides a versatile solution for a wide range of climbing equipment used in the construction of super-tall buildings and towering structures.

Wind-induced vibration fragility of outer-attached tower crane to super-tall buildings: A case study

To gain insight into the wind-induced safety concerns associated with attached tower cranes during the construction of super-tall buildings, a 606 m level frame-core tube super-tall building is selected to investigate the wind-induced vibration response and fragility of an outer-attached tower crane at all stages of construction. The wind velocity time history samples are artificially generated and used to perform dynamic response analyses of the crane to observe the effects of wind velocity and wind direction under its working and non-working resting state. The adverse effects of the relative displacement response at different connection supports are also identified. The wind-resistant fragility curves of the crane are obtained by introducing the concept of incremental dynamic analysis. The results from the investigation indicate that a large relative displacement between the supports can substantially amplify the response of the crane at high levels. Such an effect becomes more serious when the lifting arm is perpendicular to the plane of the connection supports. The flexibility of super-tall buildings should be considered in the design of outer-attached tower cranes, especially for anchorage systems. Fragility analysis can be used to specify the maximum appropriate height of the tower crane for each performance level.

Research and Application of Fire Safety in Super Tall Building Construction

Research and Application of Fire Safety in Super Tall Building Construction

Research on Technology Development of High-rise Buildings Based on Modern Green Environmental Protection Theory

With the continuous development of construction technology in China’s super-tall buildings, the construction of super-tall buildings has gradually expanded from first-tier cities to second-tier and third-tier cities. In order to create green super high-rise buildings, in addition to the rational use of key technologies in design and operation, it is also necessary to correctly grasp the current standard regulations for green buildings and green construction. According to relevant requirements and evaluation standards, correspondingly propose green the main points of construction technology, and at the same time put forward ideas for the application of clean and renewable energy in the construction process according to the current national conditions.

Study on the influence of supertall building load on adjacent tunnel subsidence

Abstract. With the rapid growth of economy in coastal megacities, the construction of supertall buildings with deep pile foundations adjacent to tunnels in soft soil is inevitable. The additional subsidence of tunnel and long-term subsidence of soft soil was appeared caused by the supertall building load transferred through pile foundation. In this paper, a typical case in Shanghai where deep piles of supertall building group adjacent to a metro tunnel was selected, and the long-term monitoring data of tunnel deformation was collected and analysed. The layered subsidence of surrounding soft soil was analysed by using the monitoring data of extensometers in a land subsidence monitoring station near the study area. The results of data analysis showed that the construction of supertall building had a significant impact on the adjacent tunnel subsidence. Moreover, with the increase of the load transferred from building structure to pile foundation, the adjacent tunnel appeared sustained uneven subsidence. And the subsidence of tunnel in the study area mainly depended on the deformation of underlying soil.

Seismic design of a super-tall building: Indonesian experience

This paper summarizes the structural concept and design of the twin 303-meter high “Indonesia-1" supertall building currently under construction in Jakarta. The first tower is a 63-story office building, and the second is 59-story, on top of the seven-level basement structure. The lateral resisting system of the towers is RC core-wall and outrigger, and composite floor system - with concrete slab, metal deck, and steel beams - is used for the gravity resisting system. Since the lateral system is outside the scope of the prescriptive system in the Indonesian Seismic Design Code, Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) combined with Non-linear Response History Analysis (NLRHA) had demonstrated acceptability to the Jakarta building department and its peer review panel. Some challenges in conducting Performance-based Seismic Design (PBSD) are highlighted. In order to speed up construction, which is a critical factor in supertall building construction, erection columns are installed in the RC columns and CSPCM (Core Structure Preceding Construction Method) is applied. Consistently, the design must account for the associated construction sequence.

Energy modeling of a supertall building using simulated 600 m weather file data

Assessing the energy performance of supertall buildings often does not consider variations in energy consumption due to the change of environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, and wind speed associated with differing elevations. Some modelers account for these changing conditions by using a conventional temperature lapse rate, but not many studies confirm to the appropriateness of applying it to tall buildings. This paper presents and discusses simulated annual energy consumption results from a 600 m tall skyscraper floor plate located in Dubai, UAE, assessed using ground level weather data, a conventional temperature lapse rate of 6.5°C/km, and more accurate simulated 600 m weather data. A typical office floorplate, with ASHRAE90.1-2010 standards and systems applied, was evaluated using the EnergyPlus engine through the OpenStudio graphical user interface. The results presented in this paper indicate that by using ground level weather data, energy consumption at the top of the building can be overestimated by upwards of 4%. Furthermore, by only using a lapse rate, heating energy is overestimatedby up to 96% due to local weather phenomenon such as temperature inversion, which can only be conveyed using simulated weather data. In addition, sizing and energy consumption of fans, which are dependent both on wind and atmospheric pressure, are not accurately captured using a temperature lapse rate. These results show that that it is important, with the ever increasing construction of supertall buildings, to be able to account for variations in climatic conditions along the height of the building. Adequately modeling these conditions using simulated weather data will help designers and engineers correctly size mechanical systems, potentially decreasing overall building energy consumption, and ensuring that these systems are able to provide the necessary indoor conditions to maintain occupant comfort levels.

RHEOLOGY OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE USED FOR SUPERTALL BUILDINGS

Nowadays, self-compacting concrete (SCC) is widely being used for supertall building construction in Vietnam. With high workability, SCC allows us to speed up pumping, placing, and surface finishing, which results in a reduction in building cost. Popular methods such as slump flow, T500, and V funnel test are used to indirectly determine rheological properties of SCC. However, these methods do not present yield stress and plastic viscosity, which are the most parameters affecting the pumping property. In this paper, the SCC rheology is determined directly through yield stress and plastic viscosity with the flow curve test and stress growth test by using the rheometer equipment. Thereby, limitation of the yield stress and the plastic viscosity is recommended for vertically pumping to supertall building project without segregation and bleeding.

GNSS-Based Verticality Monitoring of Super-Tall Buildings

In the construction of super-tall buildings, it is rather important to control the verticality. In general, a laser plummet is used to transmit coordinates of reference points from the ground layer-by-layer, which can effectively control the verticality of super-tall buildings. However, the errors in transmission will accumulate with increasing height and motion of the buildings in construction. This paper presents a global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based method to check the results of laser plumbing. The method consists of four steps: (1) Computing the coordinate time series of monitoring points by adjusting the GNSS monitoring network observations at each epoch; (2) Analyzing the horizontal motion of super-tall buildings and its effect on vertical reference transmission; (3) Calculating the deflections of the vertical at the monitoring point using an Earth gravity field model and a geoid model. With deflections of the vertical, the static GNSS-measured coordinates are aligned to the same datum as used by the laser plummet; and (4) Finally, validating/checking the result of laser plumbing by comparing it with static GNSS results corrected by deflections of the vertical. A case study of a 438-m high building is tested in Guangzhou, China. The result demonstrates that the gross errors of baseline vectors can be eliminated effectively by GNSS network adjustment of the first step. The two-dimensional displacements can be measured at millimeter-level accuracy; the difference between the coordinates of the static GNSS measurement and laser plumbing is less than ±2.0 cm after correction with the deflections of the vertical, which meets the design requirement of ±3.0 cm according to the Technical Specification for Concrete Structures of Tall Buildings in China.

Wind-induced vibration control of super-tall buildings using a new combined structural system

The excessive vibration due to wind loads is the main concern in design and construction of super-tall buildings. The present paper proposes a new structural system to reduce the wind-induced vibrations of super-tall buildings. The proposed structural system is a combination of an exterior tubular structure and an interior or core structure, and consists of two upper and lower parts. At the upper part, the exterior and core structures are isolated from each other. Damping devices are used in this part to limit the relative flexural motion between the exterior and core structures and control the wind-induced motions of the building by dissipating the vibration energy. In order to demonstrate the control effectiveness of the proposed structure, a numerical example of a super-tall building is presented, and the along-wind and crosswind responses are obtained using the frequency domain analysis of multi-degrees-of-freedom lumped mass models. The control performance of the proposed system is compared with that of the structure controlled by the tuned-mass-damper (TMD) system. The results demonstrate that the proposed control structure, which is a self-control structural system, can effectively reduce the wind-induced vibrations of super-tall buildings and improve occupant comfort during strong wind excitation.

Monitoring and time-dependent analysis of vertical deformations of the tallest building in China

Ping-An Finance Center (PAFC) in Shenzhen, with a structural height of 597 m and a total height of 660 m, is currently the second tallest building in the world and the tallest in China. In this paper, based on the outputs of a structural health monitoring system installed in PAFC, a combined study of both on-site measurements and numerical analysis of the vertical deformations (axial shortenings) of the super tall building during its various construction stages is carried out. It is worth noting that a novel strategy to adjust the elevation of each floor of PAFC was implemented in the design and construction of the super tall building, in which the floor-to-floor height is modestly increased to compensate for the axial shortenings of gravity load bearing elements during the construction process and in-service stage. This design strategy is referred to as elevation reservation, and its effectiveness is verified through the field measurements of the vertical deformations in this study. A good agreement is found between the numerical results and the field measurements, which validates the finite element models of PAFC at different construction stages. The finite element models are further used to investigate the time-dependent effects due to the construction sequence and the shrinkage and creep of concrete on the vertical deformations. The numerical results show that the vertical deformations would be seriously underestimated without consideration of the time-dependent effects. The outcomes of this study would be of interest and practical use for engineers and researchers involved in the structural design, construction, and structural health monitoring of super tall buildings.

Key Technologies for Super Tall Building Construction: Lotte World Tower

This paper addresses the key technologies for supertall building construction based on the Lotte World Tower project in Korea. First, the mega-mat foundation construction technologies are shown, including ultra-low heat concrete, heat of hydration control programs, and the logistics plan. Then, high strength concrete technologies of 50~80 MPa are introduced and discussed within the context of the highest pumping record in Korea at 514.25 meters. Structural design concepts of gravity load and lateral force resistance systems are introduced, along with surveying systems using GNSS and temporary installation plans of special heavy equipment like tower cranes, hoists, and high pressure concrete pumps. If it is possible to coordinate these key technologies and others, optimizing for the building's design and construction, supertall building construction can be successfully completed.

Application of earthquake-induced collapse analysis in design optimization of a supertall building

Summary In recent years, a combination of rapid construction of supertall buildings and frequent occurrence of strong earthquakes worldwide demands a rational seismic design method for structures of this kind. Although earthquake-induced collapse analysis is one of the most efficient methods to quantify the collapse resistance of buildings, little research has been reported on using the collapse analysis to evaluate the seismic safety of supertall buildings during the design stage. To optimize the design taking into account earthquake-induced collapses, a real-world supertall building with a height greater than 500 m is investigated in this work. Throughout its design procedure, earthquake-induced collapse analyses are performed to optimize the design at three different levels (i.e. the structural system level, design parameter level and component level). At the structural system level, the influence of different lateral force-resisting systems on the collapse resistance is discussed; at the design parameter level, the influence of minimum base shear force is discussed; and at the component level, the influence of high-performance shear wall on the collapse resistance is studied. Based on these discussions, the optimal design scheme of the building is established to improve the seismic safety while maintaining the cost of construction. Given more and more supertall buildings will be constructed with new structural system and components, this work will provide important references for the seismic design of supertall buildings and the corresponding collapse resistance research in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development of the Model for the Subject-oriented Management in Super Tall Building Construction Project

본 연구는 프로젝트 관리, 건축공학, 경영학 및 정보통신기술을 융합하여 건설 프로젝트 관리기술 의 향상을 그 목적으로 한다. 기존의 데이터베이스 활용 프로젝트 관리기술의 한계와 초고층 건물과 같은 초대형 건설공사의 다양한 리스크를 극복하고, 건축 프로젝트 등의 특수성을 감안한 전략적 관 리기술의 개발의 필요성에 부합하기 위하여 본 연구는 주제중심 프로젝트 관리라는 개념을 제안하고, 이를 뒷받침하는 활용 모델을 개발하여 주제지수(Subject Index)라는 개념을 통한 건설 프로젝트 관리 의 효율성 제고 방안을 제시한다. 본 연구를 통하여 제안된 SPM 모델은 초고층 건축 프로젝트 관리기술에서 데이터/정보/지식관리 의 개념을 넘어서는 새로운 관리의 패러다임이 되고, 본 모델의 핵심개념인 주제지수는 실제 현장에 서 활용되어 우리나라의 건설기술과 경영기술의 발전 및 현재 정부가 추진하고 있는 창조경제 정책 실현에도 도움이 되는 중요한 도구가 될 것으로 기대된다.

Advanced power supply of construction hoists for supertall buildings

Abstract The operational efficiency of construction hoists is increasingly important for successful project completion of supertall buildings. In supertall building construction, the traditional power supply using cable systems for construction hoists not only breaks down frequently from its own weight and wind load, but also reduces the maximum payload capacity of the hoist. This study proposes an advanced power supply system of the contact type to enhance operational efficiency and reduce the operation costs of construction hoists. In a field test, the proposed system required only one repair taking 4 h, whereas the cable systems required 21–41 repairs that caused 20–30 days of construction delay. The proposed system also reduced the total operation cost of power supply by up to 22% over the cable systems. Moreover, it could maximize the payload capacity of the hoists. It is expected that the proposed system can reduce the overall construction period with stable operation of the hoists.

Field testing and analysis during top-down construction of super-tall buildings in Shanghai

Although certain measurements regarding super-tall buildings constructed using the top-down method have been published, new advances in top-down construction have been developed with the construction of super-tall buildings in China. This paper presents the theory of soil-structure interactions in pile foundations and extends it to the top-down construction method. Based on this theory, the forces and the deformation of the diaphragm wall, slab and soldier piles at various stages of construction can be computed. Two typical tall buildings of 60 and 37 stories with deeply embedded 4-level and 5-level basements located in Shanghai were used as case studies of the vertical displacements of their diaphragm walls and soldier piles, the deflections of the diaphragm walls, the earth pressures, and the rebar stresses during top-down construction. The values measured in the field agree well with the predicted values from soilstructure interactions theory and statistical-empirical formulas. Two additional super-tall buildings of 101 and 121 stories, in which the 4- level and 5-level basements and the main buildings are round, are discussed regarding their unique deformational characteristics. In addition, the diaphragm wall can serve a load-sharing function. These engineering case studies, including the comprehensive predictions of deformation based on field tests and estimates using statistical formulas, can improve tall building design.

콘크리트의 레올로지 특성에 따른 펌핑관내 마찰저항계수의 예측에 관한 연구

The establishment of the technology for evaluating friction resistance and pipe pressure and the relation of the fluid characteristics and pumpability of concrete is essential for concrete pumping performance for the rapid construction of super-tall buildings. In this study, a quantitative evaluation of concrete fluid characteristics and surface friction resistance was performed, applying different concrete mix proportions and pumping conditions. To achieve this, we developed a temporary horizontal pumping evaluation system to measure pipe pressure and surface friction characteristics, and performed an experiment to investigate the relations between concrete rheology characteristics and friction resistance in pipe. The experiment found that in terms of the rheology characteristics, plastic viscosity was reduced remarkably after pumping. As well, high regression between the surface friction and pressure gradient was confirmed. This means that it is possible to evaluate the friction resistance between concrete and pipe by means of a pumping system that includes a frictional resistance testing pipe. In addition, high regression between the plastic viscosity of concrete after pumping and friction resistance coefficient was confirmed. Finally, it is considered that pumping pressure can be predicted using the friction resistance coefficient derived in this study, and it has high regression

An optimal algorithm of the multi-lifting operating simulation for super-tall building construction

In the case of a super high-rise building construction project located downtown, where the space for keeping construction materials is extremely limited, a variety of approaches are attempted to enhance such operation ratio. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to derive a proper method of adopting a quantitative indicator, for the purpose of providing a qualitative indicator of operation ratio that depends on the experience of skillful workers. Therefore, decision-making concerning lift planning and operation of the current super high-rise building construction project relies on the experience and intuition of skillful workers, based on a different standard for each construction company. In this study, a lifting planning time calculating algorithm that has been developed is used, in consideration of the acceleration/deceleration capacity of the construction lift. The suggested algorithm is verified through simulation technique, and finally quantitative and systematic methods of lifting operation are proposed.