Construction Of Sanitary Landfill Research Articles

RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS E A NÃO TRANSGRESSÃO DA LEGISLAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: UM ESTUDO NO MUNICÍPIO DE GARANHUNS – PE

O presente trabalho realiza um estudo sobre a viabilidade da Lei 12.305 que trata sobre os resíduos sólidos (RS), tendo como uma de suas medidas principais a desativação dos locais em condições ambientais inapropriados para receber os RS e adotar os aterros sanitários indicados como possibilidade adequada ao descarte. Procuramos expor considerações sobre o conceito de sustentável para as condições ambientais de depósitos de resíduos sólidos e o manejo das ações e gestão pública municipal. Foi realizado de inicio considerações dos conceitos que tratam da temática na literatura e uma prática in loco para levantamento de registros fotográficos e um pretenso diagnostico da área de estudo. Com isso podemos identificar quais as práticas são adotadas e como a legislação ambiental do PNRS (política nacional dos resíduos sólidos) vigorante está sendo aplicada. Foi realizado um esboço da situação do aterro sanitário localizado no município de Garanhuns no Agreste do estado Pernambucano. Pode-se observar o manejo e alguns riscos ambientais provocados pelo aterro sanitário e do risco de insalubridade aos trabalhadores atuantes na área, bem como a determinação legal para a desativação e construção de aterros sanitários. Apontamos se tivéssemos mais cooperativas de reciclagem de resíduos, isso acarretaria a diminuição de parte dos RS dos “lixões” e aterros, diminuindo os impactos sobre o meio ambiente.

Living with wolves: Lessons learned from Iran

AbstractGiven the complex and dynamic interrelationships of the underlying factors contributing to conflicts associated with wolf presence and persistence in human‐dominated landscapes, it is often difficult to clearly identify the ultimate causes of these conflicts. In this study, a system dynamics modeling approach was adopted to simulate human–wolf conflicts in an area with the greatest number of recently fatal wolf attacks on humans in Iran. Data used to build the model were obtained from questionnaire surveys and satellite tracking of wolves. We simulated changes in ecological and social factors that may influence conflicts under different assumptions. Our findings indicate that, in this context, the proximity of wolves to human settlements is one of the determining factors leading to increased wolf attacks on humans and livestock. When the distance between wolf territories and human settlements increases, the likelihood of both wolf incidents and retaliatory killings are expected to decrease. Effective communication of information regarding wolves across local communities is expected to result in a positive shift in attitudes toward the species, as well as a decrease in fear, which in turn will affect the rate of conflicts. Improper disposal of carcasses of domestic animals by the locals, dumping of waste in open dumpsites close to villages, and leaving children unattended on agricultural fields are expected to increase the recurrence of conflicts. We strongly urge Hamadan provincial office of environment and nongovernmental organizations to initiate communication programs to raise awareness on the human–wolf conflict and its mitigation. This includes how to properly handle livestock carcasses at safe distances from human settlements. Furthermore, design and construction of sanitary landfills in the vicinity of each village, as well as providing education on how to properly use these sites could help reduce risky conflicts.

Financial implications of compliance with EU waste management goals: Feasibility and consequences in a transition country.

This paper outlines the approach that can assist decision makers to have first preliminary insights regarding costs of complying with requested European Union municipal waste management goals in transition and developing countries. Serbia, as a joining member of European Union, must confront itself with the challenges resulting from European Union waste management directives. Implementation of waste separation units and the construction of sanitary landfills is already in place in Serbia. However, new waste management practice will need additional transformation and will require implementation of waste treatment technologies for additional management of generated waste. Implementation of analyzed best available technology/techniques for waste treatment can support the country's effort in reaching the policy goals. However, the question here is how much will the implementation of additional waste treatments influence the overall waste management costs? Results of the scenario's financial viability show that composting and sanitary landfill are the most viable solutions regarding the costs, even under increasing discount rates. Although different discount rates influence the overall gate fees and net present values, the level of affordability for different scenarios remains the same.

Health risks and economic costs of exposure to PCDD/Fs from open burning: a case study in Nairobi, Kenya

This study assesses the incremental health risk of exposure to dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) from indiscriminate burning of wastes in Nairobi and the potential economic benefits of reductions in dioxin-induced cancer mortality contributed by proper waste management. Fugacity models level III incorporated with the Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol (HHRAP) (USEPA 2005a) and CalTOX were utilized to simulate the PCDD/F levels in biotic environmental compartments. PCDD/F concentrations in samples of potatoes, eggs, beef, and long life milk were analyzed and compared with the modeled values. The PCDD/F concentration of 3.35 pg TEQ/g in the milk sample was observed to rank the highest in food samples and exceeded the European Union criteria. Comparison results suggest that the level III + HHRAP is more conservative than CalTOX in health risk assessment. Regularities in the analyzed WHO-TEQ congener profiles for the food samples were discussed. The incremental dietary exposure to PCDD/Fs for the residents in Nairobi was estimated to be 0.08–2.15 pg TEQ/kg-day, falling within the WHO tolerable daily intake of 1–4 pg TEQ/kg-day. Potential excess cancers due to dietary exposure to PCDD/F associated with all illegal waste burning in Nairobi were estimated to be 636 cases over the 30-year time period or 21 cases/year, accounting for 0.05 % of cancer cases in the entire country of Kenya. With the waste recycling rate increased by 5 % and the opening of the new sanitary landfill that can reduce 50 % of waste disposed at the Dandora dumpsite, the economic benefits of avoided cancer deaths is expected to be US$ 0.16–1.93 million. These results indicate that additional actions on waste management, e.g., waste minimization and construction of sanitary landfill, should be implemented for the public health of Kenyans.

Effect of wetting–drying cycles on swelling behavior of lime stabilized sand–bentonite mixtures

In the present study, influence of wetting–drying cycles on swelling pressures of sand–bentonite mixtures used in the construction of sanitary landfills to have an impermeable liner was investigated before and after lime treatment of the mixtures. Swelling pressure tests were conducted to see if the swelling pressures were affected by wetting–drying cycles. First series of specimens were prepared as a mixture of sand and bentonite only. In the first series of specimens, sand was mixed with bentonite in various proportions with their optimum water contents and compacted by using standard proctor energy. In the second series of the specimens, lime in various proportions was added to the mixtures of sand–bentonite. Then, the sand–bentonite mixtures stabilized by lime were compacted with the standard proctor energy at their optimum moisture contents. Five wetting–drying cycles were performed on each specimen and values of swelling pressures were measured at the end of each cycle. Results of swelling pressure tests indicated that the swelling pressure is decreased when lime is added to the mixtures. In addition, decrements were observed on swelling pressures by wetting–drying cycles. The results of the experiments of this investigation showed that the beneficial effect of lime stabilization to control the swelling pressures was partly lost by the wetting–drying cycles. However, the test results indicated that the swelling pressures of the specimens made of sand–bentonite mixtures stabilized by lime were lower than the swelling pressures of the specimens made of only sand–bentonite mixtures.

Use of Stone Wool By-Products in the Construction of Sanitary Landfills and Tailing Dams

The delay of the introduction of a used item or residual material in the “waste circuit” is a key factor of an effective and environmentally sound waste management policy. This principle has been fully adopted by the European legislation and consequently, in most of the member countries. In the same time, re-use of low cost materials or, even better, by-products in environment protection works (sanitary landfills, mineral processing residues dams, etc.) could make easier the effective implementation of an environmentally sound waste management policy, especially in developing countries. However, the assessment of the recovery options has to be performed on the basis of proper technical specifications concerning the kind of reuse proposed and of an accurate investigation on the technical and environmental properties of the residue. The present article reports the results of a research programme aiming at evaluating the feasibility of use of stone wool by-products, usually directly disposed in landfills, as construction materials for sanitary landfills and tailing dams.

Applying value analysis and fuzzy logic to select areas for installing waste fills.

This article discusses a methodology for assessing and ranking a predefined universe of objects to assist in the selection of suitable areas for the construction of sanitary landfills. The methodology is, in principle, for universal application. Its development was initially based on the 'Value Analysis' methodology and then on the 'Fuzzy Eigenvector Method', or 'Fuzzy Logic' as it is sometimes referred to. The focus of the study herein is on the comparative appraisal of a group of elements which are part of the guidelines to be adopted when determining the choice of the most suitable site for a sanitary landfill. This set of guidelines includes technical, economical, environmental, social and political aspects. As an example of the methodology proposed, four different areas were chosen. They were studied to determine which is the most appropriate site for the development of a new solid waste fill site. The results for these four areas, together with the functions chosen and function weights, are presented here.