Construction Of Physical Models Research Articles

Deep Learning in the Phase Extraction of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is widely used in fields such as materials science, biomedical research, surface morphology analysis, and optical component inspection because of its high measurement accuracy, broad frequency range, and ease of measurement. Phase extraction is a critical stage in ESPI. However, conventional phase extraction methods exhibit problems such as low accuracy, slow processing speed, and poor generalization. With the continuous development of deep learning in image processing, the application of deep learning in phase extraction from electronic speckle interferometry images has become a critical topic of research. This paper reviews the principles and characteristics of ESPI and comprehensively analyzes the phase extraction processes for fringe patterns and wrapped phase maps. The application, advantages, and limitations of deep learning techniques in filtering, fringe skeleton line extraction, and phase unwrapping algorithms are discussed based on the representation of measurement results. Finally, this paper provides a perspective on future trends, such as the construction of physical models for electronic speckle interferometry, improvement and optimization of deep learning models, and quantitative evaluation of phase extraction quality, in this field.

Fast optimize arm wearable piezoelectric energy harvesters via artificial neural network

• Using artificial neural networks to optimize piezoelectric devices allows skipping the construction of physical models. • The ball impact energy harvesting device is more suitable for human energy harvesting. • Considering different optimization algorithms can effectively improve the predictive power of artificial neural networks. • It is necessary to adjust the initial learning rate of the algorithm. Converting actions of human’s body into electrical energy via wearable energy harvesters is an exciting area. This study presents a ball impact piezoelectric energy converter consisting of two circular ceramic piezoelectric sheets to obtain energy from arm swing. 2264 sets of data were measured to train the artificial neural network (ANN) modes. The performance of ANN optimized by three different algorithms (Nadam, Adamax, and Adadelta) was compared and discussed. Treadmill experiments verified and confirmed the prediction results from ANN, an effective voltage of 11.3 V was demonstrated at a running speed of 9 km/h. Our results show that ANN can speed up the optimizing process for designing better energy harvesters.

Using multiple strategies in deepening the understanding of the digestive system

ABSTRACT The digestive system (DS) is a fundamental topic in biological science teaching. However, the literature indicates that students have difficulties in learning about it. In the present work, we focus on how early childhood Pre-Service Teachers (PSTs) develop their understanding of the DS regarding the CMP (Components-Mechanisms-Phenomena) framework of systems thinking. A teaching sequence was designed, implemented and iteratively improved over the course of three years, and in Year 3 included the construction of a physical model and the design and performance of a role-play. Data collection was performed using individual questionnaires before and after participating in the practical activities. The physical models and the role-plays were also analysed. The results show that participation in the sequence improved the understanding of the DS in all dimensions of systems thinking, especially in Year 3. The construction of physical models mainly fostered learning Components and the role-play seemed to facilitate a deeper understanding of Mechanisms. It is concluded that the combined use of both modes of representation constitutes a valuable strategy for science education.

Hybrid uncertainty analysis of functionally graded plates via multiple-imprecise-random-field modelling of uncertain material properties

This paper presents the mixed probabilistic/non-probabilistic uncertainty problem regarding the hybrid uncertainty propagation on physical model of functionally graded plates through dissimilarly uncertain characterisation of material properties in the presence of the multiple-imprecise-random-field modelling. The spectral stochastic finite element framework is extended to perform mixed uncertainty analysis of functionally graded material whereby the spatial variation of elastic modulus of the plate is uniquely characterised as the multiple-imprecise-random-field modelling more than a purely homogeneous random field. This characterisation has originated in heeding the construction of physical models and the significant influences of separately uncertain characteristics propagated on the physical model through different material ingredients are examined to make physical models more reliable and realistic. Mechanics and mathematics intrusive-formulations are then established to explicitly produce the uncertain-but-bounded statistical characteristics of responses, namely interval mean value, interval standard deviation. Bounded surfaces of statistical moments and bounding distribution functions are vividly depicted for demonstration. The feasibility and effectiveness of the presented work are illustrated via test cases of numerical examples.

Continuum Models of Membrane Fusion: Evolution of the Theory.

Starting from fertilization, through tissue growth, hormone secretion, synaptic transmission, and sometimes morbid events of carcinogenesis and viral infections, membrane fusion regulates the whole life of high organisms. Despite that, a lot of fusion processes still lack well-established models and even a list of main actors. A merger of membranes requires their topological rearrangements controlled by elastic properties of a lipid bilayer. That is why continuum models based on theories of membrane elasticity are actively applied for the construction of physical models of membrane fusion. Started from the view on the membrane as a structureless film with postulated geometry of fusion intermediates, they developed along with experimental and computational techniques to a powerful tool for prediction of the whole process with molecular accuracy. In the present review, focusing on fusion processes occurring in eukaryotic cells, we scrutinize the history of these models, their evolution and complication, as well as open questions and remaining theoretical problems. We show that modern approaches in this field allow continuum models of membrane fusion to stand shoulder to shoulder with molecular dynamics simulations, and provide the deepest understanding of this process in multiple biological systems.

ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ МЕТОДИКИ ФІЗИЧНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ

The physical models of the processes which are studied, play a special role in forming at students the fundamental basis knowledge. Simulation of physical phenomena and processes greatly facilitates mastering of educational material, conducting of experimental researches. However, the analysis of the educational process gives grounds to assert that the level of formation of basic knowledge and their strength in the high school do not meet the declared. Our studies have shown that in recent years there has been a significant decrease in the quality of teaching physics in institutions of general secondary education. Strength and quality of knowledge essentially depends on the level of formation of the physical model of the studied phenomenon. In connection with this, there is a need to develop a methodology for the formation of a qualitative model of the basic physical theories that are studied in the course of physics. In our study, conducted during the 2017-2019 academic years, we tested the pedagogical effectiveness of the proposed method for building strong basic knowledge based on the construction of imaginary physical models of processes and phenomena in high school students. Experimental training was conducted in general education institutions of the city of Berdiansk and Berdyansk region. In the experiment, at this stage, 86 students were enrolled. Students of the X-XI grades took part in the testing. Experimental and control groups were identified. By random sampling, a sample of 44 experimental students and 42 pupils of the control group was compiled from the students who participated in the experimental training. On the basis of the pedagogical experiment conducted by us, testing of the effectiveness of the proposed method for the formation of solid basic knowledge based on the construction of physical models of processes and phenomena in high school students leads to the conclusion that it is expedient. After all, there is a decrease of primary and secondary educational achievements of pupils by 39.5% and an increase of sufficient and high levels by 38.4%. Key words: theory and methods of teaching physics, pedagogical experiment, senior school, physical models, basic knowledge.

Simulator effectiveness test for e-training with the use DROMADER tele-operated vehicle

This article presents the results of an effectiveness test of a simulator for the e-training operators of tele-operated vehicles with the use of a UGV DROMADER. The mobile platform DROMADER, its control panel, and the simulator system (hardware and software) are described. The results of the 3D modelling and construction of physical models are included. Graphical models using 3dsMax software from a CAD model and the mechanical part developed using Vortex Editor are discussed. Two tests conducted with the participants divided into two groups is undertaken. The first operated the DROMADER robot without previous training on the simulator, the second went through simulator training before operating the robot. The trial was composed to test driving and the manipulation operators’ abilities. The results of effectiveness test are discussed.

Rapid transcrustal magma movement under Iceland

Magma supply from the lower crust is often proposed as a trigger mechanism for volcanic eruptions. The timescales over which magma can be transported from the deepest parts of volcanic systems are, however, poorly constrained. This uncertainty poses problems for the construction of physical models and for assessment of volcanic hazards. Here, we combined geothermobarometry with Bayesian inversion diffusion chronometry on primitive olivine crystals from the Borgarhraun eruption, northern Iceland. We find that magma took about 10 days to ascend from near-Moho storage at 24 km depth before its eruption, and therefore present timescales for transcrustal magma transport on the global spreading ridge system. Our results reveal a rapid connection between the lower and upper crust with melt transport rates of 0.02 to 0.1 m s−1, which are consistent with the propagation rates observed in seismic swarms in the Icelandic lower crust. Monitoring of such events using surface CO2 fluxes may provide one of the earliest indicators that an eruption is imminent. At the high transport rates and low CO2 contents estimated for the Borgarhraun eruption, any effect of rising magma on surface CO2 fluxes is limited to a period of less than two days before eruption. Magma ascent from the near-Moho depth of 24 km to surface eruption took 10 days with melt transport rates of 0.02 to 0.1 m s−1, according to geothermobarometry and diffusion chronometry on primitive olivine crystals from Borgarhraun, Iceland.

3D reconstruction in fetal medicine

Advances in image-scanning technology have led to vast improvements in medicine, especially in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. In general, two main technologies are used to obtain images within the uterus during pregnancy – three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound (US) examination is the primary method of fetal assessment because it is patient-friendly, effective, cost-efficient and considered to be safe. MRI is generally used when US cannot provide sufficiently high-quality images. It offers high-resolution fetal imaging with excellent contrast that allows visualization of internal tissues. Additive manufacturing (AM) is the automatic, layer by-layer construction of physical models using solid free-form fabrication. The first AM techniques were used in the late 1980s to produce models and prototypes. The use of AM in the biomedical sector has increased steadily over the past decade. Different uses have been reported widely in the medical literature, but little has been published on its application to the gravid uterus, so we applied AM technology to fetal images obtained by 3DUS and MRI. Fetoscopy is a technique that utilizes a small camera to examine and perform procedures on the fetus. The term ‘virtual fetoscopy’ describes the creation and evaluation of representations of the fetus and surrounding structures using spatial information derived from imaging sources other than the fetoscope itself. We believe that virtual and physical models can help in the tactile and interactive study of complex abnormalities in multiple disciplines. They may also be useful for prospective parents because a 3D physical model with the characteristics of the fetus should allow a more direct emotional connection to their unborn child. The key concern of this talk will show how to obtain high-quality 3D images from US and MRI and the use of AM and virtual navigation.

Performance based approach in design of freeform space structures

This paper is related to the fact that use of computational tools for form generation, analysis and digital fabrication (CAD/CAM/CAE) in an efficient way enables accurate representation of ideas, simulation of diverse impact and production of rational design solutions. Application of geometrical and numerical computational methods and adoption of performance based priorities enables formal exploration in constrained conditions and improvement of architectural engineering design process. Implementation of advanced technologies in 3D digital design process facilitates production of unconventional complex designs, their verification by construction of physical models and experimental diagnostics, as phase preceding construction of real structure. Within this work concept that provides design of non-standard, context-specific, freeform structure using rapid prototyping technology and 3D optical measurement will be reviewed. The analyzed design solution of roof structure above atrium of National Museum in Belgrade has a function to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.

Simulation of Dynamic Rigidity Modulus of Brain Matter by that of Agar Gel

Agar gel is a linear viscoelastic material with low deformations ([Formula: see text]). Here, characterization technique used is the rheometer-type Carri-Med “CSL 100”. This rheometer offers us the opportunity to study the gel in static and dynamic shear. The study is done at low frequencies ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]). Mechanical characterization of the agar gel in terms of dynamic modulus is performed for different concentrations. The dynamic rigidity of the gel decreases with increasing concentration. The 8% agar gel simulates very well the dynamic rigidity of brain tissue at low frequency. The range of low frequencies is rarely studied for this material (brain) in the literature. Most tests done on brain tissue are in a frequency range between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Yet, the Maxwell–Kelvin–Voigt model simulates very well the 8% agar gel. The instant elasticity derived from mathematical modeling of agar gel is similar to that measured in the literature for the brain tissue. Hence agar gel can be used in the construction of physical models of the human head used to analyze the dynamic response of the head to shock or to an inertial load.

Computation and fabrication of scaled prototypes

The formal, functional, and material attributes of design are routinely investigated through the construction of physical models and scaled prototypes. With the increasing adoption of computational workflows, the digital to physical translation process is central to the construction of scaled prototypes. However, the choice of methods, tools and materials for computational prototyping is a developing area. Therefore a systematic body of knowledge on the benefits and costs of multiple methods of computational prototyping for the construction of physical prototypes need to be identified. This paper addresses the prototyping process through the comparison of three computational methods of fabrication through the modelling, analysis and construction of a Gaussian Vault. It reports on the process of digital to physical construction using additive manufacturing, surface fabrication and structural component models. The Gaussian Vault offers a unique set of geometric, structural and physical characteristics for testing all three methods of prototyping. The size, shape and proportion of vault prototypes are rapidly generated and tested. The design geometry, material properties and physical construction of the Gaussian Vault are realised using commonly used practice workflows comprising parametric modelling and analysis of geometry, model rationalisation with material characteristics and finally the use of digital fabrication methods. Comparison of the results identifies the characteristics, benefits and limitations of the three approaches. Finally the paper discusses the digital to physical translation processes and summarises the characteristics, benefits and issues encountered in each.

Estratégias de Comunicadores Auxiliados para Instruir Parceiros de Comunicação na Construção de Modelos Físicos

RESUMO: este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as estratégias utilizadas pelos comunicadores auxiliados e comunicadores naturalmente falantes ao instruir um parceiro de comunicação para a construção de modelos físicos. Os participantes foram 18 comunicadores auxiliados e 18 comunicadores naturalmente falantes de um grupo de comparação, com idade entre 5-15 anos, do Brasil e da Noruega. Além disso, três diferentes grupos de parceiros de comunicação naturalmente falantes participaram da pesquisa: pais, colegas e profissional. Em um primeiro momento, as crianças comunicadores auxiliados foram avaliadas. Em seguida, as tarefas de construção foram administradas. Nessa tarefa, os comunicadores auxiliados e as crianças do grupo de comparação tiveram que instruir o parceiro de comunicação para construir modelos físicos. Os participantes foram filmados ao fazer a construção e as gravações foram transcritas. Foi realizada a análise de conteúdo, de que resultou no delineamento de categorias, e os resultados foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente. Este estudo sugere que existem diferenças entre as estratégias utilizadas nas construções. Comunicadores auxiliados e seu parceiro de comunicação usam mais tempo para concluir as construções. No entanto, ambos os grupos usaram a linguagem para instruir o parceiro de comunicação e finalizar as construções.

THE DAILY 110 MHZ SKY SURVEY (BSA FIAN): ON-LINE DATABASE, SCIENCE AIMS AND FIRST RESULTS OF DATA PROCESSING

From 2012 on radio telescope BSA FIAN multi beams diagram was started. It capable at July 2014 daily observing by 96 beams in declination -8 .. 42 degrees in the frequency band 109-111.5 MHz. The number of frequency bands are from 6 to 32, the time constant are from 0.1 to 0.0125 sec. In receiving mode with 32 band (plus one common band) with a time constant of 12.5 ms (80 times per second) respectively produced 33x96x80 four byte real and so daily we produced 87.5 Gbt (yearly to 32 Tbt). These data are enormous opportunities for both short and long-term monitoring of various classes of radio sources (including radio transients) and for space weather and the Earth's ionosphere monitoring, for search for different classes of radio sources, etc. The base aims of our work are: a) to obtain new scientific data on different classes of discrete radio sources, the construction of physical models and their evolution - obtained on the basis of the clock continuous digital sky radio monitoring at frequency 109- 111.5 MHz and cross-analysis of data from third-party reviews on other frequencies; c) launch the streaming data on various types of highperformance computing systems, including to create a public system of distributed computing for thousands of users on the basis of BOINC technology. The BOINC client for astronomical data from the monitoring survey of the big part of entire sky almost have not analogies. We have some first science results (new pulsars, and some new type of radiosources).

A student-centered approach for developing active learning: the construction of physical models as a teaching tool in medical physiology

BackgroundTeaching physiology, a complex and constantly evolving subject, is not a simple task. A considerable body of knowledge about cognitive processes and teaching and learning methods has accumulated over the years, helping teachers to determine the most efficient way to teach, and highlighting student’s active participation as a means to improve learning outcomes. In this context, this paper describes and qualitatively analyzes an experience of a student-centered teaching-learning methodology based on the construction of physiological-physical models, focusing on their possible application in the practice of teaching physiology.MethodsAfter having Physiology classes and revising the literature, students, divided in small groups, built physiological-physical models predominantly using low-cost materials, for studying different topics in Physiology. Groups were followed by monitors and guided by teachers during the whole process, finally presenting the results in a Symposium on Integrative Physiology.ResultsAlong the proposed activities, students were capable of efficiently creating physiological-physical models (118 in total) highly representative of different physiological processes. The implementation of the proposal indicated that students successfully achieved active learning and meaningful learning in Physiology while addressing multiple learning styles.ConclusionThe proposed method has proved to be an attractive, accessible and relatively simple approach to facilitate the physiology teaching-learning process, while facing difficulties imposed by recent requirements, especially those relating to the use of experimental animals and professional training guidelines. Finally, students’ active participation in the production of knowledge may result in a holistic education, and possibly, better professional practices.

Time‐reparametrization invariance and Hamilton‐Jacobi approach to the cosmological σ‐model

AbstractThe construction of physical models with local time‐reparametrization invariance is reviewed. Negative‐energy contributions to the hamiltonian are shown to be crucial for the realization of this reparametrization symmetry. The covariant formulation of the dynamics is used to develop a time and gauge invariant Hamilton‐Jacobi theory. This formalism is applied to solve for the cosmology of a homogeneous universe of the Friedmann‐Lemaître‐Robertson‐Walker type. After a discussion of empty universes, the FLRW theory is extended with homogeneous scalar fields generically described by a σ‐model on some scalar manifold. An explicit gauge‐invariant solution is constructed for the non‐linear O(N)‐models.

Learning by doing: construction and manipulation of a skeletal muscle model during lecture

Active learning, "learning by doing," enhances student performance on examinations and improves student retention of course content. Active learning also provides inquiry-based, collaborative, and problem-solving activities that promote curiosity, skepticism, objectivity, and the use of scientific reasoning. To incorporate active learning into our undergraduate anatomy and physiology course of 70 nursing students, students constructed working physical models of skeletal muscle during the scheduled class time. Our goals were to actively engage students in the process of building and testing their own mental models from the information they were acquiring. During the process, the focus was on the student acquiring knowledge, thinking about the information, testing assumptions, solving problems, and appreciating the joy, excitement, and love for learning. We conclude that the construction of physical models during class is a valuable educational experience.

MYTHIC FOUNDATIONS: ENGAGING HISTORY FOR ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION

The construction of physical models in design studios and workshops is a time-honored tradition in many schools of architecture. The construction of models in history of architecture courses allows for multiple lessons of ordinance, structure and surface elaboration. These lessons become palpably understood by the students through their study and reproduction of orthographic documentation, as well as the translation to construct with contemporary media and mechanisms. This paper highlights the results of a cultural history course in architecture, recently taught, where the students collaborated in groups to construct 1:100 models of the major temples of worship in Medieval Europe. The processes involved and the results documented were indicative of this promising avenue of exploration.

Three-Dimensional Imaging and Modeling of Anatomic Structures, Sectional and Radiological Anatomy, and Staining Techniques

The first three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction was performed by Born (1883) and His (1885) using serial sections. Since then, a variety of reconstruction techniques have been developed, and the construction of physical models has become important in anatomy. The first computer-aided 3D reconstruction was achieved by Glaser and Van der Loos in 1965. With the improvements in both computer hardware and software tools, computerized modelling of anatomical structures has become very useful for visualizing complex 3D forms. Three-dimensional visualization of various microanatomic structures using special preparation and staining methods is important. Devices used for this purpose such as MicroCT, microMRI, SEM, and Confocal microscopy and so forth. are development parallel to the technological advances and give excellent 3D images, and it allows a better understanding of gross and microanatomic structures. On the other hand, first studies on cross-sectional anatomy date back to the 16th century. The widespread use of cross-sectional imaging techniques such as CT and MRI has gained an increasing importance in sectional anatomy. The most known cadaveric cross-sectional study, the visible human project, is an outgrowth of the National Library Medicine. In this special issue, we reviewed and edited seven articles on three-dimensional imaging and modeling of anatomic structures, sectional and radiological anatomy, and staining techniques. K. K. Schmid (University of Nebraska, USA) Marx and Samal (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA) discussed three-dimensional regression, a technique that can be used for mapping images and shapes that are represented by sets of three-dimensional landmark coordinates, for comparing and mapping 3D anatomical structures in their research paper. Y. Hoshino and coworkers (University of Pittsburgh, USA) reviewed previous research about image analysis of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) anatomy and its application to ACL reconstruction surgery. They concluded that three-dimensional image analysis of the ACL anatomy and its application to the navigation system is becoming more prevalent and reliable for advancing the anatomic studies related to the native ACL and the ACL reconstruction procedure. A. Arencibia et al. (Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) investigated imaging features of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in two normal camels. They stated in conclusion that CT is an excellent method for the detailed assessment of the bony structures, and MRI is a valid imaging modality for the evaluation of the soft tissues. Processing of CT and MR images allowes to appreciate different bone structures and soft tissues of the TMJ, assisting in the interpretation of the images. J. A. N. Buytaert and colleagues (University of Antwerp and Ghent University, Belgium) discussed the first implementation of (laser) light-sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to image biomedical tissue in three-dimensional orthogonal plane fluorescence optical sectioning microscopy (OPFOS). They have shown with several applications that the OPFOS (and derived) methods are a valuable addition for sectional imaging and three-dimensional modeling of anatomic structures. The review paper entitled “Ultrahigh voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM) links neuroanatomy and neuroscience/neuroendocrinology” by H. Sakamoto (Okayama University, Japan) and M. Kawata (Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan) stressed that UHVEM and light microscopy are useful and powerful tools for studying molecular and/or chemical neuroanatomy at the ultrastructural level. D. R. Marker et al. (The Johns Hopkins Hospital and University School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, USA) discussed strategic improvements for gross anatomy web-based teaching in their research paper. To better meet the expectations of gross anatomy students, electronic radiology teaching files for first-year coursework were organized into a web site. The web site was custom designed to provide material that directly correlated to the gross anatomy dissection and lectures. Quick links provided sets of images grouped by anatomic location. Their findings suggest that a well-organized web portal can provide a user-friendly, valuable educational resource for medical students who are studying gross anatomy. Finally, Herber and coworkers (University of California, USA) in their study entitled “Imaging an adapted dentoalveolar complex” used micro-X-ray computed tomography combined with 3D modeling using image processing, scanning electron microscopy, fluorochrome labeling, conventional histology (H&E, TRAP), and immunohistochemistry (RANKL, OPN) to elucidate the dynamic nature of bone, the periodontal ligamentspace, and cementum in the rat periodontium. They concluded that studies focusing on a functional rat dentoalveolar complex should acknowledge the baseline phenomena of bone-PDL-cementum adaptation, especially in regards to the physiological distal drift, before additional experimental variables are imposed. We hope that this special issue will contribute as a stimulus for further research into three-dimensional imaging and modeling of anatomic structures, sectional and radiological anatomy, and staining techniques. We are very grateful to the contributing authors for their scientific contributions to this special issue. We also thank the reviewers who spend their valuable time and thoughts on each paper. We appreciate the Hindawi Publishing Corporation for their help in the guidance of the procedure. Tuncay Peker Nadir Gulekon Ilkan Tatar Levent Sarikcioglu David Kachlik

Construction of Physical Models for Arbitrary Fullerenes with Beads: Realization of Tangent‐Sphere Model

AbstractIn this article, we show a simple way to realize the tangent‐sphere model for constructing physical models of arbitrary fullerenes based on beads commonly used in the ornaments and decorative arts. Using suitably chosen weaving strategy, the beaded model can be made to be a faithful π‐bond representation of the corresponding fullerene. Moreover, the shape of a particular beaded model is usually quite close to the true molecular structure of the corresponding fullerene because there is an interesting analogue between microscopic valence shell electron pair repulsion and macroscopic mechanical hard‐sphere interaction in the trivalent beaded models. Systematic rules for constructing fullerenes without any hole are discussed.