Construction Of Hydroelectric Power Stations Research Articles

Analysis of studies of floodplain habitats in the Northern steppe region of the Dnipro

The history of floodplain research, originating in the 17th century and continuing to the present day, reflects the general trends in botanical science, evolving from sporadic observations to systematic studies. Initially limited to species descriptions and vegetation characteristics, research gradually enriched itself with analysis of ecological interrelationships and the impact of anthropogenic factors. Studies of floodplains in Ukraine have a long history, yet their development has been uneven, often shaped by external factors such as university and scientific institute advancements, botanical gardens, and the construction of hydroelectric power stations and reservoirs, prompting large-scale expeditions. Military actions in the past century have also influenced the progression of research in distinct stages. The current phase is marked by growing interest in these ecosystems, including floodplain in Northern Steppe of the Dniprо region, yet research remains fragmented, focusing on specific biotopes or river valleys. Therefore, further systematic expansion of research based on predecessors' work, its systematization, and supplementation is necessary. This is particularly pertinent amidst global climate change and increasing anthropogenic influence, as the spread of adventive and invasive species negatively impacts these natural complexes and their native biodiversity. Military activities and environmental crimes pose serious threats to floodplains, leading to their degradation and biodiversity loss. Scientific investigations of floodplains are crucial for their contribution to water resource conservation, water regime regulation, and as unique habitats for many rare and vulnerable plant species requiring protection and preservation. Overall, floodplain research represents a significant direction in contemporary botany and ecology, demanding a comprehensive approach for safeguarding these unique natural complexes in the future.

A new, highly endangered and restricted-range species of Parrya sect. Pseudoclausia, comb. nov. (Brassicaceae) from Western Tian Shan, Uzbekistan

Parrya tojibaevii, a morphologically distinct species related to the taxa previously assigned to the genus Pseudoclausia, recognized herein as a section, is described and illustrated. The novelty, known from a few collections, is confined to a small and highly disturbed area around the confluence of Chatkal River with Charvak Reservoir (Western Tian Shan, Uzbekistan) and is morphologically closest to P. gracillima and P. mollissima. The new species can be assessed as critically endangered due to its very narrow and obviously shrinking range and habitat, an easy accessibility of known localities, and a growing threat from the construction of hydroelectric power station, roads and resorts, and also from recreation and grazing.

О статусе скопы в Грузии

At present Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is widespread and regular, but rare in small numbers passage visitor. Before the 1940’s it was a local breeder in small numbers at wetlands of the Black Sea coastlands, western part of Kolkheti Lowland and on wetlands in floodplains of some large rivers, and at large lakes in other regions of Georgia. Osprey extirpated as a regular breeder in the middle of 20th Century, no nests known since the late 1950’s. Last occupied nest was found in 1958 on Inkit Lake in Abkhazia. Analyzes of the historical data allows to suggest that before 1920’s osprey was widespread and regularly breeding species for some regions of Georgia. The most optimal conditions for breeding were in lower parts of large river valleys of the Black Sea basin – Rioni, Inguri, Chorokhi, Ajaristskali, Kintrishi, Supsa, Natanebi, Khobi, Gumista, Bzipi, Kelasuri, and large rivers of the Caspian Sea basin – Mtkvari (Kura) River and its tributaries. We do not have the precise data on the beginning of osprey disappearance in Georgia, it can be assumed that it happened in 1920–1930’s because of rapidly increasing human activity. In Georgia, where peculiarities of relief limit the possibility of some forms of human activity, coastal wetlands, flood-lands of rivers, large lakes (or the most preferred osprey breeding habitats), were transformed first. Large-scale reclamation work was carried out here, on the banks of the rivers and around large lakes, considerable massifs of floodplain forests were cut down. After the construction of hydroelectric power stations on some rivers, fish resources were reduced, and that undermined the food base for osprey. As a result of the powerful increase in human population, the level of the disturbance increased too. In the 1930’s mass raptor shooting campaigns were organized and lasted up to 1970’s. The use of DDT and some other heavy pollutants in the 1950–1960’s was also a major threat to the species. Prolonged and increasing effect of these threats led to the population decline – and later to complete disappearance of osprey in Georgia. Usually, osprey was recorded during migrations in Western Georgia, i.e. in the Black Sea basin: on the sea shore, coastal wetlands, wetlands of Kolkheti Lowland, in the lower parts of Rioni, Inguri, Chorokhi, Khobi, Bzypi, Kodori, Natanebi river valleys, on large lakes, fish-ponds, reservoirs, at sites with a regular supply of medium and large-sized fishes. Up to 95% of all ospreys observed from 1973 to 2023 were recorded in the Black Sea basin, mainly at seacoast, rarely on coastal wetlands. Much less often osprey was observed on alpine lakes of Javakheti Upland and on wetlands of Eastern Georgia, i.e. in the Caspian Sea basin. Vagrant individuals were recorded in very unusual habitats: in semi-deserts, in watershed areas at mountain ridges and on passes of the Great and Lesser Caucasus. In contrast to peculiarities of migration of majority of raptors, the osprey passage goes by wide front. This peculiarity explains the low number of ospreys recorded at permanent count-points on flyways and in bottlenecks in comparison with other raptors. The similar data were collected in Georgia – the average number of counted ospreys compiled in the average of 0.163–1.660 individuals/day, and their share in the total number of migratory raptors was quite insignificant. Spring passage takes place from mid-March through the early May, with a more-or-less visible peak in early April. First records of spring transients were on 7 March 1981, 19 March 1999 and 27 March 2015; last transients were observed on 28 April 1991, 30 April 2010, 1 May 1995, 16 May 2023 and 19 May 2017. About ⅔ of individuals observed in spring flown in the first half of April. Spring migration goes through quicker; birds rarely stay for several hours at sites suitable for feeding. The autumn migration has bigger intensity and lasts longer, autumn transit runs from mid-August to early November. Earliest transients were recorded on the Black Sea coast and coastal wetlands on August 14, 17, and 18, usually August 25–30. The latest transients typically were observed in late October, with solitary individuals recorded up to 2nd half of November on the Black Sea shore and coastal wetlands (19/11/1982; 21/11/1995). About ¾ of migrants were counted in second half of September – first half of October, with a soft visible peak in late September. From 300 to 500 individuals were considered to migrate per autumn season, mostly along the Black Sea shore. Typically solitary individuals were recorded, rarely pairs, never observed in flocks. However, in autumn birds, if they are not disturbed, can stay for several days at sites suitable for feeding. So, 2–3 ospreys simultaneously were watched in some halting sites on the Black Sea coastal wetlands.

Тверские Китежи и Атлантиды. Архаический миф в современном исполнении

The city is a natural expression of human civilization, and it is the only place where the formation of man could have begun. The temple was the city`s heart, it was there that the deified fire and, consequently, life itself was kept alive. There are two versions of the temple-city: the immaculate virgin-city (Jerusalem) and the sinful harlot-city (Babylon), and respectively two versions of their destiny: Kitezh or Atlantis. The space of the Tver region, including the cities whose destiny is connected with water, is constantly being mythologized. In legends like that of the invisible city of Kitezh they tell about churches or villages that went under water, not specifying the causes of these phenomena, or stressing out that these catastrophes came to be a punishment for unnamed sins. According to a legend of the early 2000s Kitezh-grad (the Kitezh-city, now no longer having anything in common with the virgin-city) was located exactly in the Tver region, on the bank of the Mologa river in the Maksatikhinsky district. However, by now, after the death of its author, this legend has ceased to be relevant and is found only in the documents of the 2000s. In contrast with the Tver Kitezh, the phrase the Tver Atlantis has recently become more and more stable in the Tver region as a tourist brand. This concept is applied to the cities that were flooded during the construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga river: Korcheva, Kalyazin, the bell tower of which spawned a number of legends, and Vesyegonsk. The Tver “Atlantis” was no harlot, and died not for its sins, but on the orders of the Soviet government. Therefore, the national consciousness confers to the submerged places the qualities of sanctity and purity. The Tver Kitezh is not the virgin-Kitezh, and it perishes for its sins, while the Tver Atlantis is not the harlot-Atlantis, and the stories of the flooded cities contain no hints of their sinfulness; on the contrary, emphasis is made on their holiness and righteousness. We cannot say that invariant mythological models have been forgotten, but they are working in the opposite direction. This change can be explained by the fact that the relocation of residents and the flooding of cities did not take place “by God’s will”, but on the decision of the worldly authority, and that their residents did not view those facts as a punishment for their sins. The way of thinking remains mythological, even though people are not aware of the fact.

“When They Moved the Cemetery…”: Hybridisation of Belief in the Afterlife After Flood Zone Resettlement in Ukraine

Abstract The article analyses changes in Ukrainian folk beliefs about the afterlife in the face of forced resettlement due to the construction of hydroelectric power stations and water reservoirs. During resettlement, folk beliefs were adapted to the conditions of the time, under the influence of Soviet atheism and propaganda. Later, especially since the independence of Ukraine, migrants have tried to restore the lost connection between the living and the dead by establishing and consecrating crosses on common graves in which the remains of former villagers are reburied. Today, narratives about the relocation of a cemetery express anxiety about the disturbance of the dead and the idea of the impossibility of complete resettlement from an ancient place of residence.

Распространение и миграционный цикл нельмы Stenodus leucichthys nelma (Pallas, 1773)

The article considers the natural habitat and migrations of nelma Stenodus leucichthys nelma (Pallas, 1773) on the basis of literary sources. This fish is a subspecies of white salmon. It belongs to the genus of nelma of the whitefish family and is of great interest for researchers, as nelma is one of the most valuable commercial objects. According to the result of analysis and data systematization, nelma is found to migrate to all major rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean. In the rivers and lakes under consideration it is represented by the semi-anadromous species, as well as non-migratory river and lake species. The hydrological description of the reservoir has a huge influence on nelma’s migrations and biotopes. Data on the anthropogenic factor influence on the migration of this subspecies are also given. It has been stated that the construction of hydroelectric power stations, building the reservoirs and regulation of river flows negatively affect this biological complex phenomenon. After blocking some large rivers by hydroelectric dams many populations of the Ob and Yenisei nelma were deprived of their natural habitat, the duration and extent of migrations were reduced, and non-migratory (residential) stocks developed in the upper reaches of the Ob, the Yenisei and the reservoirs. Due to the human intervention in the natural processes of fish development and reproduction, the stocks of valuable commercial species have been greatly reduced. Thus, this factor has brought in the significant changes in the life cycle of nelma. In general, it can be inferred that nelma migrations in individual water bodies have not been studied enough and require detailed consideration in order to protect and preserve this rare subspecies of the whitefish family.

On The Fate of Intellectuals Exiled To the Central Asian Labor Camp

The inhuman policy pursued by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s throughout the Soviet Union, known as the "Great Terror" and the "Red Terror", resulted in the tragic death of millions of innocent people. The main goal of the Soviets was to use their intelligence and labor to imprison dissidents, intellectuals living in different regions of the USSR, by force and unjust accusations. Prisoners were mainly involved in heavy labor-intensive work, such as large-scale construction, canal digging, construction of hydroelectric power stations, work in factories, and working in state and collective farm fields.

Opportunities and prospects for Russian-Tajik trade and investment cooperation

In todays world, small and economically weak States find it difficult to develop without the assistance of international partners. Analysis shows that trade relations between Russia and Tajikistan are developing in a mixed manner. Their structure is characterized by some one-sidedness and raw material orientation. Exports from Russia predominate, and Russian products occupy a stable first place in the overall trade turnover of Tajikistan. While Tajik export goods are not so much in demand in Russia, their share in the total Russian trade turnover is insignificant. Russian investment activity, which was active in the zero years of the 21st century, is gradually losing its position. The study shows that this has been facilitated more by the internal-Tajik factor, in particular the sharp deterioration of the investment climate for Russian investors. But, in the authors opinion, the potential for successful trade and investment cooperation between Russia and Tajikistan is quite wide. Ecologically clean and of good quality fresh fruit and vegetables and dried fruit from Tajikistan could, under certain conditions, diversify the Russian market for agricultural products. In turn, the Tajik economy needs new technologies in telecommunications, the agricultural sector, the digitization of all sectors of the economy, and assistance in the construction of hydroelectric power stations, new power lines, roads and railways.

1951–1958 ГОДЫ – ВРЕМЯ ПЕРВЫХ: У ИСТОКОВ СОЗДАНИЯ МАТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ БАЗЫ ФИЛИАЛА КУЙБЫШЕВСКОГО ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОГО ИНСТИТУТА ПРИ КУЙБЫШЕВГИДРОСТРОЕ В СТАВРОПОЛЕ (ТОЛЬЯТТИ)

The paper analyzes the role of the city forming construction of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric power station (KGS) on the Volga and opening in a small town of Stavropol a branch of Kuibyshev Industrial Institute (KII) affiliated to Kuibyshevgidrostroy (since 2001 – Togliatti State University). The research is focused on historical and pedagogical analysis of the processes which influenced the university formation and development, its facility development in the first years of the university history. The paper considers the aspects of the planned construction of the university buildings in the Central District in the new town of Stavropol, and the projects that were not implemented, or built and functioned for a short time. The analysis is focused on the initial stages of the improvement of university premises and territory. Based on the analysis of archival data and museum expositions an imaginary route of an excursion over the territory of the university of that period was recreated. For the first time, two-stage plan for the reconstruction of the compact accommodation for students of the KII branch is published. The first stage of the study covers the period from 1951 to 1953, during which the infrastructure of the university was created for its temporary operation until the city of Stavropol was totally flooded. The results of the second stage of the study (the period of the construction of the hydroelectric power station from 1954 (after the flooding of the historical territory of the city of Stavropol) till 1958) made it possible to reconstruct the university infrastructure in the new territory of the city. The original buildings were almost completely lost – buildings for a different use were erected in their place. Therefore, recognition of the earliest existing territories that are part of the university infrastructure is of particular value. It has been established that an important role in the creation of the university facilities was played by the government, city authorities and the management of the construction site of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric power station. The formation of the first higher school in Stavropol, which later grew into Togliatti State University, contributed to the rapid development of the entire urban infrastructure. It was revealed that for the period of the KGS construction the university facilities and resources provided the opportunity for high-quality training of engineering personnel that met international standards.

РАЗВИТИЕ БЕРЕГОВЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПРИ ПОВЫШЕНИИ УРОВНЯ ВОДОЕМА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОЗЕРА БАЙКАЛ)

The article provides estimations of the impact from abrupt increase in water level in Lake Baikal on coastal processes of bar Yarki (north part of Lake Baikal). The author has made a forecast of coastal processes of island bar under the current conditions and created a digital elevation model and profiles of the nearshore. Relationship between sea level rise and shoreline retreat are considered. Numerical simulation of evolution the beach profile under different conditions was carried out. The construction of hydroelectric power station in Irkutsk is the main reason that caused the change in morphological parameters of the bar. At the level of Lake Baikal at the time of expeditionary works in 2013, the shore profile showed relative stability even with maximum storms. When the lake level rose by 1 metre, the profile retreated “back and up” in compliance to the Dean-Maurmeier model (Dean, Maurmeyer, 1981) for coastal bars.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ЕКОСИСТЕМНИМИ ПОСЛУГАМИ: СТРАТЕГІЯ ЗАПРОВАДЖЕННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

The article analyzes the world and domestic experience in relation to the nature issues and classification of ecosystem services, their economic assessment and market formation, and the improvement of the economic mechanism of nature use through the introduction of payments for such services. Ukraine has all the prerequisites for including ecosystem services in the economic relations system. First, it is necessary to coordinate approaches to the nature of ecosystem services, then develop methodological tools for their economic assessment and create a system for managing ecosystem services. On the example of the river ecosystems services their importance for providing the population with proper quality water, flood mitigation, water quality regulation, provision of freshwater fish, recreation, and so on were substantiated. The Government approved the Hydropower Development Program of Ukraine until 2026, which foresees the further construction of hydroelectric power stations mainly on small and medium rivers. During the Program development, a number of gross violations of national and international environmental legislation and the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union were committed. Water management should be based on a basin management principle that is in line with the principles of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC. Based on the results of the conducted research the following conclusions have been made: The main reason for the critical state of small rivers in Ukraine is a high level of economic load in their catchment basins, an outdated system of wastewater treatment. To restore water supply ecosystem services, it is necessary to increase the natural water content of the rivers, stop the deforestation and plow the coastal lands, drain the bogs in the upper part of the basin, which will ensure the rivers flow throughout the channel. In order to introduce a mechanism for the ecosystem services provision in Ukraine, systematic identification and evaluation of ecosystem services should be carried out in the first place according to their types, territorial, geographical, climatic and other features. After the necessary ecological and economic measures in the hydropower and other sectors of the economy are carried out, inventories and assessments of the benefits derived from the using of ecosystem functions by economic agents and other stakeholders should be identified.

Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters in HEC-RAS Software

As for the level of tail-water often rose when the situation of tailrace river changing during the process of construction of hydroelectric power station, one-dimensional mathematical model is used through two procedures to solve this problem. In the first, the sensitivity of three key parameters including roughness, cross-section spacing Δs, starting regulation level and section in the mathematical model were discussed. The results indicate that: (1) Positive relationship between ΔY/Y and n, shows the greater flow rate, the more sensitive of water depth changes to roughness coefficient; (2) The cross-section spacing Δs affect the large flow more obvious than the smaller; (3) The effect of the middle and lower reaches of river are bigger than the upstream. Research results provided guidance of model parameters selection.

Protection of floristic diversity in the Sajna River valley – in view of the planned construction of hydroelectric power station in Sarkajmy

Abstract The study was carried out to determine the floristic diversity in the Sajna River valley, in the region of direct and indirect impact of the hydroelectric power station planned to be built in the village of Sarkajmy. Phytosociological diversity of plant communities and floristic diversity were analysed taking into account the predicted influence of the planned power station on the Sajna River. The study was performed in 2010 using field methods and GIS localisation of analysed sites. 73 phytosociological surveys were made and particular floristic patches were identified. Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys were used to delimit the different plant communities and spot the sites of protected plant species. Thirteen plant communities were identified in the study area, five of which are of European importance that require protection within Natura 2000 sites. This group of plant communities comprises four forest plant communities (Salicetum albo-fragilis, Ficario-Ulmetum, Tilio-Carpinetum, Acer platanoides-Tilia cordata) and one herbaceous community (Urtico-Calystegietum). One species under strict protection (Daphne mezereum L.) and five species under partial protection (Viburnum opulus L., Ribes nigrum L., Asarum europaeum L., Eurhynchium angustirete (Broth.) T.J.Kop., Eurhynchium striatum (Schreb. ex Hedw.) Schimp.) were noted. The presence of valuable natural habitats and protected species in the Sajna River valley indicates the natural potential of the area and illustrates its biological diversity. The studied area is threatened by negative impact of the hydroelectric power station planned to be built on the Sajna River, since water damming will flood the river terrace that will lead to the formation of a 7.25 ha pond of.

Intelligent Stability Design of Large Underground Hydraulic Caverns: Chinese Method and Practice

The global energy shortage has revived the interest in hydroelectric power, but extreme geological condition always pose challenges to the construction of hydroelectric power stations with large underground caverns. To solve the problem of safe design of large underground caverns, a Chinese-style intelligent stability design, representing recent developments in Chinese techniques for the construction of underground hydropower systems is presented. The basic aim of this method is to help designers improve the stability and design efficiency of large underground hydropower cavern groups. Its flowchart consists of two parts, one is initial design with an ordinal structure, and the other is dynamic design with a closed loop structure. In each part of the flowchart, analysis techniques, analysis content and design parameters for caverns’ stability are defined, respectively. Thus, the method provides designers with a bridge from the basic information of objective engineering to reasonable design parameters for managing the stability of hydraulic cavern groups. Application to two large underground caverns shows that it is a scientific and economical method for safely constructing underground hydraulic caverns.

Mammals, birds and reptiles in Balbina reservoir, state of Amazonas, Brazil

The construction of hydroelectric power stations can affect the fauna, including the adaptation to the new lentic conditions, and may lead to the disappearance of some species and the colonization of others. Usually, there is a lack of information in the post-flooding phases. The present study is a preliminary qualitative survey of mammals, birds, and reptiles in the influenced area of the Balbina hydroelectric dam (01°55' S, 59°29' W). Species records were made during field trips to the reservoir with no group specific methods. The conservation status of the identified species followed the classification adopted by IUCN. Twenty-two mammals (one endangered – EN), forty-two birds and six reptiles (one vulnerable – VU) were identified. Although the list presented here is preliminary, if appropriately complemented, it can be used to understand the effects of hydroelectric dams on the Amazonian fauna.

Susceptibility of Biomphalaria amazonica and Biomphalaria occidentalis from Manso Dam, Mato Grosso, Brazil to infection with three strains of Schistosoma mansoni

As well as malaria and yellow fever, schistosomiasis is one of the main endemic diseases associated to environments which suffered some impact related to the development of great economic projects, as for example the construction of hydroelectric power stations. Aiming to investigate the occurrence and distribution of freshwater snails of medical and veterinary importance in the area which suffered impact from the Manso hydroelectric power station a survey was performed during the period of 2002 to 2003 and revealed the occurrence of populations of Biomphalaria amazonica and Biomphalaria occidentalis. Studies on parasite-mollusc compatibility were undertaken using five B. amazonica colonies (Barão de Melgaço, Poconé, Santo Antônio do Leverger, and Chapada dos Guimarães, in the Manso and Casca rivers), and four B. occidentalis colonies (Cuiabá, Santo Antônio do Leverger, and Chapada dos Guimarães, in the Agua Fria district and Casca river) were exposed to miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni. Of 257 snails of B. amazonica used, 17 became infected (infection index of 6.61%) and all specimens of B. occidentalis proved unsusceptible. According to the strains used, of the 158 snails exposed to BH miracidia, 6 became infected (3.79%); of the 44 exposed to SJ miracidia, 6 became infected (13.63%); and of the 55 snails of B. amazonica exposed to EC miracidia, 5 became infected (9.09%). These results point out the low possibility of introduction of schistosomiasis in those areas, but we believe it can not be discarded as due the presence of B. amazonica.

Aquatic bryophyte assemblages along a gradient of regulation in the river Rhine

A study of the zonation of the aquatic bryophyte assemblages from the Anterior Rhine to the Middle Rhine is presented. The typology obtained differs from the hydrogeomorphological classification because the correction of the river has led to the homogenization of habitats. Since the straightening of the river in the course of the 19th century, the embankments have created more stable habitats on which mountain species formerly characteristic of the rapids of the High Rhine appeared. During the 20th century, regulation, the construction of hydroelectric powerstations even the canalization of the river in Alsace, have caused a great change in water level. On the Upper Rhine, the regularisation of the water level allowed the appearance and the spread of strict hydrophytes such as Octodiceras fontanum which is now common between Rastatt and Bonn. Conversely, species characteristic of variable water levels decreased or disappeared. The industrial development along the river has caused water quality to severely decrease downstream of the industrial areas, hence the decrease or the disappearance of their primary flora in favour of pollution-tolerant assemblages. The former side channels of the Upper Rhine in France that have been disconnected from the main river and fed by groundwater since canalization, possess a bryophyte flora very similar to that of good quality waters in the upstream part of the High Rhine or in the Alpine Rhine. This flora is the last regional relic of a flora that has disappeared from the main channel due to water pollution. These refugia should consequently be preserved from the flooding of alluvial forests, part of the flood management program.

Mathematical models for estimation and prediction of hydrodynamic and ice regimes of rivers after the construction of hydroelectric power stations

Mathematical models for estimation and prediction of hydrodynamic and ice regimes of rivers after the construction of hydroelectric power stations

Transport of mass concrete in the construction of hydroelectric power stations

Transport of mass concrete in the construction of hydroelectric power stations

World power engineering and construction of hydroelectric power stations

World power engineering and construction of hydroelectric power stations