Construction Of Experimental Apparatus Research Articles

Measurement Theory, Psychology and the Revolution That Cannot Happen

Doubt is raised that revolutions in measurement theory, for example conjoint measurement or Rasch measurement, will lead to the quantification of psychological attributes. First, the meaning of measurement is explained. Relying on this, it is demonstrated that in order to attain quantification under causally complex circumstances it is necessary to manipulate the phenomena involved and control systematic disturbances. The construction of experimental apparatus is necessary to accomplish these tasks. The creation of modern quantitative science through the adoption of this method is called the Galilean revolution. Next the Millean quantity objection is formulated. If the Galilean revolution is not possible in psychology, the task of quantification is not solvable. The objection is defended. Psychological phenomena are neither manipulable nor controllable to the required extent. Therefore they are not measurable.

Making physics: a biography of Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1946-1972

From Nobel Prize-winning work in atomic physics to community concerns over radiation leaks, Brookhaven National Laboratory's ups and downs track the changing fortunes of big science in the United States since World War II. But Brookhaven is also unique; it was the first major national laboratory built specifically for basic civilian research. This text brings to life the people, the instruments, the science, and the politics of Brookhaven's first quarter-century. The book shows the experimental energy of Brookhaven's researchers, competing among themselves as well as with other laboratories around the world. Drawing on a wide variety of sources, from oral interviews and internal memos to lab notebooks and transcripts of security clearance hearings, Robert P. Crease recounts the difficult founding and siting of Brookhaven, the successful resolution of immense engineering and technical problems in the design and construction of experimental apparatus, and changing relations with the surrounding Long Island community. But most of all, Crease tells the stories of Brookhaven's scientists and their research, which has included detailed descriptions of the structure of the nucleus, early attempts at radiotherapy for inoperable tumours, and studies of strange particles and the weak and strong interactions.

Investigation of Flow in Liquids by Use of Birefringent Colloidal Solutions of Vanadium Pentoxide

Abstract The author, engaged on hydrological research on the Bosphorus (1) and interested in diffusion and turbulence as biological environmental factors, was first induced to try a flow-birefringence method on a macroscopic scale, as a result of reading a paper on the shape of protein molecules (2). The use of vanadium-pentoxide sols as a birefringent medium for the demonstration of fluid flow was so successful that Prof. J. C. Bliss, Dean of the Engineering School at Robert College, encouraged the author to write a preliminary publication emphasizing the possibility of engineering application. On account of the pressure of other work, the manuscript was not ready until the beginning of September, 1945. It appears that, unknown to the author, the method of flow birefringence has been in use for some time. In a recent article by Walter Leaf (3) the following statement is made: “This process was developed in the chemical-engineering department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by D. R. Dewey, 2nd, under the direction of Dr. E. A. Hauser about 4 years ago.” The process involves the use of the birefringent properties of bentonite clays (named from Fort Benton, Wyoming). Jerome Alexander (4), writing in 1925, quotes a report of Edgar T. Wherry to the effect that “under the microscope, between crossed nicols, the grains (of bentonite) show distinct double refraction.…. the grains being of visible dimensions in two dimensions,…. yet of colloidal dimensions in the third.” The isolation of Istanbul during the war period perhaps accounts for the fact that the M.I.T. work was overlooked. On account of this, the title and a number of sections in the original manuscript of this paper have been modified or omitted, because their inclusion after the appearance of Leaf’s publication would have been redundant. More particularly, sections on the use of polarized light, see Taylor (5), and on the construction of experimental apparatus have either been omitted entirely or reduced to a minimum. However, it seemed in place to leave a little of the theory upon which the method is based, and to emphasize the suitability of vanadium-pentoxide sols as a birefringent medium, particularly where photographic recording is desirable.