Construction Of All-carbon Quaternary Stereocenters Research Articles

Catalytic asymmetric [4 + 2] dearomative photocycloadditions of anthracene and its derivatives with alkenylazaarenes

Photocatalysis through energy transfer has been investigated for the facilitation of [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. However, the high reactivity of radical species poses a challenging obstacle to achieving enantiocontrol with chiral catalysts, as no enantioselective examples have been reported thus far. Here, we present the development of catalytic asymmetric [4 + 2] dearomative photocycloaddition involving anthracene and its derivatives with alkenylazaarenes. This accomplishment is achieved by utilizing a cooperative photosensitizer and chiral Brønsted acid catalysis platform. Importantly, this process enables the activation of anthracene substrates through energy transfer from triplet DPZ, thereby initiating a precise and stereoselective sequential transformation. The significance of our work is highlighted by the synthesis of a diverse range of pharmaceutical valuable cycloadducts incorporating attractive azaarenes, all obtained with high yields, ees, and drs. The broad substrate scope is further underscored by successful construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and diverse adjacent stereocenters.

Catalytic Asymmetric Formal C–C Bond Insertion Reaction of Aldehydes via 1,2-Acyl Shift: Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters with Three Carbonyl Groups

Catalytic Asymmetric Formal C–C Bond Insertion Reaction of Aldehydes via 1,2-Acyl Shift: Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters with Three Carbonyl Groups

Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Arylboronic Acids to α,β-Unsaturated Lactams: Enantioselective Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters in Saturated Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles.

Stereogenic nitrogen-containing heterocycles are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceutical compounds, but methods for their enantioselective construction have remained elusive. We report a general method for the asymmetric conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to β-alkyl/aryl α,β-unsaturated lactams that affords chiral β,β-disubstituted lactams. The transformation is operationally simple and air- and moisture-tolerant and uses a commercially available (S)-t-Bu-PyOx ligand. The method is high-yielding (up to 95% yield) and enantioselective (up to 97% ee) for a wide range of arylboronic acids and α,β-unsaturated lactams, including those with different ring sizes.

Construction of Chiral Quaternary Carbon Centers via Asymmetric Metal Carbene gem-Dialkylation.

The catalytic asymmetric construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters has received tremendous interest over the past decades, and numerous efficient protocols have been disclosed based on the formation of one C-C bond between two assembling reactants. However, the use of asymmetric multi-component reactions that build two C-C bonds on the same carbonic center with concomitant assembly of quaternary stereocenters is rare and remains challenging. Herein, we disclose an enantioselective three-component reaction of α-diazo ketones with alkenes and 1,3,5-triazines under dirhodium/chiral phosphoric acid cooperative catalysis, which leads to a practical and atom-economic synthesis of poly-functionalized chiral ketones that bear a α-quaternary stereocenter in generally good to high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. In comparison to the previous method for the construction of tertiary and quaternary stereocenters via carbene gem-difunctionalization reactions, this reaction features an unprecedented gem-dialkylation process via sequential installation of two C-C bonds on the carbene center in one reaction, providing an essential complement to the asymmetric construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters using common and readily available starting materials.

Ir-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Hydroalkynylation of Trisubstituted Alkene to Access All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters

The stereoselective construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters, especially acyclic ones, represents an important challenge in organic synthesis. In particular, homopropargyl amides with a quaternary stereocenter β to a nitrogen atom are valuable synthetic intermediates, which could be transformed to diverse chiral structures through alkyne transformations. However, highly enantioselective synthetic methods for homopropargyl amides with a β quaternary stereocenter are extremely rare. We report here unprecedented substrate-directed, iridium-catalyzed enantioselective hydroalkynylations of trisubstituted alkenes to form an acyclic all-carbon quaternary stereocenter β to a nitrogen atom. The hydroalkynylation of enamide occurred with unconventional selectivity, favoring the more hindered reaction site. Homopropargyl amides with β-stereocenters were prepared in high regio- and enantioselectivities. Combined experimental and computational studies revealed the origin of the regio- and enantioselectivities.

The Stereoselective Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Allylations and Its Application to Synthetic Studies of Natural Products

The Stereoselective Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Allylations and Its Application to Synthetic Studies of Natural Products

Recoverable polystyrene-supported palladium catalyst for construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters via asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic enones

The development of recoverable catalysts based on the combination of synthetically demanding ligands with transition metals attracts a lot of attention, especially from the environmental point of view. In this paper, we describe the preparation of a recoverable polystyrene supported chiral palladium catalyst based on PyOx ligand suitable for asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic 3-substituted five- and six-membered enones. In the reaction, all‑carbon quaternary stereocenters are formed with a high level of enantioselectivity (up to 91% ee) and conversion (up to 99%). The catalyst was used in 6 cycles with no loss of enantioselectivity and only a small decrease in conversion. A solution of the problems associated with the transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalytic systems is discussed.

Asymmetric Catalytic [4+5] Annulation of ortho-Quinone Methides with Vinylethylene Carbonates and its Extension to Stereoselective Tandem Rearrangement.

Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric [4+5] annulation of ortho-quinone methides (o-QMs) with substituted vinylethylene carbonates (VECs) is described for the first time, giving a novel enantioselective approach to chiral nine-membered benzoheterocycles. Based on this designed [4+5] annulation, an unprecedented silica gel-promoted tandem rearrangement reaction featuring a unique asymmetric aromatic Claisen rearrangement is explored at room temperature, offering a new method for asymmetric construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters embedded in chiral functionalized homoallylic alcohols.

Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Scandium-Catalyzed Intramolecular C-H Alkylation of Imidazoles with 1,1-Disubstituted Alkenes.

The exo-selective C-H cycloaddition of imidazoles to 1,1-disubstituted alkenes has been achieved for the first time by using half-sandwich scandium catalysts. A wide range of imidazole compounds bearing various 1,1-disubstituted aliphatic alkenes, styrenes, dienes, and enynes have been selectively converted in high yields to the corresponding bicyclic imidazole derivatives bearing β-all-carbon-substituted quaternary stereocenters. By using a chiral half-sandwich scandium catalyst, the asymmetric exo-selective cyclization has also been achieved with a high level of enantioselectivity.

Construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters by catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition to cyclic enones in natural product synthesis

This review discusses the construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters using catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition and its application in natural product synthesis.

Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters via Coupling of CO2 with 1,3-Dienes

Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters via Coupling of CO₂ with 1,3-Dienes

Chiral α-Amino Acid/Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation of α-Branched β-Ketoesters with Allylic Amines: Highly Enantioselective Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters.

A new protocol has been developed for the use of allylic amines as allylating agents in the chiral α-amino acid/palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of α-branched β-ketoesters, providing highly enantioselective access to all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. Notably, the formation of a primary amine, a secondary amine, or ammonia as a byproduct has little influence on the enantioselectivity for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of structurally diverse α,α-disubstituted β-ketoesters.

Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters via Sequential Photoactivation/Isothiourea Catalysis.

Highly enantioselective [4 + 2] cyclizations of azadienes with in situ generated ketenes were developed through sequential visible-light photoactivation/isothiourea catalysis, which offers a novel approach for the creation of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters through disubstituted C1-ammonium enolates. The visible-light-induced sustained release of reactive ketene species through Wolff rearrangement of α-diazoketones is crucial for achieving high levels of chemical efficiency and stereoinduction.

Catalytic Enantioselective House-Meinwald Rearrangement: Efficient Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters.

A catalytic asymmetric House-Meinwald rearrangement for the synthesis of both cyclic and acyclic ketones is disclosed. From readily accessible racemic tetrasubstituted epoxides, this approach provides efficient access to chiral ketones bearing α all-carbon quaternary stereocenters with high enantiocontrol. The observation of positive nonlinear effects and nontrivial kinetic feature provided important insights into the mechanism.

Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Propargylation.

A method for the construction of chiral quaternary stereocenters has been accomplished via decarboxylative palladium-catalyzed propargylic alkylation. Both pressurized sealed tubes and microwave irradiation have proven successful for this transformation, yet despite these forcing conditions a range of α-aryl,α-propargyl, and α-alkyl,α-propargyl containing all-carbon quaternary products have been synthesized in good yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 92:8 er). While palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylic alkylation has been well studied, this work represents the furthest advancement for the propargylic variant to date.

Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of 2-Acetyl Azaarenes to β,β-Disubstituted Nitroalkene for the Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters.

The first highly enantioselective conjugate addition of 2-acetyl azaarenes to α-substituted-β-nitroacrylates was successfully realized under mild conditions by a Ni(II)-bisoxazoline complex, providing the desired adducts bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter in high yield with excellent enantioselectivity. The products obtained in this system could be readily converted into optically active β2,2-amino esters, succinates, lactones, and lactams.

ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrization Reactions to All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters

AbstractReview: 237 refs.

Asymmetric construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters in the total synthesis of natural products

Structure units containing all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center are found in many bioactive natural products. However, enantioselective construction of this type of structure units has been a formidable challenge for synthetic community due to the steric hindrance enforced by all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. In this review, we present the achievements made by Chinese scientists in the area of asymmetric synthesis of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters in natural products during the past two years.

Stereoselective construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters by allylboration of chiral aldehydes: synthesis of a fragment of (+)-vibsanin A

Stereoselective construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters by allylboration of chiral aldehydes is described. Sugar-derived aldehydes were allylated with geranylboronate or nerylboronate to provide γ-adducts possessing quaternary stereocenters with high diastereoselectivity. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of a fragment of (+)-vibsanin A.

Catalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrization Reactions to All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters.

This Review summarizes the advances in the construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters via catalytic enantioselective desymmetrization of prochiral and meso-compounds, highlights the power and potential of this strategy in the total synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds, and outlines the synthetic opportunities still available.