Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct Research Articles

The Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation on The Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Pakistan’s Electric Fans Industry

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a crucial multidimensional concept of entrepreneurship that encompasses the entrepreneur’s autonomy, attitude towards risk-taking, proactiveness, and competitiveness of entrepreneurs. EO influences the manner in which entrepreneurs perceive and react to their business environment. The majority of research on EO has been conducted in developed countries such as the USA, where institutional development is well established. There is a scarcity of studies focusing on emerging economies. In order to bridge this gap, the current study aims to investigate the construct and application of EO in Pakistan. The study focuses on Pakistan’s electric fan manufacturing industry to gain insight into the implementation of EO and its impact on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies. In addition, the study aims to provide evidence-based knowledge regarding the causal relationship between EO and SME performance in Pakistan, as well as the impact of moderating variables, through hierarchical regression analysis and an analysis of a sample of 247 SMEs. The study provides solid evidence that Pakistan's electric fan manufacturing industry demonstrates all five dimensions of EO, as outlined in the existing literature. Furthermore, the study highlights the influence of age, education, and experience as moderating variables in the relationship between EO dimensions and the performance of SMEs in Pakistan.

An investigation of the masculinity of entrepreneurial orientation in family business

PurposeMiller (2011) revisited his influential 1983 work on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and remarked that its underlying drivers are fully open to debate, fresh scholarship and connection with new theories. Indeed, the genealogy of the EO construct is rarely questioned. We take a “making masculinity visible” approach, engaging with a lens of masculinity, precarious manhood theory (PMT) and double standards of competency, to define and test the masculine elements of EO in the setting of family business CEOs.Design/methodology/approachUsing the 2019 Successful Transgenerational Entrepreneurship Project (STEP) dataset, a comprehensive database of family business chief executive officers (CEOs), we examined the construct of EO, in whole and in its masculine elements. Stepwise multiple regression method was used to test the hypotheses of this study. Control variables entered the equation first, followed by the variable of interest for this study.FindingsWe find differences by gender when EO is tested as a whole construct. Further in testing its masculine dimensions, we find that being male is significant to the elements of autonomy and competitive aggressiveness and that gender is not significant to risk-taking.Originality/valueAlthough research on the widespread and influential EO continues to proliferate (Covin and Wales, 2019), there is not an understanding of its applicability across genders (Fellnhofer et al., 2016). It is possible that EO may not explain how women do business. Our study contributes to the understanding of between-gender differences in EO, and our findings suggest that the masculine elements of EO vary by gender.

Does Digital Capabilities Foster Social Innovation Performance in Social Enterprises? Mediation by Firm-Level Entrepreneurial Orientation

Social innovation as an outcome of social entrepreneurship represents the primary drive of social enterprises (SEs). In the emergent context of a digitally transforming entrepreneurship scenario, this study intends to investigate the role of digital capabilities (DC) in social innovation performance (SIP) in SEs while considering the underlying effects of a firm-level entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Utilizing a quantitative survey approach, the study acquired a total of 344 valid responses from SEs in Saudi Arabia. The data analysis performed through partial least square structural equation modeling (SmartPLS 3.0) revealed that DC have no direct impact on SIP in SEs. However, DC influence SIP through the full mediation effects of EO dimensions of social proactiveness, and social innovativeness. The mediation effects of social risk-taking on the DC-SIP relationship were not established. This work is the first to conceptualize and test a theoretical framework linking the DC and EO constructs concerning SIP in SEs. As a result, the study produces several academic and managerial implications underpinning social innovation amid the digitally transforming entrepreneurship context in SEs.

Is It Okay to Study Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) at the Individual Level? Yes!

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is an important construct in the fields of management and entrepreneurship research. Interest in EO knowledge continues to thrive with a burgeoning research agenda in multiple contexts and with diverse implications. However, a subset of this research, which endeavors to apply the EO construct to explain or predict individuals’ entrepreneurial beliefs and behaviors, has met with resistance. This paper examines the case for EO at the individual level (Ind.EO). We consider the EO legacy concerns, and the various theoretical implications and benefits of doing so. Drawing upon an “EO as a family of constructs” framework, we propose paths forward for studying Ind.EO credibly, consistent with, but distinct from, traditional firm-level EO. Finally, we outline a research agenda and discuss the contributions and potential implications for Ind.EO research across the wider entrepreneurship discipline.

Is innovativeness influenced by proactiveness and risk-taking? Evidence from Poland based on structural equation modelling

This article focuses on entrepreneurial orientation in a firm’s internationalisation process, which is one of the leading research trends in international entrepreneurship. The objective of the study is to verify the relationship between proactiveness, risk-taking and innovativeness as components of the entrepreneurial orientation of internationalised Polish firms. The article answers the main research question of how proactiveness and risk-taking influence innovativeness as an interrelated three-dimensional construct of entrepreneurial orientation. We present the results of a study based on a stratified sampling of 355 internationalised Polish firms. Structural equation modelling (CB-​SEM) demonstrated a positive effect of proactiveness (PROACT) and risk-taking (RISK) on innovativeness (INNO) as an interrelated three-dimensional construct of entrepreneurial orientation. Moreover, the level of proactiveness (PROACT) and risk-taking (RISK) explained 32% of the variation in innovativeness (INNO), which is high in social sciences, including business studies.

Moderation Role of Strategic Agility in the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Competitive Advantage in SMEs

Research aims: This study employed dynamic ability theory to test the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage moderated by strategic agility, consisting of three dimensions (strategic sensitivity, collective commitment, and fluidity of resources) in the context of small and medium enterprises in the developing country. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study applied a cross-sectional design, using bootstrapping analysis with the SmartPLS 3.0 program to test the indirect relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage. Strategic agility was the moderating variable to explain the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage. The sample comprised 170 food and beverage small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta.Research findings: The results revealed that entrepreneurial orientation increased competitive advantage through strategic agility consisting of three dimensions, simultaneously carrying out exploration and exploitation innovations to encourage entrepreneurship of SMEs in increasing sustainable competitive advantage.Theoretical contribution/Originality: The novelty of this research is the achievement of excellence and sustainable competitiveness of SMEs that can be done by increasing strategic agility.Practitioner/Policy implication: This research is expected to be the reference and consideration for SMEs' businesspeople, owners, and managers, which can be in the form of utilizing resource capabilities to encourage the improvement of company knowledge management and produce superior performance from sustainable competitors in a volatile, uncertain, and ambiguous environment.Research limitation/Implication: Future research may consider the mediating effects before the moderating variables and consider a stable environment that does not have turmoil, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether strategic agility is still relevant to the research context. Further research can also prove and focus on only one scale of SMEs because they are small and medium and may have a different way of dealing with a tumultuous and uncertain environment. Finally, future researchers can also study and incorporate other entrepreneurial orientation constructs that potentially affect SMEs, such as autonomy, aggressiveness, and competitive energy.

Is Team Entrepreneurial Orientation important in generating creative business ideas? The moderating role of team-perceived heterogeneity and the individual creative mindset

PURPOSE: The study aims to unveil if Team Entrepreneurial Orientation (TEO) facilitates identification of creative market opportunities understood as novelty and quality business ideas. Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) has rarely been measured at a team level and few studies have attempted to examine the relationship between EO and actual creative outcomes. The proposed research model searches for new patterns that can foster creativity of entrepreneurial teams. In addition, the research adds the moderating effect of perceived team heterogeneity and individual creative mindset (Growth-Creative and Fixed-Creative Mindsets) as contingency variables to improve the understanding under which circumstances the entrepreneurial teams generate creative business ideas. METHODOLOGY: The research sample comprises entrepreneurial teams from the Mondragon Team Academy in the Basque Country, Spain. The survey data were collected after the entrepreneurial teams performed idea generation. The applied experiment of idea generation of entrepreneurial teams has not been generated for the purpose of the study but it formed part of the natural processes of the selected sample of teams. The novelty and quality of business ideas were evaluated by experts in the field. The data relationships were analyzed through partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). FINDINGS: Entrepreneurial Orientation of teams leads to product-market entries but not necessarily to novel product-market entries. Entrepreneurially oriented teams have a greater tendency to generate quality and slightly modified existing business ideas rather than to generate novel market opportunities. The applied moderators present different interaction results with the studied relationships. Specifically, individuals with a Fixed-Creative Mindset in a team have an antagonistic interaction on the TEO-Quality relationship. Team-Perceived Heterogeneity and Growth-Creative Mindset of individuals have no effect on either the TEO-Quality or the TEO-Novelty link. IMPLICATIONS: The research demonstrates the importance of contextualization of the nature of creativity in EO as a crucial antecedent of market innovations. Our study adds to the literature and practice by providing evidence that EO at a team level (TEO) plays a critical role in exploring product-market entries, given that TEO facilitates Quality outcomes only. Entrepreneurially oriented teams do not easily achieve Novel outcomes that allow them to enter new markets. Individuals with Fixed Creative Mindset in a team should be avoided as they block the relationship between Team Entrepreneurial Orientation and Quality. Likewise, our study supports the validity of Entrepreneurial Orientation at a team level, which can lead to more suitable practical implications for a team and its creativity management if applied. It could help in developing appropriate team formation and team management practices. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The study proposes rare and unique EO analysis at a team level and at young companies’ level (start-up). The study contributes to the original and overlooked in the literature conceptualization of EO within Schumpeter’s perspective of “creative destruction” in entrepreneurial activities. The examined theoretical foundations of EO led to clearer antecedents of behavioural effects of entrepreneurial teams towards product-market entries. The study initiates, identifies and calls for new further research lines to contribute to a greater and contingent understanding of how entrepreneurial teams generate creative business ideas, especially, novel business ideas, which are necessary for “creative destruction”, the EO construct itself and overall economic development.

Inside entrepreneurial orientation: Do risk-taking and innovativeness influence proactiveness?

The article focuses on the interdependencies within entrepreneurial orientation. The objective of the study was to verify the relationship between risk-taking and innovativeness, on the one hand, and proactiveness on the other hand, as three elements of entrepreneurial orientation of internationalized firms. The main research question the article answers is: In what way do risk-taking and innovativeness influence proactiveness within the interrelated three-dimensional construct of entrepreneurial orientation? The article employs structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) to analyse survey results based on a stratified sampling of 355 internationalized firms from Poland. The empirical findings demonstrate the positive impact of risk-taking (RISK) and innovativeness (INNO) on proactiveness (PROACT) within the interrelated three-dimensional construct of entrepreneurial orientation. Moreover, the level of risk-taking (RISK) and innovativeness (INNO) accounts for 36% of the variation in proactiveness (PROACT), which is considered high in social sciences, including business studies.

Entrepreneurial Orientation in Embedding Knowledge-Based Resources in the Organization

Knowledge is a key resource for an organization, serving as a source of sustainable differentiation and thus a competitive advantage. Knowledge-based resources are especially valuable to organizations because they are unique and protected against imitation. The advantages of knowledge-based resources mean that investments in these resources translate into benefits for the enterprise, especially when knowledge becomes an attribute of the company as a whole. The ability to embed knowledge in an organization depends on many factors, including those that directly shape the company's organizational culture. One of such factors may be entrepreneurial orientation as a strategic attitude of the firm presented in a given environment. The construct of entrepreneurial orientation should be treated as a multidimensional construct, where the dimensions are: autonomy, proactivity, competitive aggressiveness, innovation and risk taking. Research on the influence of organizational entrepreneurship on building the organization's knowledge resources is relatively rarely presented in the literature, which underlines the scientific contribution of the paper. The main aim of the paper is to study the impact of the level of entrepreneurial orientation on the level of knowledge-based resources embedded in the organization. The implementation of the goal was based on questionnaire surveys conducted in 2022. on the group of 355 enterprises in Poland. The respondents' opinions were diagnosed using a 5-point Likert scale. A managerial approach was used in the study, which constitutes a certain limitation of the research. The results of empirical studies were statistically analysed using tools such as factor analysis and multiple regression. The main research conclusions indicate a positive correlation, of moderate intensity, between the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation and the level of knowledge-based resources, where the greatest impact was noted in the case of the following predictors: innovation and competitive aggressiveness. The research has implications for management practitioners who, by promoting entrepreneurial attitudes at the organizational level, can manipulate knowledge resources, especially in the area of ​​HR.

Entrepreneurial Orientation in Small Business Enterprises: Conceptualizations, Instrumentation and Research Guide

The paper presents some conceptualizations of the entrepreneurial orientation construct, and presents a research instrument that may guide future research efforts in small business enterprises (SBEs). Materials in relevant extant literature and cognate experience were used to conceptualize entrepreneurial orientation and its various dimensions, in addition to a research instrument that may guide cognate future research of the entrepreneurial orientation construct in small business enterprises. The paper reports that there is equivocation in relevant extant literature regarding the entrepreneurial orientation construct with respect to its conceptualizations and dimensions in different business types and contextual settings. In addition, the paper proposes a research agenda for investigation of the entrepreneurial orientation construct in small business enterprises, especially in emerging economies in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East, and South East Asia, among others, with relatively underrepresented relevant research streams of the construct. The paper has theoretical and practical forms of values with regard to the entrepreneurial orientation construct in the domain of small business enterprises, especially when situated along other cognate management and entrepreneurship orientation constructs in different cultural and business contexts.

A capability-anchored articulation of the EO-organizational performance relationship in emergent and post-emergent organizations

There have been mixed scholarly findings on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and organizational performance, and a framework that adequately explains the mixed results has not emerged. We address this gap and contribute to the literature in two ways. First, we develop a capability-anchored articulation of the EO-organizational performance relationship. Second, we use this articulation to explain mixed findings on the relationship between EO and organizational performance. Our development indicates a negative and curvilinear relationship between EO and organizational performance for emergent organizations. and a positive and curvilinear relationship for post-emergent organizations. Further, our development indicates an inverted U-shaped relationship for a mixed sample of emergent and post-emergent organizations. Contributions to future research include exploring theoretical extensions of the EO-organizational performance relationship and an opportunity to reconceptualize the EO construct by leveraging the capability-based view of the organization.

Contextuality of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: The Case of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh

The present study intends to contribute to the debate on whether and how the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) theory explains business performance by exploring its efficacy when applied to a constrained context such as a developing country. This debate revolves around the understanding of the nature of EO within a specific context and the degree to which EO, as compared to environmental characteristics, contributes to business performance. In particular, it analyses the influence of EO on the business performance of women entrepreneurs engaged in the handicraft business in Bangladesh, focussing on the effect the business and social environments exert on this relation. The results obtained from hierarchical multiple regression analyses suggest that the EO construct requires flexibility in its conceptualisation and that the implications EO has on performance need to be understood in the light of the context in which the theory is adopted. Concerning the nature of EO, we find that, first, a combination of EO dimensions (rather than them individually taken as per the original theory) explains business performance in a constrained context. In particular, women who show characteristics of innovativeness and pro-activeness (as one construct) seem to report high performances, as well as those showing behaviours more prone to taking risks. However, while barriers posed by the social environment (e.g., socio-cultural norms and customs) tend to impact performance negatively, barriers in the business environment positively relate to business performance. This suggests that further research is needed to investigate how the local constrained context mediates EO’s impact on performance. Our findings contribute to the research efforts directed to understanding the dimensionality of the EO construct when applied to a constrained context and pave the way to the quest for what role the external factors (namely, the social and business environment) play in explaining performance in such a context.

Entrepreneurial orientation and local public administration performance

For several decades the policymakers and academics stressed out the necessity of increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, quality and availability of public services. Recent times of public austerity during the global financial crisis and economic damages caused by Covid-19 crisis even furtherly stretched the quest for an appropriate response from public managers. The entrepreneurial orientation (EO) concept, which has been already proven in the profit sector may represent a valuable solution for the public sector to cope with the lack of funding and additional costly demands. The purpose of this study was to empirically prove that the EO of the city administrations may be a way to accomplish these tasks, in an innovative, proactive and (acceptable) risk-taking manner. These three components represent the salient components of the EO construct based on Miller's (1983)/Covin & Slevin (1989) conceptualization, used in this research. A survey of mayors and public servants in city administrations in Croatia proved that a medium level of EO exists. The results of a correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that there is a statistically significant and positive link between more entrepreneurially oriented city administrations and their self-reported performance. However, the influence of the EO on city administration performance measured objectively only partially repeated this conclusion. Furthermore, cluster analysis determined the difference between the salience of the EO dimensions among entrepreneurially 'non-oriented' and 'oriented' city administrations. This study contributes to modest research opus on EO implementation within the local public sector.

Entrepreneurial Orientation among Arts Managers in Western Australia

As a region, Western Australia is the largest and most isolated state in Australia, and supports a community of vibrant Arts Organisations. The Arts is widely recognised for its creativity and innovation, but what about the managers of these organisations, are they equally innovative, or entrepreneurial? Rusak (2016) explored this question and found that their Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) matched the three core dimensions of Innovativeness, Pro-activeness, and Risk-taking, but the study did not include the other two EO dimensions of Autonomy and Competitive Aggressiveness. It did however observe that "arts companies don’t generally try to take offensive postures or aggressive responses to competitive threats and rather work collaboratively, as this sample shows". This assertion was not the focus of the article, nor was it explored in any depth in that paper.
 There are at least two possibilities here: it could be a passive aversion to competitive aggression, or a more deliberate counter-behaviour of collaboration. Either of these would appear to contradict the EO construct, in particular the expectation that all EO dimensions covary, which makes it interesting from a theory perspective. This paper explores this challenge to the EO theory in some detail, using software-aided analysis to tease out the finer nuances in this dimension of Competitive Aggressiveness. While the sample size and its geographical confines limit the generalisations that can be made, there is solid evidence that in this sample of Arts Managers, the Arts acts as a powerful contextual modifier to the expectations of EO theory. The dimension of Competitive Aggressiveness has not simply been altered or toned-down by this context, it has been replaced by a polar opposite.

Individual entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of entrepreneurial motivations

This paper examines the direct and indirect roles of individual entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurship education in determining students’ entrepreneurial intention through the mediation of entrepreneurial motivations. The study also attempts to ascertain the influence of entrepreneurship education on individual entrepreneurial orientation. Cross-sectional data were collected from 323 university students using the convenience sampling method. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the model fitness and the reliability and validity of the data while hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The findings affirm that entrepreneurship education facilitates both individual entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial motivations and also has a positive association with entrepreneurial intention. More importantly, entrepreneurial motivations significantly mediate individual ‘entrepreneurial orientation–entrepreneurial intention’ and ‘entrepreneurship education–entrepreneurial intention’ relationships. The findings provide practical support for the framing of new educational policies to assist students in their existing and future entrepreneurial projects. The study contributes to the literature by recognizing the mediating effect of entrepreneurial motivations on the above relationships. It also adds to the scarce literature on the lately recognized individual entrepreneurial orientation construct.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Norming of the High School Student’s Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale

Several studies have shown that entrepreneurial orientation in high school students can predict career choices as businessmen in the future. However, not many studies have developed a measurement instrument for entrepreneurial orientation in high school students in one solid variable construct. This study aims to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and norming on a scale that was previously explored. A survey of 646 high school students was conducted in six large cities throughout the provinces on Java Island, Indonesia. The results of this research confirmed that the construct of entrepreneurial orientation in high school students has three dimensions: innovativeness, risky proactiveness and competitiveness. The study also produced a norm index for junior and senior high school students. This scale will be useful in mapping the level of student’s entrepreneurial orientation and assist high school management bodies to prepare programs that are more suitable to developing entrepreneurial behavior in students.

In search of high-performance workplace factors among SMEs

Purpose. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are essential contributors to employment creation and global economic growth. For long-term survival in the market, SMEs need the capabilities to organise their resources in a way that leads to high performance and competitive advantage. Based on the conceptual framework of entrepreneurial orientation and the resourcebased view of the firm, performance-influencing organisational factors among SMEs providing manufacturing services are analysed. Methodology. In this study, the financial performance of 47 SMEs was analysed, and a survey of 499 employees was conducted. Financial performance was evaluated by ROA and ROS, and productivity was measured by turnover and net profit per employee to identify high-performance SMEs. Competitive aggressiveness was measured by changes in the market share to verify whether the high-performance group of SMEs corresponds to the entrepreneurial orientation construct. A questionnaire with a six-point Likert scale and the Mann–Whitney U test were used to test the hypotheses. Findings. The managerial capabilities to create strong workplace performance exist where: (a) management has a respectful attitude toward employees, (b) management supports the development of employees’ professional skills, (c) employees are provided with everything they need to achieve high job results, (d) employees want to work for the company in the long term, (e) remuneration to employees is fully in line with their level of professional skills, (f) co-workers perform their work effectively, (g) employees work shorter job shifts. These elements constitute the knowledge-based resources of high-performance SMEs, giving them, at a minimum, a temporary competitive advantage. Value. The findings of this article contribute to the literature on entrepreneurial orientation, supplementing the construct of organisational factors with the characteristics of managerial capabilities leading to high performance and competitive advantage. Keywords: entrepreneurial orientation, managerial capability, performance, forestry SMEs Paper category: research paper

Estilo cognitivo, self-handicapping e a orientação empreendedora dos colaboradores de uma agroindústria catarinense

Purpose – The study aimed to relate cognitive styles (CS), self-handicapping (SH) behaviors and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) present in an agroindustry of Santa Catarina. These aspects, within the same perspective, presents alternatives in the human capital management and as something new, in order to create and expand knowledge.Design/methodology/approach – The research was descriptive, quantitative, survey, and had statistical procedures. The respondents were 46 administrative employees of this agroindustry.Findings – The results indicate the predominance of employees with quasi-analytical (31%) and adaptive (28%) cognitive styles. Low SH indexes in the surveyed agroindustry were examined, demonstrating the engagement in the search for the results expected. The EO was moderate, evidencing a conservative stance of the company. No significant differences were observed in the relationship between the constructs of CS, SH and EO. However, the relationship between SH, EO and gender confirmed significant differences. Higher SH indices were observed among males, and a higher EO index in females. This difference disappears, statistically, in the other relationships. The conclusion is that reason prevails in the decision-making process, with a commitment focused on achieving the results, with a more conservative than entrepreneurial attitude.Practical implications – The study of the relationship of Cognitive Style, Self-Handicapping, and Entrepreneurial Orientation, within the understanding of Human Capital Management, constitutes a new perspective, making it possible to broaden the understanding of the theme in terms of administrative practice.Originality/value – Studying Cognitive Style, Self-Handicapping, and Entrepreneurial Orientation, in the context of Human Capital Management, in an agroindustry, presents itself as original and valuable research, contributing to the Administration Theory.

Organizational antecedents model of sustainable entrepreneurial orientation: multi-case study of Iranian firms

PurposeIn this paper, the authors have tried to propose an organizational antecedent’s model of sustainable entrepreneurial orientation. It is believed that firms with high degree of entrepreneurial orientation are more plausible to prosper. Therefore, the authors are looking on how they can use organization factor to achieve sustainable entrepreneurial orientation.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a multiple case-study approach while incorporating content analysis and interpretive structural modeling. After reviewing previous studies on entrepreneurial orientation and corporate entrepreneurship, multiple case study including six firms from different industries in Iranian economic context were studied to discover the main organizational antecedents of sustainable entrepreneurial orientation using content analysis. Furthermore, interpretive structural modeling methods were used to determine the relationship between realized antecedents.FindingsThe findings show that the organizational antecedents of sustainable entrepreneurial orientation are coaching, succession plans, organizational learning, chief executive office, professional staff, organizational alignment and key resources and capabilities. The proposed structural model shows the relationship between organizational antecedents of entrepreneurial orientation and coaching is determined as the building stone of sustainable entrepreneurial orientation.Practical implicationsResearchers believe that findings will help managers and practitioners on how to design organizational factors in their organization. Hence, they can strengthen factors that promote entrepreneurial orientation and make it sustainable to enhance organizational performance.Originality/valueWhile entrepreneurial orientation construct is a well-recognized concept in the previous studies, little is known about its organizational antecedents. Current research identified model organizational antecedents to achieve sustainable entrepreneurial orientation.

Enhancing Entrepreneurial Orientation Research: From Theorizing to Measuring

Developed more than thirty years ago, the construct of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has helped identify which firms are entrepreneurial versus those that have a conservative strategic posture (Miller, 2011). As markets and competitive dynamics have significantly changed, however, in order to ensure EO’s relevance for the next 30 years and beyond, the current research identifies issues with current EO research, and proposes some preliminary solutions to tackle both the breadth and depth issues of EO. Drawing upon more profound theoretical foundations, we broaden the EO conceptualization by incorporating both Schumpeterian and Kirznerian perspectives, and we deepen the EO dimensions by linking EO research with effectuation theory. From the measuring perspective, we propose that qualitative studies must commence in order to map out a robust measure that allows not only the distinction between conservative and entrepreneurial firms, but also among entrepreneurial firms in terms of their innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, and forms of market entry, as being entrepreneurial can mean many things (Wales et al., 2020). We hope that through this work, EO will become even stronger and more useful for academia and practice.