Constriction Of Vessels Research Articles

Overview of Fat, Alcohol and Sodium Consumption Habits in Men Aged 25-55 Years in North Tapanuli Regency

<p><em>Hypertension is a condition of increased persistent blood pressure with a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of more than 90 mmHg. Hypertension can be triggered by unhealthy consumption habits such as consumption of foods containing high fat, drinking coffee, alcohol and smoking can stimulate constriction of blood vessels so as to increase blood pressure. This type of research is a quantitative analytic survey with a Cross Sectional design to find the relationship of risk factors affecting the occurrence of disease, this study was conducted to analyze the determinants of hypertension based on consumption habits (frequency of fat and sodium intake) and alcohol consumption in North Tapanuli Regency. Based on calculations using the Lemeshow formula, the minimum sample size required in this study was 93 with the addition of 10 percent. Thus, 103 samples were needed to achieve a confidence level of 95 percent. Measurement of the incidence of hypertension was obtained through direct measurement using a mercury spygmomanometer twice with a 5-minute measurement interval conducted by medical personnel. The incidence of hypertension can be categorized according to the Ministry of Health (2013), namely not hypertension if blood pressure ≤140/90 and hypertension if blood pressure >140/90. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there was an effect of alcohol consumption on the incidence of hypertension in men aged 22-25 years in North Tapanuli Regency. While the variables of fat and sodium consumption habits have no influence on the incidence of hypertension. Therefore, it is expected that each puskmesmas of North Tapanuli Regency can hold Posbindu PTM in an area that is easily accessible and close to the place of residence so that the implementation of counseling and Posbindu activities can be carried out properly, it is expected for families, to always provide encouragement, direction, motivation and guidance to other family members about the benefits and objectives of Posbindu PTM, so that they feel their health is cared for and they will use Posbindu PTM regularly. Farmers are expected to be able to organize good food consumption habits. By reducing the consumption of fat intake, sodium and reducing the amount of alcohol consumed.</em></p>

Salivary Biomarker© In Biddable Hypertension Or Early Hyperglycaemic State Associated Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Related Myocardial Vessel Constriction

Salivary Biomarker© In Biddable Hypertension Or Early Hyperglycaemic State Associated Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Related Myocardial Vessel Constriction

12/15-Lipooxygenase Inhibition Reduces Microvessel Constriction and Microthrombi After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice.

Impaired cerebral circulation, induced by blood vessel constrictions and microthrombi, leads to delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). 12/15-Lipooxygenase (12/15-LOX) overexpression has been implicated in worsening early brain injury outcomes following SAH. However, it is unknown if 12/15-LOX is important in delayed pathophysiological events after SAH. Since 12/15-LOX produces metabolites that induce inflammation and vasoconstriction, we hypothesized that 12/15-LOX leads to microvessel constriction and microthrombi formation after SAH, and thus, 12/15-LOX is an important target to prevent delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH was induced in C57BL/6 and 12/15-LOX-/- mice of both sexes by endovascular perforation. Expression of 12/15-LOX was assessed in brain tissue slices and in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were administered either ML351 (12/15-LOX inhibitor) or vehicle. Mice were evaluated for daily neuroscore and euthanized on day 5 to assess cerebral 12/15-LOX expression, vessel constrictions, platelet activation, microthrombi, neurodegeneration, infarction, cortical perfusion, and development of delayed deficits. Finally, the effect of 12/15-LOX inhibition on platelet activation was assessed in SAH patient samples using a platelet spreading assay. In SAH mice, 12/15-LOX was upregulated in brain vascular cells, and there was an increase in12-S-HETE.Inhibition of 12/15-LOX improved brain perfusion on days 4-5 and attenuated delayed pathophysiological events, including microvessel constrictions, microthrombi, neuronal degeneration, and infarction. Additionally, 12/15-LOX inhibition reduced platelet activation in human and mouse blood samples. Cerebrovascular 12/15-LOX overexpression plays a major role in brain dysfunction after SAH by triggering microvessel constrictions and microthrombi formation, which reduces brain perfusion. Inhibiting 12/15-LOX may be a therapeutic target to improve outcomes after SAH.

A Study of the Clinical Profiles of Patients With Hepatorenal Syndrome.

Background and objective Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)is a systemic disorder that affects both the kidneys and the liver. HRSrefers to the occurrence of kidney failure in individuals with advanced liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and ascites, without any underlying kidney disease. The interplay of systemic and portal hemodynamics causes severe constriction of blood vessels in the kidneys, which defines HRS. The study aims to illuminate the demographic profiles, etiology, and outcomes of patients with HRS. Material and methods The study was designed as a prospective, cross-sectional, hospital-based observational studyconducted at Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital, and Research Centre in Pimpri, Pune. The study period spans from September 2022 to June 2024. Before commencement, approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee, and informed written consent was secured from all participating patients. The sample size consists of 100 patients diagnosed with HRS, selected from the general medicine outpatient department, wards, and ICU of Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital and Research Centre. A comprehensive clinical history was recorded for all patients, focusing on the symptoms of cirrhosis and HRS, followed by a thorough examination for related signs and symptoms. Results Among the 100 patients included in this study on HRS, 25% (N=25) fell within the age range of 18-30 years, and 76% (N=76)were identified as male. Alcoholic cirrhosis accounted for 78% (N=78)of cases, with hepatitis B infection being the subsequent leading cause. The mortality rate was 12% (N=12)while the survival rate was 88% (N=88). Conclusion This study provides insights into the demographic profile, etiology, and outcomes of HRS. The results of this study contribute valuable insights into the complex nature of HRS, highlighting the importance of early detection and monitoring to optimize patient care.

To Synthesize and Characterize Metabolite Enalapril: PKPD and Toxicity Predictions by Computational Approaches

Enalapril is a prodrug that facilitates the transformation of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, an ingredient that brings constriction of blood vessels by action of the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method is the focus of this work, which also includes its characterization, optimization, and synthesis. The objective is to correctly, precisely, and sensitively determine both enalapril and its synthesized metabolite, enalaprilat, when present as an impurity. The paper also forecasts the ADME and toxicity characteristics of ENLP by utilizing several ADME databases, including SWISS ADME and molesoft. The laboratory synthesized enalaprilat, the metabolite derived from enalapril, and characterized. The Kinetex C18 stationary phase was employed in the analytical approach. Flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the injection volume was 20 μL. With a wavelength of 244 nm, the run lasted for 10 minutes. The mobile phase used was an 80% acetonitrile: 20% pH 3 phosphate buffer. The HPLC technique validation, which involved the identification of the enalapril metabolite, followed the parameters outlined in ICH Q2B (R1). The analysis exhibited a range of accuracy and precision between 98.75 and 102.5% for all substances being tested. This approach is appropriate for identifying and measuring the metabolite in enalapril bulk or formulations. The method for assessing enalaprilat in biological fluids has the potential to be further refined and applied in clinical and bioequivalence research. The study furthermore presents an evaluation of toxicity utilizing computational methods such as the Swiss tool, with the objective of aiming to mitigate potential risks.

Unveiling Capillary-Tissue Fluid Exchange: Understanding Red Blood Cell Deformation in Constricted Vessels and its Clinical Significance

Unveiling Capillary-Tissue Fluid Exchange: Understanding Red Blood Cell Deformation in Constricted Vessels and its Clinical Significance

Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of the essential oils from leaves and rind of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa ver. Bel of family Rutaceae of Pakistan

In this study ‘anthelmintic activity of essential oils (EOs), of leaves and rind of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa ver. Bel was evaluated. ‘Adult motility assay’ was employed using Haemoncus contortus adult worms. EO was applied at three levels viz. 10, 35 and 50µL/10 ml in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) plus 10µL of tween 20 (as carrier/emulsifier). Levamisole was used as a positive control at 0.55 mg/ml concentration. Each concentration of essential oils obtained from different plant parts exhibited varied anthelmintic activity. The best dose dependant effect on adult mortality was by EOs from Aegel rind (R2 values 0.981) followed by EOs from leaves (R2 values 0.86.). LC50 were 34.92 and 26.65 for rind and leaves EOs respectively. Change in the color of the dead worms was an indicator parameter of the fact that the EOs might have damaged the skin of the worms or after transcutaneous penetration into the body has disrupted the circulatory system by causing constriction of blood vessels. It is concluded that EOs extracted from A. marmelos have anthelmintic properties.

Dynamic changes in structure and function of brain mural cells around chronically implanted microelectrodes.

Integration of neural interfaces with minimal tissue disruption in the brain is ideal to develop robust tools that can address essential neuroscience questions and combat neurological disorders. However, implantation of intracortical devices provokes severe tissue inflammation within the brain, which requires a high metabolic demand to support a complex series of cellular events mediating tissue degeneration and wound healing. Pericytes, peri-vascular cells involved in blood-brain barrier maintenance, vascular permeability, waste clearance, and angiogenesis, have recently been implicated as potential perpetuators of neurodegeneration in brain injury and disease. While the intimate relationship between pericytes and the cortical microvasculature have been explored in other disease states, their behavior following microelectrode implantation, which is responsible for direct blood vessel disruption and dysfunction, is currently unknown. Using two-photon microscopy we observed dynamic changes in the structure and function of pericytes during implantation of a microelectrode array over a 4-week implantation period. Pericytes respond to electrode insertion through transient increases in intracellular calcium and underlying constriction of capillary vessels. Within days following the initial insertion, we observed an influx of new, proliferating pericytes which contribute to new blood vessel formation. Additionally, we discovered a potentially novel population of reactive immune cells in close proximity to the electrode-tissue interface actively engaging in encapsulation of the microelectrode array. Finally, we determined that intracellular pericyte calcium can be modulated by intracortical microstimulation in an amplitude- and frequency-dependent manner. This study provides a new perspective on the complex biological sequelae occurring the electrode-tissue interface and will foster new avenues of potential research consideration and lead to development of more advanced therapeutic interventions towards improving the biocompatibility of neural electrode technology.

12/15-Lipooxygenase Inhibition Reduces Microvessel Constriction and Microthrombi after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice.

Impaired cerebral circulation, induced by blood vessel constrictions and microthrombi, leads to delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). 12/15-Lipooxygenase (12/15-LOX) overexpression has been implicated in worsening early brain injury outcomes following SAH. However, it is unknown if 12/15-LOX is important in delayed pathophysiological events after SAH. Since 12/15-LOX produces metabolites that induce inflammation and vasoconstriction, we hypothesized that 12/15-LOX leads to microvessel constriction and microthrombi formation after SAH, and thus 12/15-LOX is an important target to prevent delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH was induced in C57BL/6 and 12/15-LOX-/- mice of both sexes by endovascular perforation. Expression of 12/15-LOX was assessed in brain tissue slices and in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were administered either ML351 (12/15-LOX inhibitor) or vehicle. Mice were evaluated for daily neuroscore and euthanized on day five to assess cerebral 12/15-LOX expression, vessel constrictions, platelet activation, microthrombi, neurodegeneration, infarction, cortical perfusion, and for development of delayed deficits. Finally, the effect of 12/15-LOX inhibition on platelet activation was assessed in SAH patient samples using a platelet spreading assay. In SAH mice, 12/15-LOX was upregulated in brain vascular cells and there was an increase in 12-S-HETE. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX improved brain perfusion on days 4-5 and attenuated delayed pathophysiological events, including microvessel constrictions, microthrombi, neuronal degeneration, and infarction. Additionally, 12/15-LOX inhibition reduced platelet activation in human and mouse blood samples. Cerebrovascular 12/15-LOX overexpression plays a major role in brain dysfunction after SAH by triggering microvessel constrictions and microthrombi formation, which reduces brain perfusion. Inhibiting 12/15-LOX may be a therapeutic target to improve outcomes after SAH.

Combined Direct and Indirect Revascularization for Adults with Moyamoya Disease: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Background Moyamoya vasculopathy is a rare neurological disease characterized by the progressive constriction of major intracranial vessels and secondary collateral formation. In the past decade, the popularity of combined bypass surgery has increased. They take advantage of the quick perfusion of direct bypass and collaterals ingrowth from indirect bypass. Objective This study aimed to describe a single-center experience with surgical management of moyamoya disease (MMD) and moyamoya syndrome (MMS) over 7 years. Materials and Methods In this retrospective medical records review, we enrolled patients diagnosed with MMD and MMS who were treated with combined surgical revascularization at the Hamad Medical Corporation center between 2015 and 2022. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 20 patients were included, with 15% having MMS. The mean age was 37.4 ± 10.26 years, and 60% of them were males. The mean follow-up period was 13.6 months. The modified Rankin score was significantly decreased by 1.9 ± 2.1, p = 0.0001. Following surgery, no deficits were observed in 16 cases, whereas three were not improved, and one died. Following up on the stroke status, one patient developed a hemorrhagic stroke, and another showed right-side numbness. The postoperative status was substantially linked with the initial clinical presentation ( p = 0.004). Conclusion Combined direct and indirect surgical revascularization procedures have favorable outcomes in MMD and MMS patients. Additional rigorous, prospective, controlled, high-quality trials with large-sample are needed to support our results.

Ultrasound guided arterial access for combat medics: A blinded proof-of-concept study using echogenic needles.

Obtaining percutaneous vascular access in hemodynamically unstable patients with constricted vessels can be challenging. Training combat medics in this procedure is necessary for administration of fluid and blood products and introducing endovascular bleeding control tools in pre-hospital settings. Echogenic coated needles might provide better ultrasound visibility in invasive procedures and hereby lower complications. The primary aim was to evaluate the efficacy of a microteaching program for obtaining ultrasound-guided femoral artery access for ultrasound inexperienced combat medics. The secondary aim was to assess the additional value of innovative echogenic coated needles in ultrasound-guided vascular access. Combat medics participated in a four-step microteaching program. The program consisted of a theoretical and step-by-step practical part with three different models including live and dead tissue & a REBOA Access Task Trainer. During the final test, all participants had to obtain femoral artery access on a pressurized post-mortem human specimen model with both echogenic coated and conventional needles. Self-perceived and observed performance as well as procedure times were scored. All nine participants succeeded in blood vessel visualization and obtaining vascular access in the two models within 3 minutes and were significantly faster during the second attempt on the pressurized post-mortem human specimen model. Scoring comparison and usability preference by ultrasound inexperienced personnel showed a significant difference in favor of the echogenic coated needles. Microteaching may be an effective approach to train combat medics in obtaining ultrasound-guided percutaneous femoral artery access. The use of echogenic coatings on needles could be a valuable adjunct and provide advantage in obtaining vascular access. Future research should focus on realistic simulation of austere situations and further evaluation of the use of echogenic coated instruments for vascular access in these pre-hospital settings.

Numerical Modeling of Flow in the Cerebral Vasculature: Understanding Changes in Collateral Flow Directions in the Circle of Willis for a Cohort of Vasospasm Patients Through Image-Based Computational Fluid Dynamics.

The Circle of Willis (CoW) is a ring-like network of blood vessels that perfuses the brain. Flow in the collateral pathways that connect major arterial inputs in the CoW change dynamically in response to vessel narrowing or occlusion. Vasospasm is an involuntary constriction of blood vessels following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which can lead to stroke. This study investigated interactions between localization of vasospasm in the CoW, vasospasm severity, anatomical variations, and changes in collateral flow directions. Patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were created for 25 vasospasm patients. Computed tomographic angiography scans were segmented capturing the anatomical variation and stenosis due to vasospasm. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound measurements of velocity were used to define boundary conditions. Digital subtraction angiography was analyzed to determine the directions and magnitudes of collateral flows as well as vasospasm severity in each vessel. Percent changes in resistance and viscous dissipation were analyzed to quantify vasospasm severity and localization of vasospasm in a specific region of the CoW. Angiographic severity correlated well with percent changes in resistance and viscous dissipation across all cerebral vessels. Changes in flow direction were observed in collateral pathways of some patients with localized vasospasm, while no significant changes in flow direction were observed in others. CFD simulations can be leveraged to quantify the localization and severity of vasospasm in SAH patients. These factors as well as anatomical variation may lead to changes in collateral flow directions. Future work could relate localization and vasospasm severity to clinical outcomes like the development of infarct.

Serum Proteins Infer Molecular Protection Against Inflammation in Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Blood

Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii) are elite divers able to dive up to 900 meters deep and remain submerged for over 90 minutes. Weddell seals have a dramatic dive response to allow for longer, deeper dives including intense bradycardia and constriction of blood vessels, especially those supplying peripheral or visceral organs. Vasoconstriction, hypo-perfusion and subsequent re-oxygenation upon surfacing is known to induce tissue injury in terrestrial mammals via inflammation. Previous work interrogating the Weddell seal’s innate immune system suggested a component in the seal’s blood serum that protects against inflammation. We are using a mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell model to characterize components of the seal’s blood that are anti-inflammatory to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). When exposed to 10 ng/mL LPS, RAW cells supplemented with deproteinated serum from adult Weddell seals lose their protection against inflammation, having 11-fold greater induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression after a 6-h exposure compared to RAW cells supplemented with intact seal serum (T=3.29, p=0.01). To determine whether anti-inflammatory capacity of serum is innately present in Weddell seals or whether it is acquired in conjunction with development of diving capacity, we compared the protective effects of adult Weddell seal serum against serum from Weddell seal pups collected at approximately their age of weaning, when they had begun diving activities but do not yet dive deep. Following exposure to 10 ng/mL LPS, IL-6 expression was 69% lower in RAW cells supplemented with serum from adult seals compared to those supplemented with serum from pups (T=8.41, p=0.002), suggesting that ontogeny or diving behavior contributes to the development of anti-inflammatory serum. Analysis of adult (n=12) and pup (n=11) serum proteomes revealed a single protein, colony stimulating factor 2 receptor subunit beta (CSF2RB), with a 24-fold higher abundance in adults (PFDR<0.0001). CSF2RB is a pleiotropic cell surface receptor subunit with known functions in innate immunity, erythropoiesis, as well as tissue protection. Therefore, we hypothesize that it plays a role in the anti-inflammatory protection observed in adult seals. Defining the mechanism of action for this protein in seal serum could identify a protective adaptation that facilitates deep and long dives. In a broader context, lessons learned from an extreme diving mammals may identify anti-inflammatory strategies with new clinical relevance. NSF #1921491; #1853326; #2337400. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Hypothalamic TRPM8 and TRPA1 ion channel genes in the regulation of temperature homeostasis at water balance changes

The role of the hypothalamic cold-sensitive ion channels - transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in homeostatic systems of thermoregulation and water-salt balance – is not clear. The interaction of homeostatic systems of thermoregulation and water-salt balance without additional temperature load did not receive due attention, too. On the models of water-balance disturbance, we tried to elucidate some aspect of these problems.Body temperature (Tbody), O2 consumption, CO2 excretion, electrical muscle activity (EMA), temperature of tail skin (Ttail), plasma osmolality, as well as gene expression of hypothalamic TRPM8 and TRPA1 have been registered in rats of 3 groups: control; water-deprived (3 days under dry–eating); and hyperhydrated (6 days without dry food, drinking liquid 4 % sucrose). No relationship was observed between plasma osmolality and gene expression of Trpm8 and Trpa1. In water-deprived rats, the constriction of skin vessels, increased fat metabolism by 10 % and increased EMA by 48 % allowed the animals to maintain Tbody unchanged. The hyperhydrated rats did not develop sufficient mechanisms, and their Tbody decreased by 0.8 °C. The development of reactions was correlated with the expression of genes of thermosensitive ion channels in the anterior hypothalamus. Ttail had a direct correlation with the expression of the Trpm8 gene, whereas EMA directly correlated with the expression of the Trpa1 gene in water-deprived group. The obtained data attract attention from the point of view of management and correction of physiological functions by modulating the ion channel gene expression.

Unveiling the Impact of Electronic Cigarettes (EC) on Health: An Evidence-Based Review of EC as an Alternative to Combustible Cigarettes.

Cigarette smoking has been considered a major public health concern due to its serious impact on health. However, smokers intending to quit may find long-term abstinence challenging. When smoking an electronic cigarette (EC), users can experience a sensation and taste similar to that of smoking a combustible cigarette. Therefore, manufacturers promote these products as a viable substitute for combustible cigarettes. However, several researchers report the serious health impacts experienced by EC users. Therefore, this review aims to examine the health impacts of EC use. Based on the findings of the research papers reported in the literature, the role of EC as a smoking cessation tool is unclear. Several researchers have also reported a significant association between EC usage among non-smokers at baseline and the future initiation of combustible cigarette smoking. EC use significantly impacts user health. The nicotine that is present in EC e-liquids can elevate blood pressure, resulting in blood vessel constriction and an increase in heart rate, ultimately leading the body to an ischemic condition, resulting in myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and increased arterial stiffness. Researchers report a higher likelihood of prediabetes among EC users; its usage was associated with higher OR of having asthma attacks and higher OR of reporting depression and has an impact on birth outcomes among pregnant women. Men using EC are more likely to report erectile dysfunction than non-users. EC also has a significant impact on oral health, which includes periodontal diseases, mucosal lesions, irritation in the mouth and throat, reduced salivary flow, and an increased risk of developing cancer. The physical injury resulting from exploding EC is another health concern. The frequently burned areas included the hands, face, genitalia, and thighs. Marketers promote EC as an alternative to combustible cigarettes and a tool for quitting smoking. However, the Food and Drug Administration has not approved them for smoking cessation. EC can have a serious impact on the health of their users; hence, the findings of this paper have several implications, including the need for regulation of the sales and marketing of these products and educating the users on the impact of these products on their health and safety.

Post-angioplasty remodeling of coronary arteries investigated via a chemo-mechano-biological in silico model

This work presents the application of a chemo-mechano-biological constitutive model of soft tissues for describing tissue inflammatory response to damage in collagen constituents. The material model is implemented into a nonlinear finite element formulation to follow up a coronary standard balloon angioplasty for one year. Numerical results, compared with available in vivo clinical data, show that the model reproduces the temporal dynamics of vessel remodeling associated with subintimal damage. Such dynamics are bimodular, being characterized by an early tissue resorption and lumen enlargement, followed by late tissue growth and vessel constriction. Applicability of the modeling framework in retrospective studies is demonstrated, and future extension towards prospective applications is discussed.

The effect of a physical fitness training program on some physical variables (strength, speed) and physiological (pulse, pressure) for auxiliary officers in the General Directorate of Lebanese State Security.


 The study aims to develop a fitness program and study its effect on the two components of physical fitness (strength and speed), study the effect of the program on some physiological variables, including: pulse and pressure, and study the effect of the program on some dangerous factors that cause heart disease. The student used the experimental method using one group using a tribal and remote measurement method. The research experiment was conducted on a sample of 35 state security officers and agents whose ranks ranged from the rank of lieutenant to captain, The results were as follows: The effect of the proposed program on some physical variables, namely strength, speed and body composition, where strength and speed elements increase, weight decreases, and body fat percentage decreases. In addition to its effect on some physiological variables, which are the vital capacity, pulse and pressure, where the vital capacity increases and the pulse and pressure decrease, and it leads to a decrease in the proportion of risk factors that cause heart disease, as the systolic blood pressure, body fat percentage and body weight decreased. The psychological effect and the removal of stress and pressure plays an important role in reducing the proportion of dangerous factors that cause heart disease, as it became clear from the research results that blood pressure decreased, and this decrease is due to reducing the effect of stress on the constriction of blood vessels. Regular exercise also leads to an increase in high-density fats and a decrease in low-density fats that cause blood clot formation, and it was found that the effect of weight training programs on the physical and physiological variables of state security officers, as well as the decrease in the percentage of dangerous factors that cause heart diseases, weight training is a way to diversify and not get bored.
 

Microvascular Capillary and Precapillary Cardiovascular Disturbances Strongly Interact to Severely Affect Tissue Perfusion and Mitochondrial Function in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Evolving from the Post COVID-19 Syndrome.

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a frequent, debilitating and still enigmatic disease. There is a broad overlap in the symptomatology of ME/CFS and the Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS). A fraction of the PCS patients develop the full clinical picture of ME/CFS. New observations in microvessels and blood from patients suffering from PCS have appeared and include microclots and malformed pathological blood cells. Capillary blood flow is impaired not only by pathological blood components but also by prothrombotic changes in the vascular wall, endothelial dysfunction, and the expression of adhesion molecules in the capillaries. These disturbances can finally cause a low capillary flow and even capillary stasis. A low cardiac stroke volume due to hypovolemia and the inability of the capacitance vessels to adequately constrict to deliver the necessary cardiac preload generate an unfavorable low precapillary perfusion pressure. Furthermore, a predominance of vasoconstrictor over vasodilator influences exists, in which sympathetic hyperactivity and endothelial dysfunction play a strong role, causing the constriction of resistance vessels and of precapillary sphincters, which leads to a fall in capillary pressure behind the sphincters. The interaction of these two precapillary cardiovascular mechanisms causing a low capillary perfusion pressure is hemodynamically highly unfavorable in the presence of a primary capillary stasis, which is already caused by the pathological blood components and their interaction with the capillary wall, to severely impair organ perfusion. The detrimental coincidence of microcirculatory and precapillary cardiovascular disturbances may constitute the key disturbance of the Post-COVID-19 syndrome and finally lead to ME/CFS in predisposed patients because the interaction causes a particular kind of perfusion disturbance-capillary ischemia/reperfusion-which has a high potential of causing mitochondrial dysfunction by inducing sodium- and calcium-overload in skeletal muscles. The latter, in turn, worsens the vascular situation through the generation of reactive oxygen species to close a vicious cycle from which the patient can hardly escape.

Microvascular angina – an abstruse path to diagnose and to treat – a review of literature

Introduction: Chronic coronary syndrome is predominantly related to the atherosclerotic obstruction of the coronary artery or arteries. However, this phenomenon is not the only causative factor in this disease. It is usually forgotten, that there is a possibility of ischemia of the cardiac muscle with no obstruction found in the main vessel. The trigger of such pathology might be underlying in the microcirculatory system and the inappropriate dilation or constriction of those small vessels, which results in insufficient blood supply to the cardiomyocytes, similarly to the typical obstructive coronary artery disease. In this article we are willing to show that such dysfunction poses a great danger to the health and life and therefore we should be able to properly diagnose and treat it.
 Purpose of the work: The aim of this review of up-to-date literature is to raise awareness among both doctors and patients about the phenomenon of coronary artery disease but with no significant obstruction in the vessels supplying the cardiac muscle. The common cause of such condition is coronary microvascular dysfunction, that leads to a disease called microvascular angina. Our purpose was to reveal, how dangerous to the health of the patients this could be and therefore how essential it is to provide a proper diagnose and management. In addition, we have noticed a need for a summary of what has already been discovered on this topic, available therapeutic methods and future perspectives.

Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in a Case of Severe Postpartum Haemorrhage

Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis (BRCN) is a rare but serious condition characterised by the ischaemic necrosis of both kidneys’ cortical tissues. Concurrently, Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) manifests as a transient constriction of cerebral blood vessels. The fusion of these two rare entities within the context of severe Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) poses a unique diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for healthcare practitioners. This case study documents the intricate and severe complications experienced by a 32-year-old primiparous woman following abruptio placenta with Intrauterine Foetal Death (IUFD). The patient presented with massive vaginal bleeding, leading to an emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) where bilateral uterine artery ligation and bilateral internal iliac artery ligation were performed to control haemorrhage. Despite initial interventions, the patient’s condition deteriorated, leading to signs of shock, haemoperitoneum, sepsis, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and cerebral complications. The medical journey unfolded with an urgent re-laparotomy, draining haemoperitoneum and conducting a subtotal hysterectomy. This case highlights the critical importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetrics, nephrology, and intensive care, in managing such complex postpartum complications. Vigilant monitoring, collaborative decision-making, and meticulous postoperative care played pivotal roles. The successful outcome was attributed to early recognition, aggressive supportive measures, and timely interventions, including haemodialysis. The challenges faced underscore the need for accessible obstetric care, awareness about antenatal complications, and community-focused initiatives. Further research is warranted to unravel the intricate connections between PPH, RCVS, and associated complications, enhancing our understanding and improving patient outcomes in similar critical cases.