Constriction Of Blood Vessels Research Articles

Numerical Modeling of Flow in the Cerebral Vasculature: Understanding Changes in Collateral Flow Directions in the Circle of Willis for a Cohort of Vasospasm Patients Through Image-Based Computational Fluid Dynamics.

The Circle of Willis (CoW) is a ring-like network of blood vessels that perfuses the brain. Flow in the collateral pathways that connect major arterial inputs in the CoW change dynamically in response to vessel narrowing or occlusion. Vasospasm is an involuntary constriction of blood vessels following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which can lead to stroke. This study investigated interactions between localization of vasospasm in the CoW, vasospasm severity, anatomical variations, and changes in collateral flow directions. Patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were created for 25 vasospasm patients. Computed tomographic angiography scans were segmented capturing the anatomical variation and stenosis due to vasospasm. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound measurements of velocity were used to define boundary conditions. Digital subtraction angiography was analyzed to determine the directions and magnitudes of collateral flows as well as vasospasm severity in each vessel. Percent changes in resistance and viscous dissipation were analyzed to quantify vasospasm severity and localization of vasospasm in a specific region of the CoW. Angiographic severity correlated well with percent changes in resistance and viscous dissipation across all cerebral vessels. Changes in flow direction were observed in collateral pathways of some patients with localized vasospasm, while no significant changes in flow direction were observed in others. CFD simulations can be leveraged to quantify the localization and severity of vasospasm in SAH patients. These factors as well as anatomical variation may lead to changes in collateral flow directions. Future work could relate localization and vasospasm severity to clinical outcomes like the development of infarct.

Biomimetic 3D printing of composite structures with decreased cracking

The development of tissue engineering and regeneration research has created new platforms for bone transplantation. However, the preparation of scaffolds with good fiber integrity is challenging, because scaffolds prepared by traditional printing methods are prone to fiber cracking during solvent evaporation. Human skin has an excellent natural heat-management system, which helps to maintain a constant body temperature through perspiration or blood-vessel constriction. In this work, an electrohydrodynamic-jet 3D-printing method inspired by the thermal-management system of skin was developed. In this system, the evaporation of solvent in the printed fibers can be adjusted using the temperature-change rate of the substrate to prepare 3D structures with good structural integrity. To investigate the solvent evaporation and the interlayer bonding of the fibers, finite-element analysis simulations of a three-layer microscale structure were carried out. The results show that the solvent-evaporation path is from bottom to top, and the strain in the printed structure becomes smaller with a smaller temperature-change rate. Experimental results verified the accuracy of these simulation results, and a variety of complex 3D structures with high aspect ratios were printed. Microscale cracks were reduced to the nanoscale by adjusting the temperature-change rate from 2.5 to 0.5 °C s−1. Optimized process parameters were selected to prepare a tissue engineering scaffold with high integrity. It was confirmed that this printed scaffold had good biocompatibility and could be used for bone-tissue regeneration. This simple and flexible 3D-printing method can also help with the preparation of a wide range of micro- and nanostructured sensors and actuators.

Unveiling the Impact of Electronic Cigarettes (EC) on Health: An Evidence-Based Review of EC as an Alternative to Combustible Cigarettes.

Cigarette smoking has been considered a major public health concern due to its serious impact on health. However, smokers intending to quit may find long-term abstinence challenging. When smoking an electronic cigarette (EC), users can experience a sensation and taste similar to that of smoking a combustible cigarette. Therefore, manufacturers promote these products as a viable substitute for combustible cigarettes. However, several researchers report the serious health impacts experienced by EC users. Therefore, this review aims to examine the health impacts of EC use. Based on the findings of the research papers reported in the literature, the role of EC as a smoking cessation tool is unclear. Several researchers have also reported a significant association between EC usage among non-smokers at baseline and the future initiation of combustible cigarette smoking. EC use significantly impacts user health. The nicotine that is present in EC e-liquids can elevate blood pressure, resulting in blood vessel constriction and an increase in heart rate, ultimately leading the body to an ischemic condition, resulting in myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and increased arterial stiffness. Researchers report a higher likelihood of prediabetes among EC users; its usage was associated with higher OR of having asthma attacks and higher OR of reporting depression and has an impact on birth outcomes among pregnant women. Men using EC are more likely to report erectile dysfunction than non-users. EC also has a significant impact on oral health, which includes periodontal diseases, mucosal lesions, irritation in the mouth and throat, reduced salivary flow, and an increased risk of developing cancer. The physical injury resulting from exploding EC is another health concern. The frequently burned areas included the hands, face, genitalia, and thighs. Marketers promote EC as an alternative to combustible cigarettes and a tool for quitting smoking. However, the Food and Drug Administration has not approved them for smoking cessation. EC can have a serious impact on the health of their users; hence, the findings of this paper have several implications, including the need for regulation of the sales and marketing of these products and educating the users on the impact of these products on their health and safety.

A Systematic Study on Long-acting Nanobubbles: Current Advancement and Prospects on Theranostic Properties

Delivery of diagnostic drugs via nanobubbles has shown to be an emerging field of study. Due to their small size, nanobubbles may more easily travel through constricted blood vessels and precisely target certain bodily parts. Nanobubble is considered the major treatment for cancer treatment and other diseases which are difficult to diagnose. The field of nanobubbles is dynamic and continues to grow as researchers discover new properties and seek practical applications in various fields. The predominant usage of nanobubbles in novel drug delivery is to enhance the bioavailability, and controlled drug release along with imaging properties Nanobubbles are important because they may change interfacial characteristics including surface force, lubrication, and absorption. The quick diffusion of gas into the water was caused by a hypothetical film that was stimulated and punctured by a strong acting force at the gas/water contact of the bubble. In this article, various prominent aspects of nanobubbles have been discussed, along with the long-acting nature, and the theranostical aspect which elucidates the potential marketed drugs along with clinical trial products. The article also covers quality by design aspects, different production techniques that enable method-specific therapeutic applications, increasing the floating time of the bubble, and refining its properties to enhance the prepared nanobubble's quality. Nanobubble containing both analysis and curing properties makes it special from other nano-carriers. This work includes all the possible methods of preparing nanobubble, its application, all marketed drugs, and products in clinical trials.

Soft electrodes for simultaneous bio-potential and bio-impedance study of the face

The human body’s vascular system is a finely regulated network: blood vessels can change in shape (i.e. constrict, or dilate), their elastic response may shift and they may undergo temporary and partial blockages due to pressure applied by skeletal muscles in their immediate vicinity. Simultaneous measurement of muscle activation and the corresponding changes in vessel diameter, in particular at anatomical regions such as the face, is challenging, and how muscle activation constricts blood vessels has been experimentally largely overlooked. Here we report on a new electronic skin technology for facial investigations to address this challenge. The technology consists of screen-printed dry carbon electrodes on soft polyurethane substrate. Two dry electrode arrays were placed on the face: One array for bio-potential measurements to capture muscle activity and a second array for bio-impedance. For the bio-potential signals, independent component analysis (ICA) was used to differentiate different muscle activations. Four-contact bio-impedance measurements were used to extract changes (related to artery volume change), as well as beats per minute (BPM). We performed concurrent bio-potential and bio-impedance measurements in the face. From the simultaneous measurements we successfully captured fluctuations in the superficial temporal artery diameter in response to facial muscle activity, which ultimately changes blood flow. The observed changes in the face, following muscle activation, were consistent with measurements in the forearm and were found to be notably more intricate. Both at the arm and the face, a clear increase in the baseline impedance was recorded during muscle activation (artery narrowing), while the impedance changes signifying the pulse had a clear repetitive trend only at the forearm. These results reveal the direct connection between muscle activation and the blood vessels in their vicinity and start to unveil the complex mechanisms through which facial muscles might modulate blood flow and possibly affect human physiology.

The effect of a physical fitness training program on some physical variables (strength, speed) and physiological (pulse, pressure) for auxiliary officers in the General Directorate of Lebanese State Security.


 The study aims to develop a fitness program and study its effect on the two components of physical fitness (strength and speed), study the effect of the program on some physiological variables, including: pulse and pressure, and study the effect of the program on some dangerous factors that cause heart disease. The student used the experimental method using one group using a tribal and remote measurement method. The research experiment was conducted on a sample of 35 state security officers and agents whose ranks ranged from the rank of lieutenant to captain, The results were as follows: The effect of the proposed program on some physical variables, namely strength, speed and body composition, where strength and speed elements increase, weight decreases, and body fat percentage decreases. In addition to its effect on some physiological variables, which are the vital capacity, pulse and pressure, where the vital capacity increases and the pulse and pressure decrease, and it leads to a decrease in the proportion of risk factors that cause heart disease, as the systolic blood pressure, body fat percentage and body weight decreased. The psychological effect and the removal of stress and pressure plays an important role in reducing the proportion of dangerous factors that cause heart disease, as it became clear from the research results that blood pressure decreased, and this decrease is due to reducing the effect of stress on the constriction of blood vessels. Regular exercise also leads to an increase in high-density fats and a decrease in low-density fats that cause blood clot formation, and it was found that the effect of weight training programs on the physical and physiological variables of state security officers, as well as the decrease in the percentage of dangerous factors that cause heart diseases, weight training is a way to diversify and not get bored.
 

Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in a Case of Severe Postpartum Haemorrhage

Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis (BRCN) is a rare but serious condition characterised by the ischaemic necrosis of both kidneys’ cortical tissues. Concurrently, Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) manifests as a transient constriction of cerebral blood vessels. The fusion of these two rare entities within the context of severe Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) poses a unique diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for healthcare practitioners. This case study documents the intricate and severe complications experienced by a 32-year-old primiparous woman following abruptio placenta with Intrauterine Foetal Death (IUFD). The patient presented with massive vaginal bleeding, leading to an emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) where bilateral uterine artery ligation and bilateral internal iliac artery ligation were performed to control haemorrhage. Despite initial interventions, the patient’s condition deteriorated, leading to signs of shock, haemoperitoneum, sepsis, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and cerebral complications. The medical journey unfolded with an urgent re-laparotomy, draining haemoperitoneum and conducting a subtotal hysterectomy. This case highlights the critical importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetrics, nephrology, and intensive care, in managing such complex postpartum complications. Vigilant monitoring, collaborative decision-making, and meticulous postoperative care played pivotal roles. The successful outcome was attributed to early recognition, aggressive supportive measures, and timely interventions, including haemodialysis. The challenges faced underscore the need for accessible obstetric care, awareness about antenatal complications, and community-focused initiatives. Further research is warranted to unravel the intricate connections between PPH, RCVS, and associated complications, enhancing our understanding and improving patient outcomes in similar critical cases.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruit and Combination with Losartan Attenuate the Elevation of Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Rats Induced by Angiotensin II.

Cucumis sativus L. (C. sativus) is vegetable commonly used for managing blood pressure and often consumed in combination with standard antihypertensive therapy, despite lack of scientific evidence supporting their use. Combination of herbs and standard medication could have positive or negative effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive activity of C. sativus and the combined effect with losartan in the hypertensive rat model induced by angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that, upon binding to its receptor, constricts blood vessels leading to elevation of blood pressure. In an antihypertensive study, rats received C. sativus orally at doses of 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg/kg (full dose); while in a combination study, animals received losartan 2.25 mg/kg combined by either with C. sativus 9 or 18 mg/kg. The standards group received losartan 2.25 mg/kg or 4.5 mg/kg (full dose). Blood pressure was measured using the tail-cuff method. C. sativus significantly attenuated angiotensin II-induced hypertension as observed in groups receiving C. sativus at 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg/kg at 30 minutes after induction showed the average change (Δ) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with respect to time zero were 28.8/18.3, 24.8/15.8, 22.8/15.5, and 11.5/9.0 mmHg, respectively. Whereas the average change (Δ) of SBP and DBP in the rats receiving the combination of half doses of C. sativus and losartan were 8.8/9.0 mmHg, respectively. These diminished effects were better than a full dose of C. sativus and comparable with a full dose of losartan (6.5/7.8 mmHg). The present findings indicate that C. sativus dose-dependently blocks blood pressure elevation induced by angiotensin II. The combination of half dose of C. sativus and losartan has an additive effect in lowering blood pressure.

Investigating the Cardiovascular Benefits of Dapagliflozin: Vasodilatory Effect on Isolated Rat Coronary Arteries

Dapagliflozin, a sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is an antidiabetic medication that reduces blood glucose. Although it is well known that dapagliflozin has additional benefits beyond glycemic control, such as reducing blood pressure and lowering the risk of cardiovascular events, no sufficient research data are available on the direct effect of dapagliflozin on cardiovascular function. Thus, in this study, we investigated the direct vascular effect of dapagliflozin on isolated rat coronary arteries. The left descending coronary arteries of 13-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were cut into segments 2–3 mm long and mounted in a multi-wire myography system to measure isometric tension. Dapagliflozin effectively reduced blood vessel constriction induced by U-46619 (500 nM) in coronary arteries regardless of the endothelium. Treatment with an eNOS inhibitor (L-NNA, 100 μM), sGC inhibitor (ODQ, 5 μM), or COX inhibitor (indomethacin, 3 μM) did not affect the vasodilation induced by dapagliflozin. The application of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel (KCa) blocker (TEA, 2 mM), voltage-dependent K+ channel (KV) blocker (4-AP, 2 mM), ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker (KATP) glibenclamide (3 μM), and inward-rectifier K+ channel (KIR) blocker (BaCl2, 30 μM) did not affect the dapagliflozin-induced vasodilation either. The treatment with dapagliflozin decreased contractile responses induced by the addition of Ca2+, which suggested that the extracellular Ca2+ influx was inhibited by dapagliflozin. Treatment with dapagliflozin decreased the phosphorylation level of the 20 kDa myosin light chain (MLC20) in vascular smooth muscle cells. In the present study, we found that dapagliflozin has a significant vasodilatory effect on rat coronary arteries. Our findings suggest a novel pharmacologic approach for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients through the modulation of Ca2+ homeostasis via dapagliflozin administration.

A Study on the Effects of Smoking among Public Smokers of Tamil Nadu

Tobacco usage is one of the biggest problems of the public health and environment in the World. Tobacco use constitutes a global epidemic that results in five million deaths each year. Cigarette contains a mix of over 7,000 chemicals. Nicotine is a highly addictive chemical present in the tobacco plant. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India is home to 12% of the world’s smokers. The Smoking habits of tobacco have become a usual thing to all groups of people in India as well as all Countries. The smoking is not only hazards to smokers, but also to the common people and it leads to some diseases like Cancer, constricted blood vessels, Smelly Hair, Yellow Fingers, Unhealth teeth, Heart disease, Immune System, Blood Clotting, Poor Vision, Dull sense of smell and taste. Non-Smokers health also get affected by smokers and there is a possibility of getting the following ailments like Lung cancer, Breathing problems, Heart disease like heart attack, Stroke, Die early, Cardiovascular diseases, Hair Loss, Wheezing, Infant death, Blindness. Some natural disasters like Global Warming, Deforestation, Toxic Waste, Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Effects on Livestock, Biodiversity loss, Fertility of the soil and the Health impacts on home and wild animals affect the environment due to these smokers. Against this background, this study is focused on the effects of smoking among public smokers of Tamil Nadu.

Korelasi Antara Kadar Ureum dan Kreatinin dengan Kadar Troponin I Pada Penderita Penyakit Jantung Koroner

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a disease that begins with the emergence of atherosclerotic lesions that will involve cardiac enzymes. This study used troponin I enzymes because these enzymes produce high sensitivity and specificity and are released only when the heart is injured. The emergence of atherosclerotic lesions can also cause constriction of the renal blood vessels so that it can trigger an increase in urea and creatinine levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between urea and creatinine levels with troponin I levels in patients with coronary heart disease at Budhi Asih Hospital. The research method used was cross-sectional analytic observational with secondary data and 107 samples were used. This study used the Spearman correlation test with an alpha value of 0.05. The results showed that there was a correlation between troponin I and urea levels with a value of p = 0.003 (p <0.05) with a moderate level of relationship (r = 0.284). Likewise, the levels of troponin I and creatinine obtained a value of p = 0.001 (p <0.05) with a moderate level of relationship (r = 0.323). From the results of this study it can be concluded that there is a relationship between troponin I levels and urea and creatinine with a positive correlation direction indicating that if troponin I levels increase, urea and creatinine levels also increase

The Relationship between Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio to Intestinal Viability in Invagination Patients at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia

Background: Invagination is an acute condition in the pediatric abdomen that results in obstruction and constriction of blood vessels (strangulation) in the proximal intestinal mesenterium trapped in the distal intestine, allowing necrosis of surrounding tissue. Intestinal necrosis and perforation in children are causes of abdominal emergencies that require immediate surgery. In supporting examinations, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and biomarker combination ratios have been used for early detection of systemic inflammatory markers. The threshold value of several biomarkers should be investigated to assess the occurrence of strangulation in the pre-operative period in invaginated patients. This study aimed to determine the relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and intestinal viability in pediatric patients with invagination.
 Methods: This study used retrospective analytic data collection from medical records of invagination patients at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital Padang for the period January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022.
 Results: The majority of subjects were male (53.8%) at the age of ≤ 1 year, with as many as 87.2% having a diagnosis of operative invagination (76.9%) and 56.4% having intestinal viability. The mean neutrophil, lymphocyte, and NLR values were 62.15±17.68, 19.03±8.97, and 3.74±1.55, respectively. The pathological NLR status was found to be 59%. The p-value for the association of diagnosis with intestinal viability was 0.002. The p-value for the relationship between NLR and intestinal viability was 0.001, and the r-calculated was -0.528.
 Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between NLR value and disease diagnosis on intestinal viability.

Intrauterine Postpartum Hemorrhage-Control Devices.

Postpartum hemorrhage , defined as a cumulative blood loss of 1,000 mL or more or blood loss associated with signs or symptoms of hypovolemia regardless of the route of delivery, is the leading cause of preventable maternal death worldwide. The United States has one of the highest maternal mortality rates among developed countries, with about 14% of all maternal deaths associated with postpartum hemorrhage. Although postpartum hemorrhage has multiple causes, the most common is uterine atony-when the uterus fails to adequately contract after childbirth-accounting for 80% of all postpartum hemorrhages. When postpartum hemorrhage occurs despite preventive measures, therapeutic measures are used. Intrauterine hemorrhage-control devices are often the second-line therapy when medical management is unsuccessful. Despite its widespread use in current obstetric practice, the mechanism of intrauterine balloon tamponade, such as the Bakri balloon, is counterintuitive to the physiologic uterine contraction that occurs after delivery to control bleeding, and data on its effectiveness are mixed. Vacuum-induced hemorrhage control, such as with the Jada System, cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2020, is a novel modality for control of postpartum bleeding. It mimics postpartum physiology by applying low-level intrauterine negative pressure to facilitate uterine compressive forces, thereby constricting blood vessels to achieve hemostasis. Preliminary data from four studies are promising but are limited by a lack of control groups, selection bias, or modest sample sizes. The results of ongoing and planned randomized controlled trials will clarify the role of the Jada System for reducing morbidity from postpartum hemorrhage.

FRI114 PUFAs Implicated In Platelet Activation Differ In Receptor Mediated Vs Post-receptor Insulin Resistance

Abstract Disclosure: R. Klein: None. S.T. Chung: None. R.J. Brown: None. Background: Severe insulin resistance (IR) can be classified as receptor mediated, in which all downstream signaling is blocked, or post receptor IR where some downstream signaling pathways are decreased and others are increased. Receptor-mediated IR occurs in rare mutations of the insulin receptor (INSR), whereas in most forms of IR, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and lipodystrophy (LD), IR is post-receptor. LD is a group of syndromes characterized by deficiency of fat depots leading to metabolic dysfunction similar to obesity. Patients with post-receptor IR have increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Thrombosis underlies pathology of ASCVD and is a result of platelet (PLT) activation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are embedded in the PLT membrane and play a key role in thrombosis. During PLT activation, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) hydrolyzes membrane lipids, generating free PUFAs, leading to synthesis of mediators of blood vessel constriction, inflammation, and thrombosis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of subjects with INSR (N=30) and LD (N=30) matched for age, sex, HbA1c and pubertal stage. Untargeted metabolomic (848 compounds) and lipidomic (984 compounds) analysis was completed on serum after an 8-12 hour fast. Analyses were conducted by t-test and Mann-Whitney with adjustment for multiplicity. Bonferroni corrected P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of 19 long chain PUFAs (ω=3, ω=6) measured, 14 were significantly elevated in LD vs INSR, including arachidonate, docosahexaenoate, docosapentaenoate, stearidonate, and adrenate. There was no difference in linoleate, dihomo-linoleate, tetradecadienoate, linolenate, or docosadienoate levels between LD vs INSR. Among 8 long chain saturated FAs, only 3 were significantly higher in LD, 4 were comparable, and 1 was higher in INSR. All long and medium chain monounsaturated FAs were similar in LD vs INSR. cPLA2 was not different between LD and INSR. Conclusions: Our study shows that liberated PUFAs were higher in the patients with LD compared to INSR. A similar trend was not seen for other FFA such as saturated and monounsaturated FFA, suggesting that higher PUFAs in LD are unlikely to be caused by global differences in FFA metabolism, such as different peripheral uptake of FFA via lipoprotein lipase activity or diet. Instead, our data suggest an increase in PLT membrane ability to store and release PUFAs. These data suggest increased ASCVD risk in post-receptor insulin resistance may be partially mediated through differences in platelet activation. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Numerical simulation of effect of hybrid nanofluid on heat transfer and flow of the Newtonian pulsatile blood through 3D occluded artery: Silver and gold nanoparticles

The study of blood flow in obstructed arteries is a significant focus in computational fluid dynamics, particularly in the field of biomedicine. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the impact of pulsating blood velocity on heat transfer within biological systems, with a specific focus on blood flow in obstructed arteries. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive 3D model representing a straight, constricted blood vessel has been developed. This model incorporates periodic, unsteady, Newtonian blood flow along with the presence of gold and silver nanoparticles. Leveraging the Finite Element Method (FEM), the Navier-Stokes and energy equations have been rigorously solved. Through the investigation, it is aim to shed light on how alterations in the pulsation rate and the volume fraction of nanoparticles influence both temperature distribution and velocity profiles within the system. The present study findings unequivocally highlight that the behavior of pulsatile nanofluid flow significantly impacts the velocity field and heat transfer performance. However, it is imperative to note that the extent of this influence varies depending on the specific volume fractions involved. Specifically, higher volume fractions of nanofluids correlate with elevated velocities at the center of the vessel and decreased velocities near the vessel walls. This pattern also extends to the temperature distribution and heat flux within the vessel, further underscoring the paramount importance of pulsatile flow dynamics in biomedicine and computational fluid dynamics research. Besides, results revealed that the presence of occlusion significantly affects the heat transfer and fluid flow.

CONTINUOUS MIDWIFERY CARE IN NY. W, NY. N, NY. F AT PMB IMELDA, S.ST TULANG BAWANG YEAR 2022/2023

Even though pregnancy, childbirth and menopause are natural processes, there is still a chance that something could go wrong with the woman or her baby. Warm breast compresses as a postpartum intervention aim to relieve pain, accelerate healing, improve blood flow, and relax the client by breaking down fibrous tissue and relaxing muscles. The purpose of this study was to find out whether Mrs.W and Mrs.F at PMB Imelda, S.ST, Tulang Bawang Regency in 2023 experienced a decrease in breast swelling. Case studies and descriptive methods based on interviews and archival research are viable options for gathering information for research. The research was conducted in 2023 at PMB Imelda, S.ST, Tulang Bawang Regency, from January to April. Pregnant women in the PMB Imelda S.ST, Tulang Bawang Regency in 2023 with a gestational age > 36 weeks were the subjects in the cases taken. The results showed that postpartum women whose breasts were swollen experienced a reduction in swelling after being given warm compresses. Warm compresses have been shown to reduce pain by constricting blood vessels, dulling the sensation of pain, and dampening the activity of nerve endings associated with muscles. Suggestions for health workers can boost the standard of midwifery care and ensure that patients get continuity of care.

Trace amine-induced vasoconstriction of human mammary artery and saphenous vein

Sympathomimetic amines, including β-phenylethylamine (PEA), constrict animal blood vessels but their mechanism of action is not now thought to be through α-adrenoceptors and release of noradrenaline but via trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). This information is not available for human blood vessels. Functional studies were therefore performed on human arteries and veins to establish whether they constrict to PEA and whether any constrictions are adrenoceptor-mediated. Isolated internal mammary artery or saphenous vein rings were set up in Kreb's-bicarbonate solution at 37 ± 0.5 °C gassed with O2:CO2 (95:5) under class 2 containment. Isometric contractions were measured and cumulative concentration-response curves for PEA or the α-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine were established. PEA showed concentration-related contractions. The maximum was significantly greater in arteries (1.53 ± 0.31 g, n = 9) than veins (0.55 ± 0.18 g, n = 10), but not when plotted as % of KCl contractions. PEA showed slowly developing contractions plateauing at 17,3 ± 3.7 min in mammary artery. The reference α-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, exhibited more rapid onset (peak 5.0 ± 1.2 min) but non-sustained contractions. In saphenous veins, PEA (62.8 ± 10.7%) and phenylephrine (61.4 ± 9.7%, n = 4) displayed the same maximum, but phenylephrine was more potent. The α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (1 μM), blocked phenylephrine contractions of mammary arteries but not PEA contractions in either vessel. PEA causes substantial vasoconstriction of human saphenous vein and mammary artery, which explains its vasopressor actions. This response, however, was not mediated via α1-adrenoceptors, but likely due to TAARs. The classification of PEA as a sympathomimetic amine on human blood vessels is therefore no longer valid and requires revision.

Formulation and evaluation of Transdermal Patch for the treatment of Migraine

A migraine is a specific kind of headache disorder that primarily affects the head. It can range in severity from mild to severe and is often accompanied by other symptoms like vomiting, nausea, illness, dizziness that gets worse with movement, photophobia, sonophobia, severe disability, or other types of nature. Triptans that are administered intravenously can be used to treat migraines and irritated injection sites. Transdermal delivery means that the medications will be administered through the skin in a precise, regulated manner. Our study aims to identify all possible transdermal patch combination and application for the treatment of migraines. The drug rizatriptan belongs to a group of drugs known as selective serotonin receptor agonists. It functions by constricting blood vessels in the brain, preventing the transmission of pain signals to the brain, and preventing the production of several naturally occurring compounds that produce pain, nausea, and other migraine symptoms. Verapamil belongs to the group of drugs known as calcium-channel blockers. It works by relaxing the blood vessels in order to reduce the workload of the heart. The Lambda max Rizatriptan and Verapamil is 278.9nm and 228nm respectively. They are soluble in most of the solvents. When used with verapamil, rizatriptan's transdermal patch improves patient compliance in those with hypertension. P2 patch shows the optimized results.
 Keywords: Migraine, Rizatriptan, Verapamil, Bioavailability, Transdermal patch.

Evaluation of temperature-dependent fluctuations in skin microcirculation flow using a light-emitting diode based photoacoustic imaging device.

Skin microvessels maintain temperature homeostasis by contracting and dilating upon exposure to changes in temperature. Under general anesthesia, surgical invasiveness, including incisions and coagulation, and the effects of anesthetics may cause variations in the threshold temperature, leading to the constriction and dilation of cutaneous blood vessels. Therefore, studies on skin microvascular circulation are necessary to develop appropriate interventions for complications during surgery. We visualized and quantified skin microcirculatory fluctuations associated with temperature variations using a light-emitting diode photoacoustic imaging (LED-PAI) device. The hands of ten healthy volunteers were stressed with four different water temperatures [25℃ (Control), 15℃ (Cold1), 40℃ (Warm), and 15℃ (Cold2)]. The photoacoustic images of the fingers were taken under each condition, and the microvascular flow owing to temperature stress was quantified as the area of photoacoustic signal (S) in each image. The S values were compared with the variations in blood flow (Q) measured by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The correlation between Q and S according to the 40 measurements was r = 0.45 (p＜0.01). In addition, the values of S under each stress condition were as follows: Scontrol = 10,826 ± 3364 pixels, Scold1 = 8825 ± 2484 pixels, Swarm = 13,369 ± 3001 pixels, and Scold2 = 8838 ± 1892 pixels; the differences were significant. The LDF blood flow (Q) showed similar changes among conditions. These findings suggest that the LED-PAI device could be an option for evaluating microcirculation in association with changes in temperature.

Identification and characterization of a crucial guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), p63RhoGEF in blood pressure regulation in zebrafish aiming for a novel high-throughput drug screening.

Smooth muscle contraction incorporates two pathways: the intracellular Ca2+ concentration-dependent and Ca2+ sensitization pathways. For years, the effector between the key players of the Ca2+ sensitization pathway, G protein-coupled receptors and a small GTPase, RhoA, was unknown until we identified a Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF), p63RhoGEF. Unlike RhoA, ubiquitously expressed and thus irrelevant to a drug target with tissue specificity, p63RhoGEF expression is limited to smooth muscle. Our goal is to identify compounds that specifically inhibit p63RhoGEF, blood vessel constriction, and thus hypertension. We showed p63RhoGEF being activated upon microvasculature constriction in mice. However, using mice is not cost-efficient in large-scale inhibitory compound screening. Therefore, we moved our focus to zebrafish, one of the model animals of vertebrates, to invent a fast, easy-to-use, and non-invasive methodology of screening. We can directly observe the fin vascular network while the animal is alive, i.e., in physiologically ideal conditions. The bioinformatical analysis identified two pairs of potential p63RhoGEF isoforms in zebrafish. While reporting one Pfu amplified isoform, we identified some mutations in two other Taq amplified isoforms compared to those in the NCBI database and nailed the most relevant candidates through bioinformatical analysis. We report the process of analysis and the sequences of all amplicons. We constructed expression plasmids, over-expressed those p63RhoGEF candidates, and acquired preliminary observations. In the future, we will not only pursue functional analysis but also in situ hybridization to locate the expression of those isoforms to show that those newly identified isoforms are useful targets for drug screening. The system proposed here must set a solid foundation for screening p63RhoGEF inhibitors in physiologically ideal conditions and in a swift, cost-efficient manner.